# legal_provisions

document_id: paa-1934
provision_ref: s68
chapter: PART 11 - GENERAL
section: 68
title: Where funds of estate cannot be immediately distributed
content:
68. —(1) Where, upon the conclusion of the administration of the estate of a person dying testate or intestate, there remain in the hands of the personal representative funds of which he is unable to dispose immediately by distribution in accordance with law by reason of the inability of the person entitled to give a discharge, through lack of legal capacity or otherwise, or for any other cause which to the Public Trustee appears sufficient, the personal representative may, if the Public Trustee consents to accept the same, pay those funds to the Public Trustee who — ( a ) shall not be required to make any enquiry whether the administration has been conducted in accordance with law; ( b ) may accept those funds as a trustee for the person entitled, and apply the same for the benefit of such person; and ( c ) may for such purpose exercise all the powers conferred on him under section 63. [6/2004] (2) The receipt of the Public Trustee may be accepted by the personal representative and shall constitute a full and sufficient discharge in respect of such funds. [6/2004]


document_id: paa-1934
provision_ref: s69
chapter: PART 11 - GENERAL
section: 69
title: Power of registrar to grant probate or letters of administration in uncontested cases
content:
69. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Act, the registrar may exercise and shall be deemed always to have had power to exercise, in uncontested matters and subject to rules made under any written law for the time being in force relating to the courts, all or any of the powers conferred upon the court by Parts 2, 3 and 10, and by section 55.


document_id: paa-1934
provision_ref: s70
chapter: PART 11 - GENERAL
section: 70
title: Transitional provision
content:
70. As from 8 March 2004 — ( a ) any letters of administration granted to the official assignee; ( b ) any application made by the official assignee (whether for letters of administration or otherwise); ( c ) any estate or part thereof of a deceased person vested in or being administered by the official assignee; and ( d ) any other action (whether for the administration of the estate of a deceased person or otherwise) begun by the official assignee, under the provisions of this Act in force immediately before that date shall be deemed to have been so granted to, made by, vested in or administered or begun by the Public Trustee under the provisions of this Act in force as from that date, and any such application, administration or other action still pending on that date may be continued with by the Public Trustee in accordance with the provisions of this Act in force as from that date. [6/2004]


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s2
section: 2
title: Establishment and incorporation of People’s Association
content:
2. —(1) A corporation called the People’s Association (called in this Act the Association) is constituted. (2) The Association has perpetual succession and a common seal. (3) The Association may sue and be sued in its corporate name and perform any other acts that bodies corporate may by law perform.


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s3
section: 3
title: Powers of Association to be vested in Board of Management
content:
3. The powers of the Association and the management and control of the Association and of its property and affairs are vested in a Board of Management (called in this Act the Board).


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s4
section: 4
title: Constitution of Association
content:
4. —(1) The Association consists of — ( a ) the Prime Minister as Chairperson; ( b ) a Minister to be appointed by the Chairperson as Deputy Chairperson; ( c ) 8 members to be appointed by the Chairperson; and ( d ) one member to be appointed by the Chairperson in consultation with each of the organisations mentioned in the Schedule. (2) All letters of appointment to the persons mentioned in subsection (1)( b ), ( c ) and ( d ) must be issued by the Chairperson, who may revoke any appointment at any time without assigning any reason. (3) Members of the Association appointed by the Chairperson in accordance with subsection (1)( b ), ( c ) and ( d ) must — ( a ) hold office for a period of 3 years from the dates of their respective appointments; and ( b ) be eligible for re‑appointment on completion of that period. (4) There must be a Secretary-Treasurer, who is a person appointed by the Chairperson from among the members appointed under subsection (1)( c ). (5) The Board may by notification in the Gazette — ( a ) vary the number of its members and provide in what manner additional members (if any) are appointed; and ( b ) add to or amend the Schedule. (6) If a vacancy occurs in the membership of the Association under subsection (1)( b ), ( c ) or ( d ), by reason of death, resignation, revocation of an appointment under subsection (2) or for any other cause, the Chairperson must — ( a ) in the case of a vacancy under subsection (1)( b ) or ( c ), appoint a person to fill the vacancy; and ( b ) in the case of a vacancy under subsection (1)( d ), in consultation with the organisation concerned, appoint a person to fill the vacancy. (7) A person appointed under subsection (6)( a ) or ( b ) holds office for so long as the member in whose place he or she is appointed would have held office.


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s5
section: 5
title: Constitution of Board
content:
5. —(1) The Board consists of — ( a ) the persons mentioned in section 4(1)( a ), ( b ) and ( c ); and ( b ) 4 members to be elected from among themselves by the persons mentioned in section 4(1)( d ) at a general meeting of the Association. (2) The Secretary-Treasurer of the Association is the Secretary‑Treasurer of the Board. (3) Members of the Board elected under subsection (1)( b ) hold office for a period of 3 years from the date of their election and are eligible for re‑election. (4) The term of office of a member of the Board elected under subsection (1)( b ) ceases upon the revocation of his or her appointment as a member of the Association under section 4(2), or if his or her appointment as a member of the Association has expired and he or she has not been re‑appointed under section 4(3).


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s5A
section: 5A
title: Directions by Minister
content:
5A. The Minister may give to the Association any direction under section 5 of the Public Sector (Governance) Act 2018. [5/2018]


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s6
section: 6
title: Meetings
content:
6. —(1) The Board may meet as often as it considers necessary, but it must in any case meet at least once in 3 months to discuss the management and affairs of the Association. (2) General meetings of the Association may be held as often as the Board considers necessary, but the Board must in any case convene a general meeting once in every 3 years. (3) Before the holding of a general meeting of the Association, the Board must cause a notice to be sent to all members of the Association giving them at least 7 days’ notice of the holding of the general meeting, and specifying the date, time and place of the meeting and the business to be transacted thereat. (4) The notice mentioned in subsection (3) is deemed to have been received by a member if sent by ordinary post or despatched by messenger to the address of the member as stated in the records of the Association. (5) The Chairperson — ( a ) presides at all meetings of the Association and of the Board; and ( b ) has the right to vote on any question coming before or arising at any meeting of the Association or of the Board. (6) The Deputy Chairperson, in the absence of the Chairperson, presides at all meetings of the Association and of the Board and when so doing has and may exercise all the powers and functions of the Chairperson. (7) In the absence of both the Chairperson and the Deputy Chairperson at any meeting of the Association or of the Board, any member that the members present may select acts as Chairperson. (8) The quorum at all meetings of the Association is one‑third of the total number of members of the Association, and no business is to be transacted unless a quorum is present. (9) The quorum at every meeting of the Board is 5 members of the Board, and no business is to be transacted unless a quorum is present. (10) All questions coming before or arising at any meeting of the Association or of the Board must be decided by a majority of the members present and voting thereon at that meeting of the Association or of the Board, and in the case of an equality of votes, the person presiding at the meeting has a second or casting vote.


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s7
section: 7
title: Disclosure of interest
content:
7. —(1) Division 1 of Part 4 of the Public Sector (Governance) Act 2018 applies as if — ( a ) a reference in that Division to a member of a public body includes a reference to a member of the Board; and ( b ) a reference in that Division to a meeting of a public body includes a reference to a meeting of the Board. [5/2018] (2) Subsection (1) also applies to any member of a committee appointed in accordance with section 9( b ) when the member is present at a meeting of any committee.


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s8
section: 8
title: Objects of Association
content:
8. The objects of the Association are — ( a ) the organisation and the promotion of group participation in social, cultural, educational and athletic activities for the people of Singapore in order that they may realise that they belong to a multiracial community, the interests of which transcend sectional loyalties; ( b ) the establishment of such institutions as may be necessary for the purpose of leadership training in order to instil in leaders a sense of national identity and a spirit of dedicated service to a multiracial community; ( c ) the fostering of community bonding and strengthening of social cohesion among the people of Singapore; ( d ) the performance of such other functions as may be conferred upon the Association by any written law; and ( e ) the carrying out of such activities as appear to the Board to be advantageous towards, or necessary or convenient for, the furtherance of the objects of the Association as set out in paragraphs ( a ) to ( d ).


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s9
section: 9
title: Powers of Board
content:
9. In order to achieve the objects set out in section 8, the Board may — ( a ) make rules to regulate the proceedings of the Association and of the Board and generally to carry out the purposes of this Act; ( b ) appoint committees and allocate duties to and regulate the exercise of executive power by the committees and the members of the Board; ( c ) appoint such officers and employees as the Board thinks fit for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this Act, and regulate the conduct and dismissal of those officers and employees; ( d ) enter into contracts, establish trusts and generally regulate the transactions of all business connected with the Association; ( e ) receive fees from persons participating in recreational activities organised by the Association, contributions from the Government and from other sources and raise funds by all lawful means to carry out the purposes of this Act, and moneys so received or raised must be administered in accordance with the provisions of this Act; ( f ) manage or run community centres, clubs, institutes and such other bodies as the Board thinks fit; ( g ) assist other bodies by contributions or otherwise to promote recreational activities for children, young persons and adults; ( h ) acquire, purchase, lease, take, hold and enjoy movable and immovable property of every description, and sell, convey, assign, surrender and yield up, mortgage, demise, reassign, transfer or otherwise dispose of any movable and immovable property vested in the Association upon such terms as the Board considers fit; ( i ) award certificates of proficiency to persons who attend any of the courses or activities organised by the Association, after tests approved by the Association; ( j ) authorise the governing body of any institution established under section 8( b ) to carry out such activities as are not inconsistent with the objects of the Association as set out in section 8 and as are in accordance with the constitution of the institution; and ( k ) generally do all such other acts as may be necessary to achieve the objects of the Association.


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s10
section: 10
title: Protection from personal liability
content:
10. No suit or other legal proceedings shall lie against — ( a ) any member, officer or employee of the Association or any other person acting under the direction of the Association; ( b ) any member of the Board or any person acting under the direction of the Board; or ( c ) any member or officer of any committee appointed by the Board or any person acting under the direction of such committee, for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done in the execution or purported execution of this Act.


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s11
section: 11
title: Execution of documents
content:
11. —(1) All deeds, documents or other instruments requiring the seal of the Association must be sealed with the common seal of the Association in the presence of the Chairperson or the Deputy Chairperson and one other member of the Board, who must sign every such deed, document or other instrument to which the common seal is affixed. (2) The signature of the Chairperson, Deputy Chairperson and the member of the Board mentioned in subsection (1) is sufficient evidence that the seal was duly and properly affixed and that it is the lawful seal of the Association. 12. [ Repealed by Act 5 of 2018 ]


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s13
section: 13
title: Bank accounts and application of funds
content:
13. —(1) The Board may deposit all moneys belonging to the Association in such account or accounts which it may open with — ( a ) any bank or banks licensed under the Banking Act 1970; or ( b ) any finance company or companies licensed under the Finance Companies Act 1967. (2) The account or accounts in which the moneys belonging to the Association are to be deposited may be opened in the name of — ( a ) the Association; or ( b ) the management committee or any other approved constituent committee of any community centre, club, institute or other body managed or run by the Board. (3) Each bank account must be operated by such person authorised to do so by the Board. (4) The Board may invest the funds of the Association in accordance with the standard investment power of statutory bodies as defined in section 33A of the Interpretation Act 1965.


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s13A
section: 13A
title: Issue of shares, etc.
content:
13A. As a consequence of the vesting of any property, rights or liabilities of the Government in the Association under this Act, or of any capital injection or other investment by the Government in the Association in accordance with any written law, the Association must issue such shares or other securities to the Minister for Finance as that Minister may direct.


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s14
section: 14
title: Accounts and audit
content:
14. The financial year of the Association begins on 1 April of each year and ends on 31 March of the succeeding year.


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s15
section: 15
title: Association’s symbols
content:
15. —(1) The Association has the exclusive right to the use of such symbols (called in this section the Association’s symbols) as it may devise or adopt from time to time and thereafter display or exhibit in connection with its activities or affairs. (2) The Association must publish the Association’s symbols in the Gazette . (3) Any person who uses a symbol identical with, or which so resembles, any of the Association’s symbols as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $10,000.


document_id: paa-1960
provision_ref: s16
section: 16
title: Chief Executive
content:
16. —(1) The Board may, subject to the Public Sector (Governance) Act 2018, appoint an individual to be a Chief Executive of the Association, or to act temporarily as the Chief Executive during any period, or during all periods, when the Chief Executive — ( a ) is absent from duty or Singapore; or ( b ) is, for any reason, unable to perform the duties of the office. [5/2018] (2) The appointment, removal, discipline and promotion of the Chief Executive of the Association must be in accordance with the Public Sector (Governance) Act 2018. [5/2018]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s2
section: 2
title: Punishment of offences committed within Singapore
content:
2. Every person shall be liable to punishment under this Code and not otherwise for every act or omission contrary to the provisions thereof, of which he is guilty within Singapore.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s3
section: 3
title: Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within Singapore
content:
3. Any person liable by law to be tried for an offence committed beyond the limits of Singapore, shall be dealt with according to the provisions of this Code for any act committed beyond Singapore, in the same manner as if such act had been committed within Singapore.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s4
section: 4
title: Jurisdiction over public servants for offences committed outside Singapore
content:
4. Every public servant who, being a citizen or a permanent resident of Singapore, when acting or purporting to act in the course of his employment, commits an act or omission outside Singapore that if committed in Singapore would constitute an offence under the law in force in Singapore, is deemed to have committed that act or omission in Singapore.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s4A
section: 4A
title: Offences against State and genocide committed outside Singapore by citizen or permanent resident
content:
4A. Every person who, being a citizen or permanent resident of Singapore, commits an act or omission outside Singapore that if committed in Singapore would constitute an offence under Chapter 6 (Offences against the State) or 6B (Genocide), is deemed to have committed that act or omission in Singapore. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s4B
section: 4B
title:
Punishment of specified offences with elements occurring in Singapore but others occurring outside Singapore

content:
4B. —(1) A specified offence is deemed to have been committed in Singapore where — ( a ) a relevant act of the specified offence occurs in Singapore and any other relevant act of that specified offence occurs outside Singapore; ( b ) a relevant act of the specified offence occurs partly in Singapore and partly outside Singapore, whether or not other relevant acts of that specified offence occur in Singapore; or ( c ) the specified offence involved an intention to make a gain or cause a loss or exposure to a risk of loss or to cause harm to any person in body, mind, reputation or property, and that gain, loss or harm occurs in Singapore. [15/2019] (2) In this section — “relevant act”, in relation to a specified offence, means an act or omission (whether occurring wholly or partly in or outside Singapore) which is a physical element of the specified offence; “specified offence” means an offence specified in the Schedule and includes an attempt to commit the offence, an abetment of the offence and a criminal conspiracy to commit the offence. [15/2019] (3) The Minister may, by order in the Gazette , amend the Schedule. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s5
section: 5
title: Certain laws not to be affected by this Code
content:
5. Nothing in this Code is intended to repeal, vary, suspend, or affect any of the provisions of any Act for punishing mutiny and desertion of officers or servicemen in the Singapore Armed Forces, or of any other law for the time being in force.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s6
section: 6
title: Definitions in this Code to be understood subject to exceptions
content:
6. Throughout this Code every definition of an offence, every penal provision, and every illustration of every such definition or penal provision, shall be understood subject to the exceptions contained in the Chapters entitled “General Exceptions” and “Right of Private Defence”, though those exceptions are not repeated in such definition, penal provision or illustration. Illustrations ( a ) The sections in this Code which contain definitions of offences, do not express, that a child below 10 years of age cannot commit such offences, but the definitions are to be understood subject to the general exception which provides that “nothing shall be an offence which is done by a child below 10 years of age”. ( b ) A , a police officer, without warrant, apprehends Z , who has committed murder. Here A is not guilty of the offence of wrongful confinement, for he was bound by law to apprehend Z , and therefore the case falls within the general exception which provides that “nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is bound by law to do it”. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s6A
section: 6A
title: Definitions to apply to this Code and other written law
content:
6A. Every definition of a word or expression which is explained in sections 22A to 26H (except the definitions of “dishonestly” and “fraudulently” in sections 24 and 25, respectively) applies to any offence in this Code or in any other written law unless that written law expressly provides for a definition or explanation of that same word or expression. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s7
section: 7
title: Expression once explained is used in the same sense throughout this Code
content:
7. Every expression which is explained in any part of this Code is used in every part of this Code in conformity with the explanation.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s9
section: 9
title: “Number”
content:
9. Unless the contrary appears from the context, words importing the singular number include the plural number, and words importing the plural number include the singular number.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s10
section: 10
title: “Man” and “woman”
content:
10. The word “man” denotes a male human being of any age; “woman” denotes a female human being of any age.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s11
section: 11
title: “Person”
content:
11. The word “person” includes any company or association or body of persons, whether incorporated or not.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s12
section: 12
title: “Public”
content:
12. The word “public” includes any class of the public or any community. [ There are no sections 13 to 16. ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s17
section: 17
title: “Government”
content:
17. The word “Government” includes any person lawfully performing executive functions of the Government under any law. [ There is no section 18. ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s19
section: 19
title: “Judge”
content:
19. The word “judge” denotes not only every person who is officially designated as a judge, but also every person who is empowered by law to give, in any legal proceeding, civil or criminal, a definitive judgment, or a judgment which, if not appealed against, would be definitive, or a judgment which, if confirmed by some other authority, would be definitive, or who is one of a body of persons, which body of persons is empowered by law to give such a judgment. Illustrations ( a ) A Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in respect of a charge on which he has power to sentence to fine or imprisonment, with or without appeal, is a judge. ( b ) Officers holding an inquiry as to the loss of a ship under the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 are judges. ( c ) A Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in respect of a charge on which he has power only to commit for trial to another court, is not a judge.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s20
section: 20
title: “Court of justice”
content:
20. The words “court of justice” denote a judge who is empowered by law to act judicially alone, or a body of judges which is empowered by law to act judicially as a body, when such judge or body of judges is acting judicially.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s21
section: 21
title: “Public servant”
content:
21. —(1) The words “public servant” denote a person falling under any of the following descriptions: ( a ) every officer in the Singapore Armed Forces; ( b ) every judge; ( c ) every officer of a court of justice whose duty it is, as such officer, to investigate or report on any matter of law or fact, or to make, authenticate, or keep any document, or to take charge or dispose of any property, or to execute any judicial process, or to administer any oath, or to interpret, or to preserve order in the court, or to conduct mediation or other alternative dispute resolution process under any written law, and every person specially authorised by a court of justice to perform any of such duties; [Act 18 of 2023 wef 31/01/2024] ( d ) every assessor assisting a court of justice or public servant; ( e ) every arbitrator or other person to whom any cause or matter has been referred for decision or report by any court of justice, or by any other competent public authority; ( f ) every person who holds any office by virtue of which he is empowered to place or keep any person in confinement; ( g ) every officer of the Government and every officer or employee of a body corporate established by a public Act for the purposes of a public function whose duty, as such officer or employee, is any of the following: (i) maintaining law and order; (ii) preserving the public peace; (iii) preventing and detecting offences; (iv) apprehending offenders or otherwise bringing offenders to justice; (v) executing summonses, subpoenas, orders to attend court, warrants, commitments and other legal processes issued by a court or Justice of the Peace; [Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022] (vi) maintaining order in the premises of the courts of justice; (vii) escorting and guarding prisoners and accused persons in remand; (viii) protecting the public health or safety or prevention of public inconvenience; ( h ) every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property, on behalf of Government, or to make any survey, assessment, or contract on behalf of Government, or to execute any revenue process, or to investigate, or to report on any matter affecting the pecuniary interests of Government, or to make, authenticate or keep any document relating to the pecuniary interests of Government, or to prevent the infraction of any law for the protection of the pecuniary interests of Government, and every officer in the service or pay of Government, or remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of any public duty; ( i ) a member of the Public Service Commission, the Judicial Service Commission or the Legal Service Commission; [Act 33 of 2021 wef 14/01/2022] ( j ) every person (other than a person mentioned in paragraph ( g )) who is employed to carry out any of the duties, mentioned in paragraph ( g )(i) to (vii), on behalf of the Government or a body corporate established by a public Act for the purposes of a public function, when that person is performing such duties. Explanation 1.—Persons falling under any of the above descriptions are public servants, whether appointed by the Government or not. Explanation 2.—Wherever the words “public servant” occur, they shall be understood of every person who is in actual possession of the situation of a public servant, whatever legal defect there may be in his right to hold that situation. [19/2016; 15/2019] (2) Despite subsection (1), the words “public servant” in sections 175, 178, 179, 180 and 228 does not include a judge as defined in the Administration of Justice (Protection) Act 2016. [19/2016]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s22
section: 22
title: “Property”
content:
22. In this Code — “immovable property” means land, benefits to arise out of land and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth; “movable property” includes property of every description, except immovable property; “property” means money and all other property, movable or immovable, including things in action, other intangible or incorporeal property and virtual currency; “virtual currency” means a digital representation of value in money or money’s worth that can be digitally traded and functions as a medium of exchange, a unit of account or store of value, regardless of whether it is legal tender in any country or territory including Singapore. Illustration Writings, relating to real or personal property or rights, are movable property. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s22A
section: 22A
title: “Fault element” and “physical element”
content:
22A. —(1) A fault element of an offence refers to any state of mind, proof of which is needed to establish liability under that offence, including but not limited to intention, wilfulness, knowledge, rashness and negligence. [15/2019] (2) A physical element of an offence refers to any fact, proof of which is needed to establish liability under that offence, and that is not a fault element of that offence. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s23
section: 23
title: “Wrongful gain” and “wrongful loss”
content:
23. —(1) A “wrongful gain” is gain by unlawful means of property to which the person gaining it is not legally entitled or avoidance by unlawful means of a loss of property to which the person avoiding it is not legally entitled to avoid. [15/2019] (2) A “wrongful loss” is loss or exposure of risk to a loss by unlawful means of property to which the person losing it or exposed to the risk of losing it is legally entitled. Explanation 1.—A person is said to gain wrongfully when the person retains wrongfully, as well as when the person acquires wrongfully. A person is said to lose wrongfully when the person is wrongfully kept out of any property, as well as when the person is wrongfully deprived of property. Explanation 2.—The word “gain” includes a gain by keeping what one has, as well as a gain by getting what one does not have. Explanation 3.—The word “loss” includes a loss by not getting what one might get, as well as a loss by parting with what one has. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s24
section: 24
title: “Dishonestly”
content:
24. A person ( A ) is said to do an act dishonestly if — ( a ) A does that act with the intention of causing wrongful gain to A or another person, or wrongful loss to another person, regardless of whether such gain or loss is temporary or permanent; or ( b ) that act done by A is dishonest by the ordinary standards of reasonable and honest persons and A knows that that act is dishonest by such standards. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s25
section: 25
title: “Fraudulently”
content:
25. A person ( A ) is said to do an act fraudulently if A does that act with intent to deceive another person ( B ) and by means of such deception, that an advantage should accrue to A or another person or detriment should befall B or another person (other than A ), regardless of whether such advantage or detriment is temporary or permanent. Explanation 1.—Where the advantage or the detriment A intended by means of the act done is so slight that no reasonable person of ordinary sense or temper would complain of it, the act is not done fraudulently. Explanation 2.—It is sufficient in any charge for an offence under this Code involving doing an act fraudulently to allege a general intent to act fraudulently without naming any particular person intended to be deceived. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s26
section: 26
title: “Reason to believe”
content:
26. A person is said to have “reason to believe” a thing, if he has sufficient cause to believe that thing, but not otherwise.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s26A
section: 26A
title: “Voluntarily”
content:
26A. A person is said to cause an effect “voluntarily” when he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it. Illustration A sets fire, by night, to an inhabited house in a large town, for the purpose of facilitating a robbery, and thus causes the death of a person. Here A may not have intended to cause death, and may even be sorry that death has been caused by this act; yet, if he knew that he was likely to cause death, he has caused death voluntarily. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s26B
section: 26B
title: “Good faith”
content:
26B. Nothing is said to be done or believed in good faith which is done or believed without due care and attention. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s26C
section: 26C
title: “Intentionally”
content:
26C. —(1) A person is said to do an act intentionally where that person does an act deliberately. [15/2019] (2) A person is said to cause an effect intentionally where that person does anything that causes an effect — ( a ) with the purpose of causing that effect; or ( b ) knowing that that effect would be virtually certain (barring an unforeseen intervention) to result. [15/2019] (3) To avoid doubt, a person does not intend or foresee a result of his acts by reason only of it being a natural and probable consequence of those acts. [15/2019] (4) To avoid doubt, nothing in this section prevents a court from relying on a person’s foresight that a certain effect was a probable consequence of his act as a basis to draw an inference that the person caused that effect intentionally. Explanation .—Intention is distinct from motive or desire, and a person may do an act or cause an effect intentionally even if doing so was not his motive or he had no desire to do so. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s26D
section: 26D
title: “Knowingly”
content:
26D. —(1) Whoever does an act with awareness that a circumstance exists, will exist, or is virtually certain (barring an unforeseen intervention) to exist, is said to do that act knowingly in respect of that circumstance. [15/2019] (2) Whoever does an act with awareness that an effect will be caused, or is virtually certain (barring an unforeseen intervention) to be caused, is said to do that act knowingly in respect of that effect. [15/2019] (3) Where doing an act knowingly is a fault element of an offence, that fault element is also established where that act is done intentionally or with wilful blindness. [15/2019; 2/2020]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s26E
section: 26E
title: “Rashly”
content:
26E. —(1) Whoever does any act knowing that there is a real risk that a particular circumstance exists or will exist is said to do that act rashly in respect of that particular circumstance, if it would have been unreasonable to have taken that risk. [15/2019] (2) Whoever does any act knowing that there is a real risk that an effect will be caused is said to do that act rashly in respect of that effect, if it would have been unreasonable to have taken that risk. [15/2019] (3) Where doing an act rashly is a fault element of an offence, that fault element is also established where that act is done intentionally or knowingly. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s26F
section: 26F
title: “Negligently”
content:
26F. —(1) Whoever omits to do an act which a reasonable person would do, or does any act which a reasonable person would not do, is said to do so negligently. [15/2019] (2) Where doing an act negligently is a fault element of an offence, that fault element is also established where that act is done intentionally, knowingly or rashly. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s26G
section: 26G
title: “Transferred fault”
content:
26G. —(1) This section applies to any offence under this Code or any other written law where a fault element of the offence is intention or knowledge, except where section 301(1) applies to that offence. [15/2019] (2) Where all the fault elements and physical elements of the offence have been proven in respect of an accused person, and assuming no defence or exception applies, the accused person shall be guilty of the offence despite the following circumstances: ( a ) the physical elements of the offence included the doing of an act or the causing of an effect concerning a person or thing; ( b ) at the time such act or effect was done or caused, the accused person believed or intended that the act or effect would concern a person or thing different from the person or thing mentioned in paragraph ( a ). [15/2019] (3) Subsection (2) applies only where the accused person did or caused the physical elements in subsection (2)( a ) negligently in respect of the person or thing mentioned in that subsection. Illustrations ( a ) A throws a stone at B intending to hurt B (but not intending, knowing or having reason to believe that anyone else would be hurt), but the stone hurts C . A commits an offence of voluntarily causing hurt in respect of C if A threw the stone negligently in respect of C . ( b ) A throws a stone at a porcelain vase intending to cause loss to its owner, B (but not intending or knowing it likely that A would cause wrongful loss or damage in respect of any other property), but the stone damages a clay pot belonging to C . A commits mischief in respect of C if A threw the stone negligently in respect of C . ( c ) A threatens injury to B ’s person by shouting at B the words, “ B , I will kill you”, with intent to cause alarm to B . C hears these words and is alarmed. A does not commit the offence of criminal intimidation against C as A did not threaten C with any injury. [15/2019] (4) To avoid doubt, nothing in this section affects the requirement to prove all the fault elements of an offence in order for guilt to be established for that offence. Illustrations ( a ) A throws a stone at B intending to hurt B (but not intending or not knowing that A is likely to cause wrongful loss or damage in respect of any property), but the stone hits a porcelain vase. A does not commit mischief in respect of the vase. This is because A did not possess the fault element required to commit mischief. ( b ) A throws a stone at B intending to hurt B (but not intending, knowing or having reason to believe that anyone else would be hurt), but the stone hurts P , a police officer in discharge of his duty. A commits an offence of voluntarily causing hurt against P . A does not commit an offence of voluntarily causing hurt to P in the discharge of P ’s duty as a public servant because A did not possess the fault element required to commit this offence. ( c ) A throws a stone at B intending to hurt B (but not intending or not knowing that A is likely to cause grievous hurt), but the stone causes grievous hurt to C . A commits an offence against C of voluntarily causing hurt where grievous hurt is caused under section 323A. A does not commit an offence of voluntarily causing grievous hurt against C because A did not possess the fault element required to commit this offence. [15/2019] (5) Where the circumstances mentioned in subsection (2)( a ) and ( b ) exist, the accused person may rely on any defence or exception in law as though the act or effect mentioned in subsection (2)( a ) concerned the person or thing the accused person believed or intended that act or effect to concern. Illustration A throws a stone at B in exercise of A ’s right of private defence against B , but the stone hurts C . A may rely on the defence of private defence against B if A is charged for voluntarily causing hurt to C . [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s26H
section: 26H
title: “Strict liability”
content:
26H. —(1) An offence of strict liability under this Code or any written law is one where, for every physical element of the offence, there is no corresponding fault element. [15/2019] (2) Strict liability is said to apply to a particular physical element of an offence where there is no corresponding fault element for that physical element, regardless of whether or not the offence is one of strict liability. [15/2019] (3) To avoid doubt, an offence may be a strict liability offence even though it is not so expressly described by any written law; and strict liability may apply to a particular physical element of any offence even though it is not so expressly described in any written law. [15/2019] (4) It is a defence for any person charged with a strict liability offence to prove that in committing all the acts or omissions that are physical elements of the offence, he exercised reasonable care. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s27
section: 27
title: Property in possession of spouse, clerk or servant
content:
27. When property is in the possession of a person’s spouse, clerk or servant, on account of that person, it is in that person’s possession within the meaning of this Code. Explanation.— A person employed temporarily or on a particular occasion in the capacity of a clerk or servant is a clerk or servant within the meaning of this section.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s28
section: 28
title: “Counterfeit”
content:
28. A person is said to “counterfeit” who causes one thing to resemble another thing, intending by means of that resemblance to practise deception, or knowing it to be likely that deception will thereby be practised. Explanation 1.—It is not essential to counterfeiting that the imitation should be exact. Explanation 2.—Where a person causes one thing to resemble another thing and the resemblance is such that a person might be deceived thereby, it shall be presumed until the contrary is proved that the person so causing the one thing to resemble the other thing intended by means of that resemblance to practise deception or knew it to be likely that deception would thereby be practised.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s29
section: 29
title: “Document”
content:
29. The word “document” includes, in addition to a document in writing — ( a ) any map, plan, graph or drawing; ( b ) any photograph; ( c ) any label, marking or other writing which identifies or describes anything of which it forms a part, or to which it is attached by any means whatsoever; ( d ) any disc, tape, soundtrack or other device in which sounds or other data (not being visual images) are embodied so as to be capable (with or without the aid of some other equipment) of being reproduced therefrom; ( e ) any film (including microfilm), negative, tape, disc or other device in which one or more visual images are embodied so as to be capable (with or without the aid of some other equipment) of being reproduced therefrom; and ( f ) any paper or other material on which there are marks, impressions, figures, letters, symbols or perforations having a meaning for persons qualified to interpret them.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s29A
section: 29A
title: “Writing”
content:
29A. The word “writing” includes any mode of representing or reproducing words, figures, drawings or symbols in a visible form.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s29B
section: 29B
title: “Electronic record”
content:
29B. The expression “electronic record” has the same meaning as in the Electronic Transactions Act 2010.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s30
section: 30
title: “Valuable security”
content:
30. —(1) The words “valuable security” denote a document or an electronic record which is, or purports to be, a document or an electronic record whereby any legal right is created, extended, transferred, restricted, extinguished, or released, or whereby any person acknowledges that he lies under legal liability, or has not a certain legal right. [15/2019] (2) Notwithstanding the generality of subsection (1), “valuable security” includes credit cards, charge cards, stored value cards, automated teller machine cards and such other cards which have money or money’s worth or other financial rights attached. Illustrations ( a ) A writes his name on the back of a bill of exchange. As the effect of this endorsement is to transfer the right to the bill to any person who may become the lawful holder of it, the endorsement is a “valuable security”. ( b ) An electronic bill of lading in the form of an electronic record in a secure electronic trading system is a “valuable security”. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s31A
section: 31A
title: “Die” and “instrument”
content:
31A. For the purposes of Chapters 12 and 18 — “die” includes any plate, type, tool, chop or implement and also any part of any die, plate, type, tool, chop or implement, and any stamp or impression thereof or any part of such stamp or impression; “instrument” includes any document whether of a formal or an informal nature, any postage stamp or revenue stamp, any seal or die, and any disc, card, tape, microchip, soundtrack or other device on or in which information is recorded or stored by mechanical, electronic, optical or other means.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s32
section: 32
title: Words referring to acts include illegal omissions
content:
32. In every part of this Code, except where a contrary intention appears from the context, words which refer to acts done extend also to illegal omissions.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s33
section: 33
title: “Act” and “omission”
content:
33. —(1) The word “act” denotes as well a series of acts as a single act; the word “omission” denotes as well a series of omissions as a single omission. [15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, where a person does a series of acts, one or more of which caused a certain effect, that person is regarded to have caused that effect by that series of acts even if it is not known which of the acts in that series caused that effect. Illustration A gives Z small doses of poison in Z ’s food at different times over the course of a few days, with intent to kill Z . Z dies from poisoning, although it is not known which of those doses (individually or collectively) caused Z ’s death. A has caused Z ’s death by poisoning. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s34
section: 34
title: Each of several persons liable for an act done by all, in like manner as if done by him alone
content:
34. When a criminal act is done by several persons, in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if the act were done by him alone.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s35
section: 35
title: When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention
content:
35. Whenever an act, which is criminal only by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention, is done by several persons, each of such persons who joins in the act with such knowledge or intention, is liable for the act in the same manner as if the act were done by him alone with that knowledge or intention.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s36
section: 36
title: Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission
content:
36. Wherever the causing of a certain effect, or an attempt to cause that effect, by an act or by an omission, is an offence, it is to be understood that the causing of that effect partly by an act and partly by an omission is the same offence. Illustration A intentionally causes Z ’s death, partly by illegally omitting to give Z food, and partly by beating Z . A has committed murder.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s37
section: 37
title: Cooperation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence
content:
37. When an offence is committed by means of several acts, whoever intentionally cooperates in the commission of that offence by doing any one of those acts, either singly or jointly with any other person, commits that offence. Illustrations ( a ) A and B agree to murder Z , by severally, and at different times, giving him small doses of poison. A and B administer the poison, according to the agreement, with intent to murder Z . Z dies from the effects of the several doses of poison so administered to him. Here A and B intentionally cooperate in the commission of murder, and as each of them does an act by which the death is caused, they are both guilty of the offence, though their acts are separate. ( b ) A and B are joint jailors, and as such have the charge of Z , a prisoner, alternately for 6 hours at a time. A and B , intending to cause Z ’s death, knowingly cooperate in causing that effect by illegally omitting, each during the time of his attendance, to furnish Z with food supplied to them for that purpose. Z dies of hunger. Both A and B are guilty of the murder of Z . ( c ) A , a jailor, has the charge of Z , a prisoner. A , intending to cause Z ’s death, illegally omits to supply Z with food; in consequence of which Z is much reduced in strength, but the starvation is not sufficient to cause his death. A is dismissed from his office, and B succeeds him. B , without collusion or cooperation with A , illegally omits to supply Z with food, knowing that he is likely thereby to cause Z ’s death. Z dies of hunger. B is guilty of murder; but as A did not cooperate with B , A is guilty only of an attempt to commit murder.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s38
section: 38
title: Several persons engaged in the commission of a criminal act may be guilty of different offences
content:
38. Where several persons are engaged or concerned in the commission of a criminal act, they may be guilty of different offences by means of that act. Illustration A attacks Z under such circumstances of grave provocation that his killing of Z would be only culpable homicide not amounting to murder. B , having ill will towards Z , and intending to kill him, and not having been subject to the provocation, assists A in killing Z . Here, though A and B are both engaged in causing Z ’s death, B is guilty of murder, and A is guilty only of culpable homicide. 39. [ Repealed by Act 15 of 2019 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s40
section: 40
title: “Offence”
content:
40. —(1) Except in the Chapters and sections mentioned in subsections (2) and (3), “offence” denotes a thing made punishable by this Code. (2) In Chapters 4, 4A, 5 and 5A, and in sections 4, 187, 194, 195, 203, 204B, 211, 213, 214, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 347, 348, 388 and 389, “offence” denotes a thing punishable under this Code or under any other written law for the time being in force. [15/2019; 2/2020] (3) In sections 141, 176, 177, 201, 202, 212, 216 and 441, “offence” has the same meaning when the thing punishable under any other law for the time being in force is punishable under such law with imprisonment for a term of 6 months or upwards, whether with or without fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s41
section: 41
title: Offence with specified term of imprisonment
content:
41. An offence described in this Code or in any written law for the time being in force as being punishable with imprisonment for a specified term or upwards includes an offence for which the specified term is the maximum term of imprisonment.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s42
section: 42
title: “Obscene”
content:
42. The word “obscene”, in relation to any thing or matter, means any thing or matter the effect of which is, if taken as a whole, such as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s43
section: 43
title: “Illegal”, “unlawful” and “legally bound to do”
content:
43. The word “illegal” or “unlawful” is applicable to every thing which is an offence, or which is prohibited by law, or which furnishes ground for a civil action: and a person is said to be “legally bound to do” whatever it is illegal or unlawful in him to omit.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s44
section: 44
title: “Injury”
content:
44. The word “injury” denotes any harm whatever illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s44A
section: 44A
title: “Bodily injury”
content:
44A. The words “bodily injury” denote as well a series of bodily injuries as a single bodily injury. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s45
section: 45
title: “Life”
content:
45. The word “life” denotes the life of a human being, unless the contrary appears from the context.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s46
section: 46
title: “Death”
content:
46. The word “death” denotes the death of a human being, unless the contrary appears from the context.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s48
section: 48
title: “Vessel”
content:
48. The word “vessel” denotes anything made for the conveyance by water of human beings, or of property.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s49
section: 49
title: “Year” and “month”
content:
49. Wherever the word “year” or “month” is used, it is to be understood that the year or the month is to be reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s50
section: 50
title: “Section”
content:
50. The word “section” denotes one of those portions of a Chapter of this Code which are distinguished by prefixed numeral figures.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s51
section: 51
title: “Oath”
content:
51. The word “oath” includes a solemn affirmation substituted by law for an oath, and any declaration required or authorised by law to be made before a public servant, or to be used for the purpose of proof, whether in a court of justice or not. 52. [ Repealed by Act 15 of 2019 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s53
section: 53
title: Punishments
content:
53. The punishments to which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Code are — ( a ) death; ( b ) imprisonment; ( c ) forfeiture of property; ( d ) fine; ( e ) caning. Explanation. —Caning shall be with a rattan.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s54
section: 54
title: Imprisonment for life
content:
54. “Imprisonment for life”, in relation to any prescribed punishment under this Code or any other written law, means imprisonment for the duration of a person’s natural life. [ There are no sections 55 and 56. ] 57. [ Repealed by Act 51 of 2007 ] [ There are no sections 58 to 70. ] 71. [ Repealed by Act 15 of 2010 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s72
section: 72
title:
Punishment of a person found guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which

content:
72. In all cases in which judgment is given that a person is guilty of one of several offences specified in the judgment, but that it is doubtful of which of these offences he is guilty, the offender shall be punished for the offence for which the lowest punishment is provided, if the same punishment is not provided for all.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s73
section: 73
title: Enhanced penalties for offences against domestic workers
content:
73. —(1) Where an employer of a domestic worker, a member of the employer’s household or an employment agent of a domestic worker is convicted of an offence under this Code (other than an excluded offence) that is committed against that domestic worker, the court may sentence the person convicted to twice the maximum punishment that the court could, but for this section, impose for that offence. [15/2019] (2) This section does not apply where the offender ( A ) proves that, despite A being an employer of the domestic worker ( B ), a member of B ’s employer’s household or an employment agent of B , the relationship between A and B did not adversely affect B ’s ability to protect herself from A in respect of the harm caused by the offence. [15/2019] (3) Despite anything to the contrary in the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 — ( a ) a Magistrate’s Court has jurisdiction to try the offences in subsection (1), where no imprisonment is prescribed or where twice the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed for the offence does not exceed 5 years, and has power to impose the full punishment provided under that subsection in respect of those offences; and ( b ) a District Court has jurisdiction to try the offences in subsection (1) and has power to impose the full punishment provided under that subsection in respect of those offences. [15/2019] (4) In this section — “domestic worker” means any female house servant employed in, or in connection with, the domestic services of her employer’s private dwelling house and who is required to reside in her employer’s private dwelling house; “dwelling house” means a place of residence and includes a building or tenement wholly or principally used, constructed or adapted for use for human habitation; “employer”, in relation to a domestic worker, includes a person who has the same fundamental qualities as an employer of the domestic worker and whose orders the domestic worker has reasonable grounds for believing she is expected to obey; “employment agency personnel” has the meaning given by section 2 of the Employment Agencies Act 1958; “employment agent”, in relation to a domestic worker, means an employment agency personnel or a person who performs work similar to an employment agency personnel, and whose orders the domestic worker has reasonable grounds for believing she is expected to obey; “excluded offence” means an offence — ( a ) under section 304B, 304C or 335A; or [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( b ) under this Code which is punishable with death or imprisonment for life; “member of the employer’s household”, in relation to a domestic worker, means a person residing in the private dwelling house of the domestic worker’s employer at the time the offence was committed, and whose orders the domestic worker has reasonable grounds for believing she is expected to obey. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s74
section: 74
title: Enhanced penalties for racially or religiously aggravated offences
content:
74. —(1) Where a person is convicted of an offence specified in subsection (2) which is racially or religiously aggravated, the court may sentence the person to 2 times the amount of punishment to which he would otherwise have been liable for that offence. [Act 31 of 2019 wef 01/11/2022] (2) The offence referred to in subsection (1) is as follows: ( a ) an offence under this Code except sections 298 and 298A, and an offence which is punishable with death or imprisonment for life; [Act 31 of 2019 wef 01/11/2022] ( b ) an offence of attempting to commit, abetting the commission of, or being a party to a criminal conspiracy to commit, any offence under paragraph ( a ). [15/2019] (3) Despite anything to the contrary in the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 † — ( a ) a Magistrate’s Court — (i) has jurisdiction to try any offence specified in subsection (2), where no imprisonment is prescribed or where twice the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed for the offence does not exceed 5 years; and (ii) has power to impose the full punishment provided under subsection (1) in respect of the offence; and ( b ) a District Court — (i) has jurisdiction to try any offence specified in subsection (2); and (ii) has power to impose the full punishment provided under subsection (1) in respect of the offence. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/11/2022] [†Updated to be consistent with the 2020 Revised Edition] (4) For the purposes of this section, an offence is racially or religiously aggravated if — ( a ) at the time of committing the offence, or immediately before or after committing such offence, the offender demonstrates towards the victim of the offence hostility based on the victim’s membership (or presumed membership) of a racial or religious group; or ( b ) the offence is motivated (wholly or partly) by hostility towards members of a racial or religious group based on their membership of that group. (5) It is immaterial for the purposes of paragraph ( a ) or ( b ) of subsection (4) whether or not the offender’s hostility is also based, to any extent, on any other factor not mentioned in that paragraph. (6) In this section — “membership”, in relation to a racial or religious group, includes association with members of that group; “presumed” means presumed by the offender.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s74A
section: 74A
title: Enhanced penalties for offences against vulnerable persons
content:
74A. —(1) This section applies where a person is convicted of an offence specified in subsection (3) (called in this section the offender) against a vulnerable person. [27/2018; 15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] [S 759/2022] (2) The court may sentence the offender to punishment not exceeding twice the maximum punishment that the court could, but for this section, impose for the offence, if at the time of committing the offence the offender knew or ought reasonably to have known that the victim was a vulnerable person. [27/2018; 15/2019] (2A) This section does not apply where the offender proves that despite being a vulnerable person the victim was capable of protecting himself from the offender in respect of the harm caused by the offence in the same manner as an ordinary person who is not a vulnerable person. [15/2019] (3) The offence to which this section applies is any offence under this Code which may be committed against a vulnerable person except an offence — ( a ) under section 304B, 304C, 335A or 376F; or ( b ) punishable with death or imprisonment for life. [15/2019] (4) Despite anything to the contrary in the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 — ( a ) a Magistrate’s Court has jurisdiction to try the offences specified in subsection (3), where no imprisonment is prescribed or where twice the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed for the offence does not exceed 5 years, and has power to impose the full punishment provided under subsection (2) in respect of those offences; and ( b ) a District Court has jurisdiction to try the offences specified in subsection (3) and has power to impose the full punishment provided under subsection (2) in respect of those offences. [15/2019] (5) In this section — “abuse” has the meaning given by section 2(1) of the Vulnerable Adults Act 2018; “self-neglect” has the meaning given by section 2(1) of the Vulnerable Adults Act 2018; “vulnerable person” means an individual who is, by reason of mental or physical infirmity, disability or incapacity, substantially unable to protect himself from abuse, neglect or self-neglect. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s74B
section: 74B
title: Enhanced penalties for offences against person below 14 years of age
content:
74B. —(1) Subsection (2) applies to any offence under this Code which may be committed against a person below 14 years of age except where — ( a ) it is expressly provided that an enhanced or mandatory minimum sentence will apply to the offence when it is committed against a person below 14 years of age; ( b ) the offence is under section 304B, 304C, 377BG, 377BH, 377BI, 377BJ or 377BK; or ( c ) the offence is punishable with death or imprisonment for life. [15/2019] (2) Where any person commits an offence under this Code against a person below 14 years of age, the court may sentence the person convicted of the offence to punishment not exceeding twice the maximum punishment that the court could, but for this section, impose for the offence if at the time of committing the offence the offender knew or ought reasonably to have known that the victim was a person below 14 years of age. [15/2019] (3) This section does not apply where the offender proves that the victim despite being a person below 14 years of age, was capable of protecting himself from the offender in respect of the harm caused by the offence in the same manner as a person of or above 14 years of age. [15/2019] (4) Despite anything to the contrary in the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 — ( a ) a Magistrate’s Court has jurisdiction to try the offences to which subsection (2) applies, where no imprisonment is prescribed or where twice the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed for the offence does not exceed 5 years, and has power to impose the full punishment provided under subsection (2) in respect of those offences; and ( b ) a District Court has jurisdiction to try the offences to which subsection (2) applies and has power to impose the full punishment provided under subsection (2) in respect of those offences. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s74C
section: 74C
title: Enhanced penalties for offences against victims in intimate relationships
content:
74C. —(1) Subsection (2) applies where an offender ( A ) is convicted of any offence under Chapter 16 (except an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life) committed against a person ( B ) who was or is in an intimate relationship with A . [15/2019] (2) When the offender ( A ) commits an offence against B , the court may sentence the person convicted of the offence to punishment not exceeding twice the maximum punishment that the court could, but for this section, impose for the offence if at the time of committing the offence A knew or ought reasonably to have known that B was or is in an intimate relationship with A . [15/2019] (3) This section does not apply where the offender ( A ) proves that, despite A having been or being in an intimate relationship with B , the relationship between A and B did not adversely affect B ’s ability to protect B from A in respect of the harm caused by the offence. [15/2019] (4) Despite anything to the contrary in the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 — ( a ) a Magistrate’s Court has jurisdiction to try the offences to which subsection (2) applies, where no imprisonment is prescribed or where twice the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed for the offence does not exceed 5 years, and has power to impose the full punishment provided under subsection (2) in respect of those offences; and ( b ) a District Court has jurisdiction to try the offences to which subsection (2) applies and has power to impose the full punishment provided under subsection (2) in respect of those offences. [15/2019] (5) For the purpose of this section, the court may determine whether the offender ( A ) was or is in an intimate relationship with the victim ( B ) having regard to all the circumstances of the case, including the following: ( a ) whether A and B are living in the same household, although it is not necessary that they live in the same household; ( b ) whether A and B share the tasks and duties of their daily lives; ( c ) whether A and B have made arrangements to share expenses or financial support and the degree of financial dependence or interdependence between A and B ; ( d ) whether there is a sexual relationship between A and B , although it is not necessary that there be a sexual relationship between them; ( e ) whether A and B share the care and support of a specific person below 21 years of age; ( f ) whether A and B conduct themselves toward their friends, relatives or other persons as parties to an intimate relationship, and whether A and B are so treated by their friends, relatives or other persons. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s74D
section: 74D
title: Enhanced penalties for offences against victims in close relationships
content:
74D. —(1) Subsection (2) applies where an offender ( A ) is convicted of any offence under Chapter 16 (except an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life) committed against a person ( B ) who was or is in a close relationship with A . [15/2019] (2) When the offender ( A ) commits an offence against B , the court may sentence the person convicted of the offence to punishment not exceeding twice the maximum punishment that the court could, but for this section, impose for the offence if at the time of committing the offence A knew or ought reasonably to have known that B was or is in a close relationship with A . [15/2019] (3) This section does not apply where the offender ( A ) proves that, despite A having been or being in a close relationship with B , the relationship between A and B did not adversely affect B ’s ability to protect B from A in respect of the harm caused by the offence. [15/2019] (4) Despite anything to the contrary in the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 — ( a ) a Magistrate’s Court has jurisdiction to try the offences to which subsection (2) applies, where no imprisonment is prescribed or where twice the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed for the offence does not exceed 5 years, and has power to impose the full punishment provided under subsection (2) in respect of those offences; and ( b ) a District Court has jurisdiction to try the offences to which subsection (2) applies and has power to impose the full punishment provided under subsection (2) in respect of those offences. [15/2019] (5) In this section, the offender ( A ) was or is in a close relationship with the victim ( B ) where — ( a ) A is a member of the same household as B ; and ( b ) A and B had frequent contact with each other. [15/2019] (6) For the purposes of subsection (5), A and B are to be treated as members of the same household if — ( a ) they live in the same household; or ( b ) they do not live in the same household, but A or B visits the household to which the other belongs so often and for such periods of time that it is reasonable to regard A and B as being members of the same household. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s74E
section: 74E
title: Application of enhanced penalties
content:
74E. —(1) Where 2 or more of the sections from amongst sections 73 to 74D are applicable to enhance the punishment for an offence from that which the offender would otherwise have been liable for — ( a ) the punishment for the same offence shall not be enhanced by the application of more than one of those sections; and ( b ) the court may determine which section should apply to enhance the punishment. [15/2019] (2) Where any punishment prescribed for an offence is — ( a ) a specified minimum sentence or a mandatory minimum sentence of imprisonment or caning, section 73, 74, 74A, 74B, 74C or 74D does not apply to enhance such punishment; and ( b ) a sentence of caning, section 73, 74, 74A, 74B, 74C or 74D does not apply to enhance the maximum number of strokes of the cane that may be imposed. [15/2019] 75. [ Repealed by Act 15 of 2019 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s76
section: 76
title: Act done by person bound, or justified by law
content:
76. Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is bound by law to do it or justified by law in doing it. Illustrations ( a ) A , a soldier, fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity with the commands of the law. A has committed no offence. ( b ) A sees Z repeatedly stabbing Y with a knife on a public road. Y dies. A , in the exercise of the power which the law gives to all persons apprehending murderers in the act, forcefully seizes Z , in order to detain Z so that Z can be arrested by the police officers when they arrive. A has committed no offence. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s77
section: 77
title: Act of judge when acting judicially
content:
77. Nothing is an offence which is done by a judge when acting judicially in the exercise of any power which is, or which in good faith he believes to be, given to him by law.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s78
section: 78
title: Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of a court of justice
content:
78. Nothing which is done in pursuance of, or which is warranted by, the judgment or order of a court of justice, if done while the judgment or order remains in force, is an offence, notwithstanding the court may have had no jurisdiction to pass the judgment or order, provided the person doing the act in good faith believes that the court had such jurisdiction.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s79
section: 79
title: Act done by person by mistake of fact believing himself bound or justified by law
content:
79. —(1) Unless otherwise provided by written law, nothing is an offence which is done by any person who by reason of a mistake of fact or in ignorance of a fact in good faith believes himself to be bound by law to do it or justified by law in doing it. [15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, where a person alleges a mistake of fact or ignorance of a fact that may negate the fault element of the offence that the person is charged with, the prosecution must prove the fault element in order to establish liability under the offence. Explanation 1 .—Where the physical and fault elements of an offence are proven, and the accused person proves the defence under subsection (1), the accused person is not guilty of that offence. Explanation 2 .—Where an alleged mistake of fact or ignorance of a fact may negate the fault element of an offence, the accused person does not need to rely on the defence of mistake. The accused person may allege the mistake of fact or ignorance of the fact for the purpose of raising a reasonable doubt that the accused person had the requisite fault element as a result of labouring under the mistake of fact or ignorance of fact. The prosecution must prove the fault element in order to establish liability under the offence. Illustrations ( a ) A sees Z commit what appears to A to be a murder. A , in the exercise, to the best of his judgment exerted in good faith, of the power which the law gives to all persons of apprehending murderers in the act, seizes Z , in order to bring Z before the proper authorities. A has committed no offence, though it may turn out that Z was acting in self-defence. ( b ) A , a police officer, is deployed to perform the duty of screening passengers boarding a flight at the airport. A sees Z , a passenger queuing up to be screened, acting suspiciously. As A approaches Z , Z suddenly shouts aloud that he is carrying a bomb and warns A not to approach further. As A draws his revolver, Z suddenly starts to run away. A , after assessing the circumstances of the case, and to the best of his judgment exerted in good faith, believes that Z has a bomb and will set it off. A shoots Z and Z dies as a result. A has committed no offence, even though it may turn out that Z was not carrying a bomb. ( c ) A , a police officer, is deployed to perform patrol duty at an underground train station. A receives information from police headquarters that someone is attempting to plant a bomb in the public transport system. The profile of the suspect is also provided. While patrolling the underground train station, A sees Z , who fits the profile. Z is seen carrying a backpack and behaving suspiciously. A approaches Z and orders him to stop. Z suddenly starts running towards a crowd in the station. A , after assessing the circumstances of the case, and to the best of his judgment exerted in good faith, believes that Z has a bomb and will set it off. A shoots Z and Z dies as a result. A has committed no offence, even though it may turn out that Z was not carrying a bomb. ( d ) X , the commander of a naval vessel, is patrolling Singapore territorial waters. X receives information that someone may hijack a vessel in order to commit a terrorist act. X spots vessel A which is proceeding at high speed towards a cruise liner. X orders vessel A to stop her manoeuvre immediately and fires a warning signal. Vessel A instead starts accelerating towards the cruise liner. X , after assessing the circumstances of the case, and to the best of his judgment exerted in good faith, believes that vessel A is going to ram into the cruise liner. X gives an order to fire at vessel A . The persons on board vessel A die as a result. X has committed no offence, even though it may turn out that vessel A was not hijacked nor were there any terrorist on board. ( e ) A , an officer of a court, being ordered by that court to arrest Y , and, after due enquiry, believing Z to be Y , arrests Z . A has committed no offence. ( f ) A sees a watch on Z ’s desk, which is identical to one that A owns, and mistakenly believes the watch is actually his. A intentionally takes the watch out of Z ’s possession without Z ’s consent while labouring under such mistaken belief. A has not committed an offence of theft as A did not possess the requisite fault element of dishonesty when A took the watch out of Z ’s possession. There is no need for A to rely on a defence under this section. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s79A
section: 79A
title: Mistake of law or ignorance of law not defence
content:
79A. —(1) A person’s mistake of law or ignorance of the law is not a defence to a charge for an offence unless it is otherwise provided by written law. [15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, where a person alleges a mistake of law or ignorance of the law that may negate the fault element of the offence that the person is charged with, the prosecution must prove the fault element in order to establish liability under the offence. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s80
section: 80
title: Accident in the doing of a lawful act
content:
80. —(1) Nothing is an offence which is done by accident or misfortune in the doing of a lawful act in a lawful manner, by lawful means, and with proper care and caution. [15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, where — ( a ) a person alleges any act is done by accident or misfortune in the doing of a lawful act in a lawful manner, by lawful means, and with proper care and caution; and ( b ) the doing of the act allegedly by accident or misfortune may negate the fault element of the offence that the person is charged with, the prosecution must prove the fault element in order to establish liability under the offence. Explanation .—A lawful act in this section is any act which is not an offence under this Code or any written law and which is not otherwise prohibited by law. Illustrations ( a ) A is at work with a hatchet; the head flies off and kills a man who is standing by. Here, if there was no want of proper caution on the part of A , his act is excusable and not an offence. ( b ) A operates a construction crane and activates a control that causes a heavy load to fall onto B , killing B . A did not act negligently, but his activation of the control caused this result because the construction crane was malfunctioning. A has not committed an offence of causing death by doing a negligent act under section 304A as he did not possess the requisite fault element of negligence. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s81
section: 81
title: Act likely to cause harm but done to prevent other harm
content:
81. Nothing is an offence merely by reason of its being done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause harm, if it be done in good faith for the purpose of preventing or avoiding other harm to person or property. Explanation.— It is a question of fact in such a case whether the harm to be prevented or avoided was of such a nature and so imminent as to justify or excuse the risk of doing the act with the knowledge that it was likely to cause harm. Illustrations ( a ) A , the captain of a steam vessel, suddenly and without any fault or negligence on his part, finds himself in such a position that, before he can stop his vessel, he must inevitably run down a boat B , with 20 or 30 passengers on board, unless he changes the course of his vessel, and that, by changing his course he must incur risk of running down a boat C , with only 2 passengers on board, which he may possibly clear. Here, if A alters his course without any intention to run down the boat C , and in good faith for the purposes of avoiding the danger to the passengers in the boat B , he is not guilty of an offence, though he may run down the boat C , by doing an act which he knew was likely to cause that effect, if it be found as a matter of fact that the danger which he intended to avoid was such as to excuse him in incurring the risk of running down the boat C . ( b ) A in a great fire pulls down houses in order to prevent the conflagration from spreading. He does this with the intention, in good faith, of saving human life or property. Here, if it be found that the harm to be prevented was of such a nature and so imminent as to excuse A ’s act, A is not guilty of the offence. ( c ) X , the commander of a naval vessel, is deployed in response to a threat of a terrorist attack against a ferry terminal in Singapore. X receives information that vessel A , with a crew of 6, has been hijacked by terrorists and is approaching the ferry terminal at great speed and is likely to collide into the terminal. There is insufficient time to evacuate the persons at the terminal, which is estimated to be about 100. X orders vessel A to stop her manoeuvre immediately and fires a warning signal. However, vessel A continues her advance towards the terminal. Here, if X gives an order to fire at vessel A to disable it, without any intention to cause harm to the crew members of vessel A , and in good faith for the purpose of avoiding the danger to the persons at the terminal, he is not guilty of an offence. This is so even though he knows that he is likely to cause harm to the crew members of vessel A , if it be found as a matter of fact that the danger which X intends to avoid is such as to excuse him in incurring the risk of firing at vessel A . [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s83
section: 83
title:
Act of a child of or above 10 and below 12 years of age, who has not sufficient maturity of understanding

content:
83. Nothing is an offence which is done by a child of or above 10 years and below 12, who has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge of the nature and consequence of his conduct on that occasion. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s84
section: 84
title: Act of person of unsound mind
content:
84. —(1) Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is — ( a ) incapable of knowing the nature of the act; ( b ) incapable of knowing that what he is doing is wrong; or [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( c ) completely deprived of any power to control his actions. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (2) Subsection (1)( b ) applies only if the person is incapable of knowing that his act — ( a ) is wrong by the ordinary standards of reasonable and honest persons; and ( b ) is wrong as contrary to law. Illustration A , while labouring under a delusion, believes that he has received divine instructions to kill Z and that it is morally right for him to do so. A however knows that it is contrary to law to kill Z . A kills Z . Here, the defence of unsoundness of mind is not available to A as he is capable of knowing that it is contrary to law to kill Z . [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s85
section: 85
title: Intoxication when a defence
content:
85. —(1) Except as provided in this section and in section 86, intoxication shall not constitute a defence to any criminal charge. (2) Intoxication is a defence to any criminal charge if by reason of the intoxication the person charged, at the time of the act or omission complained of — ( a ) did not know what he was doing; or ( b ) did not know that such act or omission was wrong, [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] and the state of intoxication was caused without the knowledge or against the will of the person charged with the offence. [15/2019] (2A) Subsection (2)( b ) only applies if the person charged, at the time of the act or omission complained of, did not know that the act or omission — ( a ) was wrong by the ordinary standards of reasonable and honest persons; and ( b ) was wrong as contrary to law. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (3) Intoxication is a defence to any criminal charge if by reason of the intoxication the person charged was of unsound mind as determined in accordance with section 84. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s86
section: 86
title: Effect of defence of intoxication when established
content:
86. —(1) Where the defence under section 85 is established, then the accused person must be acquitted, except that if the person was of unsound mind by reason of intoxication, section 84 of this Code and sections 251 and 252 of the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 will apply. [15/2019] (2) Intoxication shall be taken into account for the purpose of determining whether the person charged had formed any intention or had any knowledge or belief, specific or otherwise, in the absence of which he would not be guilty of the offence. [15/2019] (3) For the purposes of this section and section 85 “intoxication” shall be deemed to include a state produced by narcotics or drugs. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s87
section: 87
title: Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent
content:
87. Nothing, which is not intended to cause death or grievous hurt, and which is not known by the doer to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, to any person above 18 years of age, who has given consent, whether express or implied, to suffer that harm; or by reason of any harm which it may be known by the doer to be likely to cause to any such person who has consented to take the risk of that harm. Illustration A and Z agree to fence with each other for amusement. This agreement implies the consent of each to suffer any harm which, in the course of such fencing, may be caused without foul play; and if A , while playing fairly, hurts Z , A commits no offence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s88
section: 88
title: Act not intended to cause death done by consent in good faith for the benefit of a person
content:
88. Nothing, which is not intended to cause death, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, or be known by the doer to be likely to cause, to any person for whose benefit it is done in good faith, and who has given a consent, whether express or implied, to suffer that harm, or to take the risk of that harm. Illustration A , a surgeon, knowing that a particular operation is likely to cause the death of Z , who suffers under a painful complaint, but not intending to cause Z ’s death, and intending, in good faith, Z ’s benefit, performs that operation on Z , with Z ’s consent. A has committed no offence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s89
section: 89
title:
Act done in good faith for the benefit of a child or person of unsound mind, by or by consent of guardian

content:
89. Nothing, which is done in good faith for the benefit of a person below 12 years of age, or of unsound mind, by or by consent, either express or implied, of the guardian or other person having lawful charge of that person, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, or be known by the doer to be likely to cause, to that person: Provided that this exception shall not extend to — ( a ) the intentional causing of death, or to the attempting to cause death; ( b ) the doing of anything which the person doing it knows to be likely to cause death for any purpose other than the preventing of death or grievous hurt, or the curing of any grievous disease or infirmity; ( c ) the voluntary causing of grievous hurt, or to the attempting to cause grievous hurt, unless it be for the purpose of preventing death or grievous hurt, or the curing of any grievous disease or infirmity; ( d ) the abetment of any offence, to the committing of which offence it would not extend. Illustration A , in good faith, for the benefit of his child, being below 12 years of age, without his child’s consent, has his child cut for the stone by a surgeon, knowing it to be likely that the operation will cause the child’s death, but not intending to cause the child’s death. A is within the exception, inasmuch as his object was the cure of the child.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s90
section: 90
title: Consent given under fear or misconception, by person of unsound mind, etc., and by child
content:
90. A consent is not such a consent as is intended by any section of this Code — ( a ) if the consent is given by a person — (i) under fear of injury or wrongful restraint to the person or to some other person; or (ii) under a misconception of fact, and the person doing the act knows, or has reason to believe, that the consent was given in consequence of such fear or misconception; ( b ) if the consent is given by a person who, from unsoundness of mind, mental incapacity, intoxication, or the influence of any drug or other substance, is unable to understand the nature and consequence of that to which he gives his consent; or ( c ) unless the contrary appears from the context, if the consent is given by a person who is below 12 years of age.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s91
section: 91
title:
Acts which are offences independently of harm caused to the person consenting, are not within the exceptions in sections 87, 88 and 89

content:
91. The exceptions in sections 87, 88 and 89 do not extend to acts which are offences independently of any harm which they may cause, or be intended to cause, or be known to be likely to cause, to the person giving the consent, or on whose behalf the consent is given. Illustration Causing miscarriage, unless it is authorised under the Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974 is an offence independently of any harm which it may cause or be intended to cause to the woman. Therefore it is not an offence “by reason of such harm”; and the consent of the woman, or of her guardian, to the causing of such miscarriage does not justify the act.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s92
section: 92
title: Act done in good faith for the benefit of a person without consent
content:
92. Nothing is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause to a person for whose benefit it is done in good faith, even without that person’s consent, if the circumstances are such that it is impossible for that person to signify consent, or if that person is incapable of giving consent, and has no guardian or other person in lawful charge of him from whom it is possible to obtain consent in time for the thing to be done with benefit: Provided that this exception shall not extend to — ( a ) the intentional causing of death, or to the attempting to cause death; ( b ) the doing of anything which the person doing it knows to be likely to cause death, for any purpose other than the preventing of death or grievous hurt, or the curing of any grievous disease or infirmity; ( c ) the voluntary causing of hurt, or to the attempting to cause hurt, for any purpose other than the preventing of death or hurt; ( d ) the abetment of any offence, to the committing of which offence it would not extend. Illustrations ( a ) Z is thrown from his horse, and is insensible. A , a surgeon, finds that Z requires to be trepanned. A , not intending Z ’s death, but in good faith, for Z ’s benefit, performs the trepan before Z recovers his power of judging for himself. A has committed no offence. ( b ) [ Deleted by Act 51 of 2007 ] ( c ) A , a surgeon, sees a child suffer an accident which is likely to prove fatal unless an operation is immediately performed. There is no time to apply to the child’s guardian. A performs the operation in spite of the entreaties of the child, intending, in good faith, the child’s benefit. A has committed no offence. ( d ) A is in a house which is on fire, with Z , a child. People below hold out a blanket. A drops the child from the house‑top, knowing it to be likely that the fall may kill the child, but not intending to kill the child, and intending in good faith, the child’s benefit. Here, even if the child is killed by the fall, A has committed no offence. Explanation .—Mere pecuniary benefit is not benefit within the meaning of sections 88, 89 and 92.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s93
section: 93
title: Communication made in good faith
content:
93. No communication made in good faith is an offence by reason of any harm to the person to whom it is made, if it is made for the benefit of that person. Illustration A , a surgeon, in good faith, communicates to a patient his opinion that he cannot live. The patient dies in consequence of the shock. A has committed no offence, though he knew it to be likely that the communication might cause the patient’s death.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s94
section: 94
title: Act to which a person is compelled by threats
content:
94. Except murder and offences against the State punishable with death, nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is compelled to do it by threats, which, at the time of doing it, reasonably cause the apprehension that instant death to that person or any other person will otherwise be the consequence: Provided that the person doing the act did not of his own accord, or from a reasonable apprehension of harm to himself short of instant death, place himself in the situation by which he became subject to such constraint. Explanation 1.—A person who, of his own accord, or by reason of a threat of being beaten, joins gang-robbers knowing their character, is not entitled to the benefit of this exception on the ground of his having been compelled by his associates to do anything that is an offence by law. Explanation 2.—A person seized by gang-robbers, and forced by threat of instant death to do a thing which is an offence by law — for example, a smith compelled to take his tools and to force the door of a house for the gang‑robbers to enter and plunder it — is entitled to the benefit of this exception.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s95
section: 95
title: Act causing slight harm
content:
95. Nothing is an offence by reason that it causes, or that it is intended to cause, or that it is known to be likely to cause, any harm, if that harm is so slight that no person of ordinary sense and temper would complain of such harm.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s97
section: 97
title: Right of private defence of the body and of property
content:
97. Every person has a right, subject to the restrictions contained in sections 98 and 106A, to defend — ( a ) his own body, and the body of any other person, against any offence affecting the human body; ( b ) the property, whether movable or immovable, of himself or of any other person, against any act which is an offence falling under the definition of theft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass, or which is an attempt to commit theft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s98
section: 98
title: Extent to which right may be exercised
content:
98. —(1) The right of private defence does not extend to the inflicting of more harm than it is reasonably necessary in the circumstances. [15/2019] (2) There is no right of private defence in cases in which there is reasonable opportunity to have recourse to the protection of a public authority in the circumstances. Illustrations ( a ) Z ambushes A in a secluded area and attempts to kill A . A kills Z while fending off Z ’s attack. A is guilty of no offence because, in the circumstances, A had no reasonable opportunity to have recourse to the protection of a public authority. ( b ) Z ambushes A in a secluded area and attempts to kill A . A ’s right of private defence arises because, at that point of time, A had no reasonable opportunity to have recourse to the protection of a public authority. In the midst of the struggle between A and Z , a police patrol car arrives on the scene. A ’s right of private defence ceases the moment A had reasonable opportunity to have recourse to the protection of the police. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s99
section: 99
title: Right of private defence against act of person of unsound mind, etc.
content:
99. When an act, which would otherwise be a certain offence, is not that offence, by reason of the youth, the want of maturity of understanding, the unsoundness of mind, or the intoxication of the person doing that act, or by reason of any misconception on the part of that person, every person has the same right of private defence against that act which he would have if the act were that offence. Illustrations ( a ) Z , under the influence of madness, attempts to kill A . Z is guilty of no offence. But A has the same right of private defence which he would have if Z were sane. ( b ) A enters, by night, a house which he is legally entitled to enter. Z , in good faith, taking A for a housebreaker, attacks A . Here Z , by attacking A under this misconception, commits no offence. But A has the same right of private defence against Z , which he would have if Z were not acting under that misconception. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s100
section: 100
title: Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person
content:
100. If, in the exercise of the right of private defence against an assault which causes the defender to reasonably believe that death would be caused to him or to any other person and the defender is so situated that he cannot effectually exercise that right without risk of harm to an innocent person, his right of private defence extends to the running of that risk. Illustration A is attacked by a mob who attempt to murder him. A cannot effectually exercise his right of private defence without firing on the mob, and he cannot fire without risk of harming young children who are mingled with the mob. A commits no offence if by so firing he harms any of the children. [15/2019] Right of private defence of body


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s101
section: 101
title: Start and continuance of right of private defence of body
content:
101. —(1) The right of private defence of the body starts as soon as the defender reasonably believes that there is danger to the body (either his own or that of any other person) arising from any act which is an offence against the human body or an attempt or a threat to commit the offence, though the offence may not have been committed. [15/2019] (2) The right of private defence continues as long as the belief of danger mentioned in subsection (1) continues. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s102
section: 102
title: When right of private defence of body extends to causing death
content:
102. The right of private defence of the body extends, under the restrictions mentioned in sections 98 and 106A, to the voluntary causing of death to the assailant, if the offence which gives rise to the exercise of the right is of any of the following descriptions: ( a ) an assault where the defender reasonably believes that death will otherwise be the consequence of such assault; ( b ) an assault where the defender reasonably believes that grievous hurt will otherwise be the consequence of such assault; ( c ) an assault that the defender reasonably believes to be done with the intention of committing rape as described in section 375 or causing such rape to be committed; ( d ) an assault that the defender reasonably believes to be done with the intention of causing penile penetration of the vagina, anus or mouth as described in section 376(2); [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( e ) an assault that the defender reasonably believes to be done with the intention of kidnapping or abducting; ( f ) an assault that the defender reasonably believes to be done with the intention of wrongfully confining a person, under circumstances which may reasonably cause him to believe that he will be unable to have opportunity for recourse to a public authority for his release. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s103
section: 103
title: When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
content:
103. If the offence is not of any of the descriptions mentioned in section 102, the right of private defence of the body does not extend to the voluntary causing of death to the assailant, but does extend, under the restrictions mentioned in sections 98 and 106A, to the voluntary causing to the assailant of any harm other than death. [15/2019] Right of private defence of property


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s104
section: 104
title: Commencement and continuance of right of private defence of property
content:
104. —(1) The right of private defence of property starts when the defender reasonably believes that there was a danger to property (either his own or that of any other person) arising from any act which is an offence falling under the definition of theft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass, or which is an attempt to commit such an offence. [15/2019] (2) The right of private defence of property against theft continues till — ( a ) the offender has effected his retreat with the property; ( b ) the assistance of a public authority is obtained; or ( c ) the property has been recovered. [15/2019] (3) The right of private defence of property against robbery continues as long as the offender causes or attempts to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint, or as long as the fear of instant death or of instant hurt or of instant personal restraint continues. [15/2019] (4) The right of private defence of property against criminal trespass or mischief continues as long as the offender continues in the commission of criminal trespass or mischief. [15/2019] (5) The right of private defence of property against house‑breaking continues as long as such house‑breaking continues. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s105
section: 105
title: When right of private defence of property extends to causing death
content:
105. —(1) The right of private defence of property extends, under the restrictions mentioned in sections 98 and 106A, to the voluntary causing of death to the wrongdoer when the defender reasonably believes that there was a danger to property (either his own or that of any other person) arising from any of the following descriptions: ( a ) robbery; ( b ) house-breaking committed after 7 p.m. and before 7 a.m. and if the wrongdoer — (i) effects his entrance into the house or any part of it in any of the 6 ways described in subsection (2); or (ii) being in the house or any part of it for the purpose of committing an offence, or having committed an offence therein, the wrongdoer leaves the house or any part of it in any of these 6 ways; ( c ) mischief by fire committed on any building, tent, container or vessel, which building, tent, container or vessel is used as a human dwelling, or as a place for the custody of property; ( d ) theft, mischief or house-breaking, under such circumstances where the defender reasonably believes that death or grievous hurt will be the consequence, if such right of private defence is not exercised. [15/2019] (2) For the purposes of subsection (1)( b ), the 6 ways of entry or leaving by a wrongdoer are as follows: ( a ) if the wrongdoer enters or leaves through a passage made by the wrongdoer, or by any abettor of the house-breaking in order to commit the house‑breaking; ( b ) if the wrongdoer enters or leaves through any passage not intended by any person, other than the wrongdoer or an abettor of the offence, for human entrance, or through any passage to which the wrongdoer has obtained access by scaling or climbing over any wall or building; ( c ) if the wrongdoer enters or leaves through any passage which the wrongdoer or any abettor of the house-breaking has opened, in order to commit the house‑breaking, by any means by which that passage was not intended by the occupier of the house to be opened; ( d ) if the wrongdoer enters or leaves by opening any lock in order to commit the house-breaking, or in order to leave from the house after a house-breaking; ( e ) if the wrongdoer effects his entry or leaving by using criminal force or committing an assault, or by threatening any person with assault; ( f ) if the wrongdoer enters or leaves by any passage which he knows to have been fastened against such entry or leaving, and to have been unfastened by himself or by an abettor of the house-breaking. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s106
section: 106
title: When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
content:
106. If the offence, the committing or the attempt to commit of which occasions the exercise of the right of private defence, is theft, mischief, or criminal trespass, not of any of the descriptions mentioned in section 105, that right does not extend to the voluntary causing of death, but does extend, subject to the restrictions mentioned in sections 98 and 106A, to the voluntary causing to the wrongdoer of any harm other than death. [15/2019] No right of private defence


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s106A
section: 106A
title: Acts against which there is no right of private defence
content:
106A. —(1) There is no right of private defence against an act which does not cause the defender to reasonably believe that death or grievous hurt would result, if done, or attempted to be done, by a public servant acting in good faith under the actual or apparent authority of his office, though that act may not be strictly justifiable by law. [15/2019] (2) There is no right of private defence against an act which does not cause the defender to reasonably believe that death or grievous hurt would result, if done, or attempted to be done, by the direction of a public servant acting in good faith under the actual or apparent authority of the public servant’s office, though that direction may not be strictly justifiable by law. Explanation 1.—A person is not deprived of the right of private defence against an act done, or attempted to be done, by a public servant, as such, unless he knows, or has reason to believe, that the person doing the act is such public servant. Explanation 2.—A person ( A ) is not deprived of the right of private defence against an act done, or attempted to be done, by the direction of a public servant, unless A knows, or has reason to believe, that the person doing the act ( B ) is acting by such direction; or unless B states the authority under which B acts, or, if B has authority in writing, unless B produces such authority, if demanded. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s107
section: 107
title: Abetment of the doing of a thing
content:
107. —(1) A person abets the doing of a thing who — ( a ) instigates any person to do that thing; ( b ) engages with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy, and in order to the doing of that thing; or ( c ) intentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing. [15/2019] (2) A person may abet the doing of a thing despite the existence of facts of which he is unaware which make the doing of the thing impossible. Explanation 1.—A person who, by intentional misrepresentation, or by intentional concealment of a material fact which he is bound to disclose, voluntarily causes or procures, or attempts to cause or procure, a thing to be done, is said to instigate the doing of that thing. Illustration A , a public officer, is authorised by a warrant from a court of justice to apprehend Z . B , knowing that fact and also that C is not Z , intentionally represents to A that C is Z , and thereby intentionally causes A to apprehend C . Here B abets by instigation the apprehension of C . Explanation 2.—Whoever, either prior to or at the time of the commission of an act, does anything in order to facilitate the commission of that act, and thereby facilitates the commission thereof, is said to aid the doing of that act. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s108
section: 108
title: Abettor
content:
108. A person abets an offence who abets either the commission of an offence, or the commission of an act which would be an offence, if committed by a person capable by law of committing an offence with the same intention or knowledge as that of the abettor. Explanation 1.—The abetment of the illegal omission of an act may amount to an offence, although the abettor may not himself be bound to do that act. Explanation 2.—To constitute the offence of abetment, it is not necessary that the act abetted should be committed, or that the effect requisite to constitute the offence should be caused. Illustrations ( a ) A instigates B to murder C . B refuses to do so. A is guilty of abetting B to commit murder. ( b ) A instigates B to murder D . B , in pursuance of the instigation, stabs D . D recovers from the wound. A is guilty of instigating B to commit murder. Explanation 3.—It is not necessary that the person abetted should be capable by law of committing an offence, or that he should have the same guilty intention or knowledge as that of the abettor, or any guilty intention or knowledge. Illustrations ( a ) A , with a guilty intention, abets a child or a person of unsound mind to commit an act which would be an offence if committed by a person capable by law of committing an offence, and having the same intention as A . Here A , whether the act is committed or not, is guilty of abetting an offence. ( b ) A , with the intention of murdering Z , instigates B , a child below 7 years of age, to do an act which causes Z ’s death. B , in consequence of the abetment, does the act, and thereby causes Z ’s death. Here, though B was not capable by law of committing an offence, A is liable to be punished in the same manner as if B had been capable by law of committing an offence and had committed murder, and he is therefore subject to the punishment of death. ( c ) A instigates B to set fire to a dwelling house. B , in consequence of the unsoundness of his mind, being incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is wrong or contrary to law, sets fire to the house in consequence of A ’s instigation. B has committed no offence, but A is guilty of abetting the offence of setting fire to a dwelling house, and is liable to the punishment provided for that offence. ( d ) A , intending to cause a theft to be committed, instigates B to take property belonging to Z out of Z ’s possession. A induces B to believe that the property belongs to A . B takes the property out of Z ’s possession, in good faith believing it to be A ’s property. B , acting under this misconception, does not take dishonestly, and therefore does not commit theft. But A is guilty of abetting theft, and is liable to the same punishment as if B had committed theft. Explanation 4.—The abetment of an offence being an offence, the abetment of such an abetment is also an offence. Illustration A instigates B to instigate C to murder Z . B accordingly instigates C to murder Z , and C commits that offence in consequence of B ’s instigation. B is liable to be punished for his offence with the punishment for murder; and as A instigated B to commit the offence A is also liable to the same punishment. Explanation 5.—It is not necessary to the commission of the offence of abetment by conspiracy that the abettor should concert the offence with the person who commits it. It is sufficient if he engages in the conspiracy in pursuance of which the offence is committed. Illustration A concerts with B a plan for poisoning Z . It is agreed that A shall administer the poison. B then explains the plan to C , mentioning that a third person is to administer the poison, but without mentioning A ’s name. C agrees to procure the poison, and procures and delivers it to B for the purpose of its being used in the manner explained. A administers the poison; Z dies in consequence. Here, though A and C have not conspired together, yet C has been engaged in the conspiracy in pursuance of which Z has been murdered. C has therefore committed the offence defined in this section, and is liable to the punishment for murder.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s108A
section: 108A
title: Abetment in Singapore of an offence outside Singapore
content:
108A. A person abets an offence within the meaning of this Code who, in Singapore, abets the commission of any act without and beyond Singapore which would constitute an offence if committed in Singapore. Illustration A , in Singapore, instigates B , a foreigner in Java, to commit murder in Java. A is guilty of abetting murder.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s108B
section: 108B
title: Abetment outside Singapore of an offence in Singapore
content:
108B. A person abets an offence within the meaning of this Code who abets an offence committed in Singapore notwithstanding that any or all of the acts constituting the abetment were done outside Singapore.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s109
section: 109
title:
Punishment of abetment if the act abetted is committed in consequence, and where no express provision is made for its punishment

content:
109. Whoever abets any offence shall, if the act abetted is committed in consequence of the abetment, and no express provision is made by this Code for the punishment of such abetment, be punished with the punishment provided for the offence. Explanation .—An act or offence is said to be committed in consequence of abetment, when it is committed in consequence of the instigation, or in pursuance of the conspiracy, or with the aid which constitutes the abetment. Illustrations ( a ) A offers a bribe to B , a public servant, as a reward for showing A some favour in the exercise of B ’s official functions. B accepts the bribe. A has abetted the offence defined in section 161. ( b ) A instigates B to give false evidence. B , in consequence of the instigation, commits that offence. A is guilty of abetting that offence, and is liable to the same punishment as B . ( c ) A and B conspire to poison Z . A , in pursuance of the conspiracy, procures the poison and delivers it to B , in order that he may administer it to Z . B , in pursuance of the conspiracy, administers the poison to Z , in A ’s absence and thereby causes Z ’s death. Here B is guilty of murder. A is guilty of abetting that offence by conspiracy, and is liable to the punishment for murder.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s110
section: 110
title:
Punishment of abetment if the person abetted does the act with a different intention from that of the abettor

content:
110. Whoever abets the commission of an offence shall, if the person abetted does the act with a different intention or knowledge from that of the abettor, be punished with the punishment provided for the offence which would have been committed if the act had been done with the intention or knowledge of the abettor and with no other.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s111
section: 111
title: Liability of abettor when one act is abetted and a different act is done
content:
111. When an act is abetted and a different act is done, the abettor is liable for the act done, in the same manner, and to the same extent, as if he had directly abetted it: Provided the act done was a probable consequence of the abetment, and was committed under the influence of the instigation, or with the aid or in pursuance of the conspiracy which constituted the abetment. Illustrations ( a ) A instigates a child to put poison into the food of Z , and gives him poison for that purpose. The child, in consequence of the instigation, by mistake puts the poison into the food of Y , which is by the side of that of Z . Here, if the child was acting under the influence of A ’s instigation, and the act done was under the circumstances a probable consequence of the abetment, A is liable in the same manner, and to the same extent, as if he had instigated the child to put the poison into the food of Y . ( b ) A instigates B to burn Z ’s house. B sets fire to the house, and at the same time commits theft of property there. A , though guilty of abetting the burning of the house, is not guilty of abetting the theft; for the theft was a distinct act, and not a probable consequence of the burning. ( c ) A instigates B and C to break into an inhabited house at midnight for the purpose of robbery, and provides them with arms for that purpose. B and C break into the house, and being resisted by Z , one of the inmates, murder Z. Here, if that murder was the probable consequence of the abetment, A is liable to the punishment provided for murder.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s112
section: 112
title: Abettor, when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done
content:
112. If the act for which the abettor is liable under section 111 is committed in addition to the act abetted, and constitutes a distinct offence, the abettor is liable to punishment for each of the offences. Illustration A instigates B to resist by force a distress made by a public servant. B , in consequence, resists that distress. In offering the resistance, B voluntarily caused grievous hurt to the officer executing the distress. As B has committed both the offence of resisting the distress, and the offence of voluntarily causing grievous hurt, B is liable to punishment for both these offences; and if A knew that B was likely voluntarily to cause grievous hurt in resisting the distress, A will also be liable to punishment for each of the offences.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s113
section: 113
title:
Liability of abettor for an offence caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor

content:
113. When an act is abetted with the intention on the part of the abettor of causing a particular effect, and an act for which the abettor is liable in consequence of the abetment causes a different effect from that intended by the abettor, the abettor is liable for the effect caused, in the same manner, and to the same extent, as if he had abetted the act with the intention of causing that effect, provided he knew that the act abetted was likely to cause that effect. Illustration A instigates B to cause grievous hurt to Z . B , in consequence of the instigation, causes grievous hurt to Z . Z dies in consequence. Here, if A knew that the grievous hurt abetted was likely to cause death, A is liable to be punished with the punishment provided for murder.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s114
section: 114
title: Abettor present when offence committed
content:
114. Whenever any person who, if absent, would be liable to be punished as an abettor, is present when the act or offence for which he would be punishable in consequence of the abetment is committed, he shall be deemed to have committed such act or offence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s115
section: 115
title: Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life
content:
115. Whoever abets the commission of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, shall, if that offence is not committed in consequence of the abetment, and no express provision is made by this Code or by any other written law for the punishment of such abetment, be punished with imprisonment for a term that may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. Illustration A instigates B to murder Z . The offence is not committed. If B had murdered Z , B would have been subject to the punishment of death. Therefore, A shall be punished with imprisonment for a term that may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s116
section: 116
title: Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment
content:
116. —(1) Whoever abets an offence punishable with imprisonment shall, if that offence is not committed in consequence of the abetment, and no express provision is made by this Code or any other written law for the punishment of such abetment, be punished in the same manner as if the abettor had committed the offence. [15/2019] (2) Despite subsection (1), where the punishment prescribed for an offence mentioned in that subsection is fixed by law, or is a specified minimum sentence or a mandatory minimum sentence of imprisonment or fine or caning, the court sentencing the person who abetted the offence — ( a ) shall not be bound to impose the fixed, specified minimum or mandatory minimum sentence; and ( b ) may sentence the abettor to such sentence or combination of sentences as the court thinks fit but not exceeding the maximum punishment prescribed for that offence. [15/2019] (3) To avoid doubt, nothing in subsection (2)( b ) empowers a court to impose a type of punishment that is not prescribed for an offence mentioned in subsection (1) or otherwise provided by any written law for that offence. Illustrations ( a ) A offers a bribe to B , a public servant, as a reward for showing A some favour in the exercise of B ’s official functions. B refuses to accept the bribe. A is punishable under this section for abetting the offence in section 161. ( b ) A instigates B to give false evidence. Here, if B does not give false evidence, A has nevertheless committed the offence defined in this section, and is punishable accordingly. ( c ) A , a police officer, whose duty it is to prevent robbery, abets the commission of robbery. Here, though the robbery is not committed, A is liable to the maximum term of imprisonment provided for that offence. ( d ) B abets the commission of a robbery by A , a police officer, whose duty it is to prevent that offence. Here, though the robbery is not committed, B is liable to the same punishment as if he had committed the offence of robbery. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s117
section: 117
title: Abetting the commission of an offence by the public or by more than 10 persons
content:
117. Whoever abets the commission of an offence by the public generally, or by any number or class of persons exceeding 10, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both. Illustration A , an employee at a worksite, affixes a placard at the worksite where more than 10 persons are employed. A instigates the workers to damage property at the worksite if their demand for a pay rise is not met. A has committed an offence under this section.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s118
section: 118
title: Concealing a design to commit an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life
content:
118. Whoever, intending to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby facilitate, the commission of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, voluntarily conceals, by any act or illegal omission, the existence of a design to commit such offence, or makes any representation which he knows to be false respecting such design, shall, if that offence is committed, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or, if the offence is not committed, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years: and, in either case, shall also be liable to fine. Illustration A , knowing that a gang-robbery is about to be committed at B , falsely informs the police that a gang‑robbery is about to be committed at C , a place in an opposite direction, and thereby misleads the police with intent to facilitate the commission of the offence. The gang‑robbery is committed at B in pursuance of the design. A is punishable under this section.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s119
section: 119
title: A public servant concealing a design to commit an offence which it is his duty to prevent
content:
119. Whoever, being a public servant, intending to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby facilitate, the commission of an offence, the commission of which it is his duty as such public servant to prevent, voluntarily conceals, by any act or illegal omission, the existence of a design to commit such offence, or makes any representation which he knows to be false respecting such design, shall, if the offence is committed, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one‑half of the longest term provided for that offence, or with such fine as is provided for that offence, or with both; or, if the offence is punishable with death or imprisonment for life, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and also be liable to fine; or if the offence is not committed, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one‑fourth part of the longest term provided for that offence, or with such fine as is provided for that offence, or with both; or, if the offence not committed is punishable with death or imprisonment for life, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and also be liable to fine. Illustration A , an officer of police, being legally bound to give information of all designs to commit robbery which may come to his knowledge, and knowing that B designs to commit robbery, omits to give such information, with intent to facilitate the commission of that offence. Here A has by an illegal omission concealed the existence of B ’s design, and is liable to punishment according to this section.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s120
section: 120
title: Concealing a design to commit an offence punishable with imprisonment
content:
120. Whoever, intending to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby facilitate, the commission of an offence punishable with imprisonment, voluntarily conceals, by any act or illegal omission, the existence of a design to commit such offence, or makes any representation which he knows to be false respecting such design, shall, if the offence is committed, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one-fourth, and if the offence is not committed, to one-eighth of the longest term provided for that offence; or with such fine as is provided for the offence, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s120A
section: 120A
title: Definition of criminal conspiracy
content:
120A. —(1) When a person agrees with another person to commit an offence or cause an offence to be committed, such an agreement is designated a criminal conspiracy. [15/2019] (2) A person may be a party to a criminal conspiracy despite the existence of facts of which he is unaware which make the commission of the offence impossible. [15/2019] (3) A person may be a party to a criminal conspiracy even though any other person who agrees to commit the offence that is the subject of the conspiracy or to cause that offence to be committed does not intend to carry out that agreement. [15/2019] (4) A person may be a party to a criminal conspiracy in Singapore to commit an offence outside Singapore, which would constitute an offence if committed in Singapore. [15/2019] (5) A person may be a party to a criminal conspiracy to commit an offence in Singapore even though all or any of the acts constituting the criminal conspiracy were done outside Singapore. Explanation .—It is immaterial whether the offence is the ultimate object of such agreement, or is merely incidental to that object. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s120B
section: 120B
title: Punishment of criminal conspiracy
content:
120B. Whoever is a party to a criminal conspiracy shall, where no express provision is made in this Code for the punishment of such a conspiracy, be punished in the same manner as if he had abetted the offence that is the subject of the conspiracy. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s121
section: 121
title: Waging or attempting to wage war or abetting the waging of war against the Government
content:
121. Whoever wages war against the Government, or attempts to wage such war, or abets the waging of such war, shall be punished with death, or with imprisonment for life. Illustration A joins an insurrection against the Government. A has committed the offence defined in this section. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s121A
section: 121A
title: Offences against the President’s person
content:
121A. Whoever plans the death of or hurt to or unlawful imprisonment or restraint of the President, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or for a term which may extend to 20 years and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s121B
section: 121B
title: Offences against authority
content:
121B. Whoever plans the unlawful deprivation or deposition of the President from the sovereignty of Singapore, or the overawing by criminal force of the Government, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or for a term which may extend to 20 years and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s121C
section: 121C
title: Abetting offences under section 121A or 121B
content:
121C. Whoever abets the commission of any of the offences punishable by section 121A or 121B shall be punished with the punishment provided for those offences.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s121D
section: 121D
title:
Intentional omission to give information of offences against section 121, 121A, 121B or 121C by a person bound to inform

content:
121D. Whoever knowing or having reason to believe that any offence punishable under section 121, 121A, 121B or 121C has been committed intentionally omits to give any information respecting that offence which he is legally bound to give, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s122
section: 122
title: Collecting arms, etc., with the intention of waging war against the Government
content:
122. Whoever collects men, arms or ammunition or otherwise prepares to wage war, with the intention of either waging or being prepared to wage war against the Government, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 20 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s123
section: 123
title: Concealing with intent to facilitate a design to wage war
content:
123. Whoever by any act, or by any illegal omission, conceals the existence of a design to wage war against the Government, intending by such concealment to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that such concealment will facilitate, the waging of such war, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s124
section: 124
title: Assaulting President, etc., with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power
content:
124. Whoever, with the intention of inducing or compelling the President or a Member of Parliament or the Cabinet, to exercise or refrain from exercising in any manner any of the lawful powers of the President, or such Member, assaults or wrongfully restrains, or attempts wrongfully to restrain, or overawes by means of criminal force, or the show of criminal force, or attempts so to overawe, the President or such Member, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s125
section: 125
title: Waging war against any power in alliance or at peace with Singapore
content:
125. Whoever wages war against the government of any power in alliance or at peace with the Government, or attempts to wage such war, or abets the waging of such war, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, to which fine may be added, or with fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s126
section: 126
title: Committing depredation on the territories of any power in alliance or at peace with Singapore
content:
126. Whoever commits depredation, or makes preparations to commit depredation, on the territories of any power in alliance or at peace with the Government, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine, and any property used, or intended to be used, in committing such depredation, or acquired by such depredation, shall be forfeited.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s127
section: 127
title: Receiving property taken by war or depredation mentioned in sections 125 and 126
content:
127. Whoever receives any property knowing the same to have been taken in the commission of any of the offences mentioned in sections 125 and 126, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine, and the property so received shall be forfeited.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s128
section: 128
title: Public servant voluntarily allowing prisoner of State or war in his custody to escape
content:
128. Whoever, being a public servant, and having the custody of any prisoner of State or prisoner of war, voluntarily allows such prisoner to escape from any place in which such prisoner is confined, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s129
section: 129
title: Public servant negligently suffering prisoner of State or war in his custody to escape
content:
129. Whoever, being a public servant, and having the custody of any prisoner of State or prisoner of war, negligently suffers such prisoner to escape from any place of confinement in which such prisoner is confined, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s130
section: 130
title: Aiding escape of, rescuing, or harbouring such prisoner
content:
130. Whoever knowingly aids or assists any prisoner of State or prisoner of war in escaping from lawful custody or rescues or attempts to rescue any such prisoner, or harbours or conceals any such prisoner who has escaped from lawful custody, or offers or attempts to offer any resistance to the recapture of such prisoner, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. Explanation .—A prisoner of State or prisoner of war who is permitted to be at large on his parole within certain limits in Singapore, is said to escape from lawful custody if he goes beyond the limits within which he is allowed to be at large. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s130A
section: 130A
title: “Harbour”
content:
130A. In this Chapter, “harbour” includes the supplying a person with shelter, food, drink, money, clothes, arms, ammunition, or means of conveyance, or the assisting a person in any way to evade apprehension.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s130B
section: 130B
title: Piracy by law of nations. Cf. 12 and 13 Victoria c. 96 (Admiralty Offences (Colonial) Act 1849)
content:
130B. —(1) A person commits piracy who does any act that, by the law of nations, is piracy. (2) Whoever commits piracy shall be punished with imprisonment for life and with caning with not less than 12 strokes, but if while committing or attempting to commit piracy he murders or attempts to murder another person or does any act that is likely to endanger the life of another person he shall be punished with death.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s130C
section: 130C
title: Piratical acts
content:
130C. Whoever, while in or out of Singapore — ( a ) steals a Singapore ship; ( b ) steals or without lawful authority throws overboard, damages or destroys anything that is part of the cargo, supplies or fittings in a Singapore ship; ( c ) does or attempts to do a mutinous act on a Singapore ship; or ( d ) counsels or procures a person to do anything mentioned in paragraph ( a ), ( b ) or ( c ), shall be punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding 15 years and shall be liable to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s130D
section: 130D
title: Genocide
content:
130D. A person commits genocide who, with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, an ethnical, a racial or a religious group, commits any of the following acts: ( a ) killing members of the group; ( b ) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; ( c ) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; ( d ) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; or ( e ) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s130E
section: 130E
title: Punishment for genocide
content:
130E. Whoever commits genocide shall — ( a ) if the offence consists of the killing of any person, be punished with death; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s131
section: 131
title: Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce an officer or a serviceman from his duty
content:
131. Whoever abets the committing of mutiny by an officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore or attempts to seduce any such officer or serviceman from his allegiance or his duty, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s132
section: 132
title: Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof
content:
132. Whoever abets the committing of mutiny by an officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore shall, if mutiny be committed in consequence of that abetment, be punished with death or with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to death or imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s133
section: 133
title:
Abetment of an assault by an officer or a serviceman on his superior officer, when in the execution of his office

content:
133. Whoever abets an assault by an officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, on any superior officer being in the execution of his office, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s134
section: 134
title: Abetment of such assault, if the assault is committed
content:
134. Whoever abets an assault by an officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, on any superior officer being in the execution of his office, shall, if such assault be committed in consequence of that abetment, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s135
section: 135
title: Abetment of the desertion of an officer or a serviceman
content:
135. Whoever abets the desertion of any officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s136
section: 136
title: Harbouring a deserter
content:
136. Whoever knowing or having reason to believe that an officer or a serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore has deserted, harbours such officer or serviceman with the intention of preventing the officer or serviceman from being apprehended, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s137
section: 137
title: Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master
content:
137. The master or person in charge of a merchant vessel, on board of which any deserter from the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore is concealed, shall, though ignorant of such concealment, be punished with a fine not exceeding $1,500, if he might have known of such concealment, but for some neglect of his duty as such master or person in charge, or but for some want of discipline on board of the vessel. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s138
section: 138
title: Abetment of act of insubordination by an officer or a serviceman
content:
138. Whoever abets what he knows to be an act of insubordination by an officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, shall, if such act of insubordination be committed in consequence of that abetment, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s139
section: 139
title: Saving
content:
139. Where provision is made in any law relating to the discipline of the Singapore Armed Forces for the punishment of an offence corresponding to an offence defined in this Chapter, no person who is subject to such provision shall be subject to punishment under this Code for the offence defined in this Chapter.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s140
section: 140
title: Wearing the dress of a serviceman
content:
140. Whoever, not being a serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, wears any garb or carries any token resembling any garb or token used by such a serviceman, with the intention that it may be believed that he is such a serviceman, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,500, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s140A
section: 140A
title: “Harbour”
content:
140A. In this Chapter, “harbour” includes the supplying a person with shelter, food, drink, money, clothes, arms, ammunition, or means of conveyance, or the assisting a person in any way to evade apprehension.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s140B
section: 140B
title: Application of Chapter 7 to Singapore Police Force
content:
140B. The provisions of this Chapter relating to offences committed in relation to members of the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore shall apply, with the necessary modifications, to similar acts committed in relation to members of the Singapore Police Force or any volunteer, auxiliary or special force attached to, or coming under the jurisdiction of, that Force.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s141
section: 141
title: Unlawful assembly
content:
141. An assembly of 5 or more persons is designated an “unlawful assembly”, if the common object of the persons composing that assembly is — ( a ) to overawe by criminal force, or show of criminal force, the Legislative or Executive Government, or any public servant in the exercise of the lawful power of such public servant; ( b ) to resist the execution of any law, or of any legal process; ( c ) to commit any offence; ( d ) by means of criminal force, or show of criminal force, to any person, to take or obtain possession of any property, or to deprive any person of the enjoyment of a right of way, or of the use of water or other incorporeal right of which he is in possession or enjoyment, or to enforce any right or supposed right; or ( e ) by means of criminal force, or show of criminal force, to compel any person to do what he is not legally bound to do, or to omit to do what he is legally entitled to do. Explanation. — An assembly which was not unlawful when it assembled may subsequently become an unlawful assembly.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s142
section: 142
title: Being a member of an unlawful assembly
content:
142. Whoever, being aware of facts which render any assembly an unlawful assembly, intentionally joins that assembly, or continues in it, is said to be a member of an unlawful assembly.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s143
section: 143
title: Punishment
content:
143. Whoever is a member of an unlawful assembly, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s144
section: 144
title: Joining an unlawful assembly armed with any deadly weapon
content:
144. Whoever, being armed with any deadly weapon, or with anything which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, is a member of an unlawful assembly shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments. Illustration A wooden pole sharpened at the end is a thing which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death. This illustration is applicable to sections 148 and 158.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s145
section: 145
title: Joining or continuing in an unlawful assembly, knowing that it has been commanded to disperse
content:
145. Whoever joins or continues in an unlawful assembly, knowing that such unlawful assembly has been commanded in the manner prescribed by law to disperse, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s146
section: 146
title: Force used by one member in prosecution of common object
content:
146. Whenever force or violence is used by an unlawful assembly or by any member thereof, in prosecution of the common object of such assembly, every member of such assembly is guilty of the offence of rioting.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s147
section: 147
title: Punishment for rioting
content:
147. Whoever is guilty of rioting shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years and shall also be liable to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s148
section: 148
title: Rioting, armed with a deadly weapon
content:
148. Whoever is guilty of rioting, being armed with a deadly weapon, or with anything which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable to caning. Illustration The last section is subject to the same illustration as section 144.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s149
section: 149
title:
Every member of an unlawful assembly to be deemed guilty of any offence committed in prosecution of common object

content:
149. If an offence is committed by any member of an unlawful assembly in prosecution of the common object of that assembly, or such as the members of that assembly knew to be likely to be committed in prosecution of that object, every person who, at the time of the committing of that offence, is a member of the same assembly is guilty of that offence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s150
section: 150
title: Hiring, or conniving at hiring, of persons to join an unlawful assembly
content:
150. Whoever hires, or engages, or employs, or promotes or connives at the hiring, engagement, or employment of any person to join or become a member of any unlawful assembly shall be punishable as a member of such unlawful assembly, and for any offence which may be committed by any such person as a member of such unlawful assembly, in pursuance of such hiring, engagement, or employment, in the same manner as if he had been a member of such unlawful assembly, or himself had committed such offence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s151
section: 151
title:
Knowingly joining or continuing in any assembly of 5 or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse

content:
151. Whoever knowingly joins or continues in any assembly of 5 or more persons likely to cause a disturbance of the public peace, after such assembly has been lawfully commanded to disperse, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Explanation. — If the assembly is an unlawful assembly within the meaning of section 141, the offender will be punishable under section 145. 151A. [ Repealed by Act 51 of 2007 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s152
section: 152
title: Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.
content:
152. Whoever assaults or threatens to assault, or obstructs or attempts to obstruct, any public servant in the discharge of his duty as such public servant in endeavouring to disperse an unlawful assembly or to suppress a riot or an affray, or uses, or threatens or attempts to use, criminal force to such public servant, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 8 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s153
section: 153
title: Intentionally or rashly giving provocation, with intent to cause riot
content:
153. Whoever intentionally or rashly, by doing anything which is illegal, gives provocation to any person, intending or knowing it to be likely that such provocation will cause the offence of rioting to be committed, shall, if the offence of rioting is committed in consequence of such provocation, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; and if the offence of rioting is not committed, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s154
section: 154
title: Owner or occupier of land on which an unlawful assembly is held
content:
154. Whenever any unlawful assembly or riot takes place, the owner or occupier of the land upon which such unlawful assembly is held or such riot is committed, and any person having or claiming an interest in such land, shall be punishable with fine not exceeding $5,000, if he or his agent or manager, knowing that such offence is being or has been committed, or having reason to believe it is likely to be committed, do not give the earliest notice thereof in his or their power to the principal officer at the nearest police station, and do not, in the case of his or their having reason to believe that it is about to be committed, use all lawful means in his or their power to prevent it, and in the event of its taking place, do not use all lawful means in his or their power to disperse or suppress the riot or unlawful assembly.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s155
section: 155
title: Liability of person for whose benefit a riot is committed
content:
155. Whenever a riot is committed for the benefit or on behalf of any person who is the owner or occupier of any land respecting which such riot takes place, or who claims any interest in such land, or in the subject of any dispute which gave rise to the riot, or who has accepted or derived any benefit therefrom, such person shall be punishable with fine, if he or his agent or manager, having reason to believe that such riot was likely to be committed, or that the unlawful assembly by which such riot was committed was likely to be held, shall not respectively use all lawful means in his or their power to prevent such riot or assembly from taking place, and for suppressing and dispersing the same.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s156
section: 156
title: Liability of agent of owner or occupier for whose benefit a riot is committed
content:
156. Whenever a riot is committed for the benefit or on behalf of any person who is the owner or occupier of any land respecting which such riot takes place, or who claims any interest in such land, or in the subject of any dispute which gave rise to the riot, or who has accepted or derived any benefit therefrom, the agent or manager of such person shall be punishable with fine, if such agent or manager, having reason to believe that such riot was likely to be committed, or that the unlawful assembly by which such riot was committed was likely to be held, shall not use all lawful means in his power to prevent such riot or assembly from taking place, and for suppressing and dispersing the same.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s157
section: 157
title: Harbouring persons hired for an unlawful assembly
content:
157. Whoever harbours, receives or assembles in any house or premises in his occupation or charge, or under his control, any persons, knowing that such persons have been hired, engaged or employed, or are about to be hired, engaged or employed, to join or become members of an unlawful assembly, with the intention of permitting or facilitating them to join or become members of an unlawful assembly, or of screening them or any of them from punishment, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s158
section: 158
title: Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot
content:
158. Whoever is engaged or hired, or offers or attempts to be hired or engaged, to do or assist in doing any of the acts specified in section 141, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both; and whoever, being so engaged or hired as aforesaid, goes armed, or engages or offers to go armed, with any deadly weapon, or with anything which used as a weapon of offence is likely to cause death, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both. Illustration The last section is subject to the same illustration as section 144. 159. [ Repealed by Act 51 of 2007 ] 160. [ Repealed by Act 51 of 2007 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s161
section: 161
title: Public servant taking a gratification, other than legal remuneration, in respect of an official act
content:
161. Whoever, being or expecting to be a public servant, accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, from any person, for himself or for any other person, any gratification whatever, other than legal remuneration, as a motive or reward for doing or forbearing to do any official act, or for showing or forbearing to show, in the exercise of his official functions, favour or disfavour to any person, or for rendering or attempting to render any service or disservice to any person, with the Government, or with any Member of Parliament or the Cabinet, or with any public servant, as such, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. Explanations.— “Expecting to be a public servant”. If a person not expecting to be in office obtains a gratification by deceiving others into a belief that he is about to be in office, and that he will then serve them, he may be guilty of cheating, but he is not guilty of the offence defined in this section. “Gratification”. The word “gratification” is not restricted to pecuniary gratifications, or to gratifications estimable in money. “Legal remuneration”. The words “legal remuneration” are not restricted to remuneration which a public servant can lawfully demand, but include all remuneration which he is permitted by law to accept. “A motive or reward for doing”. A person who receives a gratification as a motive for doing what he does not intend to do, or as a reward for doing what he has not done, comes within these words. Illustrations ( a ) A , a judge, obtains from Z , a banker, a situation in Z ’s bank for A ’s brother, as a reward to A for deciding a cause in favour of Z . A has committed the offence defined in this section. ( b ) A , a public servant, induces Z erroneously to believe that A ’s influence with another public servant has obtained for Z a contract to do work, and thus induces Z to give A money. A has committed the offence defined in this section. ( c ) A , a public servant, induces Z erroneously to believe that A ’s influence with the Government has obtained a grant of land for Z , and thus induces Z to give A money, as a reward for his service. A has committed the offence defined in this section.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s162
section: 162
title: Taking a gratification in order, by corrupt or illegal means, to influence a public servant
content:
162. Whoever accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, from any person, for himself or for any other person, any gratification whatever, as a motive or reward for inducing, by corrupt or illegal means, any public servant to do or to forbear to do any official act, or in the exercise of the official functions of such public servant to show favour or disfavour to any person, or to render or attempt to render any service or disservice to any person, with the Government, or with any Member of Parliament or the Cabinet, or with any public servant, as such, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s163
section: 163
title: Taking a gratification, for the exercise of personal influence with a public servant
content:
163. Whoever accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, from any person, for himself or for any other person, any gratification whatever, as a motive or reward for inducing, by the exercise of personal influence, any public servant to do or to forbear to do any official act, or in the exercise of the official functions of such public servant to show favour or disfavour to any person, or to render or attempt to render any service or disservice to any person with the Government, or with any Member of Parliament or the Cabinet, or with any public servant, as such, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both. Illustration An advocate who receives a fee for arguing a case before a judge; a person who receives pay for arranging and correcting a memorial addressed to Government, setting forth the services and claims of the memorialist; a paid agent for a condemned criminal, who lays before the Government statements tending to show that the condemnation was unjust — are not within this section, inasmuch as they do not exercise or profess to exercise personal influence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s164
section: 164
title: Punishment for abetment by public servant of the offences above defined
content:
164. Whoever, being a public servant, in respect of whom either of the offences defined in sections 162 and 163 is committed, abets the offence, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. Illustration A is a public servant. B , A ’s wife, receives a present as a motive for soliciting A to give an office to a particular person. A abets her doing so. B is punishable with imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or with fine, or with both. A is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s165
section: 165
title:
Public servant obtaining any valuable thing, without consideration, from person concerned in any proceeding or business transacted by such public servant

content:
165. Whoever, being a public servant, accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, for himself or for any other person, any valuable thing, without consideration, or for a consideration which he knows to be inadequate, from any person whom he knows to have been, or to be, or to be likely to be concerned in any proceedings or business transacted, or about to be transacted, by such public servant, or having any connection with the official functions of himself or of any public servant to whom he is subordinate, or from any person whom he knows to be interested in or related to the person so concerned, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Illustrations ( a ) A , a judge, hires a house of Z , who has a case pending before him. It is agreed that A shall pay $50 a month, the house being such that, if the bargain were made in good faith, A would be required to pay $200 a month. A has obtained a valuable thing from Z without adequate consideration. ( b ) A , a judge, buys of Z , who has a cause pending in A ’s court, Government promissory notes at a discount, when they are selling in the market at a premium. A has obtained a valuable thing from Z without adequate consideration. ( c ) Z ’s brother is apprehended and taken before A , a Magistrate, on a charge of perjury. A sells to Z shares in a bank at a premium, when they are selling in the market at a discount. Z pays A for the shares accordingly. The money so obtained by A is a valuable thing obtained by him without adequate consideration.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s166
section: 166
title: Public servant disobeying a direction of the law, with intent to cause injury to any person
content:
166. Whoever, being a public servant, knowingly disobeys any direction of the law as to the way in which he is to conduct himself as such public servant, intending to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will, by such disobedience, cause injury to any person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both. Illustration A , being an officer directed by law to take property under or pursuant to an enforcement order, or in execution in order to satisfy a decree, pronounced in Z ’s favour by a court of justice, knowingly disobeys that direction of law, with the knowledge that he is likely thereby to cause injury to Z . A has committed the offence defined in this section. [Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s167
section: 167
title: Public servant framing an incorrect document or electronic record with intent to cause injury
content:
167. Whoever, being a public servant, and being, as such public servant, charged with the preparation or translation of any document or electronic record, frames or translates that document or electronic record in a manner which he knows or believes to be incorrect, intending thereby to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he may thereby cause, injury to any person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s168
section: 168
title: Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade
content:
168. Whoever, being a public servant, and being legally bound as such public servant not to engage in trade, engages in trade, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s169
section: 169
title: Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property
content:
169. Whoever, being a public servant, and being legally bound as such public servant not to purchase or bid for certain property, purchases or bids for that property, either in his own name or in the name of another, or jointly or in shares with others, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both; and the property, if purchased, shall be confiscated.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s170
section: 170
title: Personating a public servant
content:
170. Whoever pretends to hold any particular office as a public servant, knowing that he does not hold such office, or falsely personates any other person holding such office, and in such assumed character does or attempts to do any act under colour of such office, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s171
section: 171
title: Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant, with fraudulent intent
content:
171. Whoever, not belonging to a certain class of public servants, wears any garb or carries any token resembling any garb or token used by that class of public servants, with the intention that it may be believed, or with the knowledge that it is likely to be believed, that he belongs to that class of public servants, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $1,000, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s172
section: 172
title: Absconding to avoid arrest on warrant or service of summons, etc., proceeding from a public servant
content:
172. Whoever absconds in order to avoid being arrested on a warrant, or to avoid being served with a summons, a notice, or an order proceeding from any public servant, legally competent, as such public servant, to issue such warrant, summons, notice or order, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both; or, if the summons, notice or order is to attend in person or by agent, or to produce a document or an electronic record before a court of justice, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s173
section: 173
title: Preventing service of summons, etc., or preventing publication thereof
content:
173. —(1) A person who in any manner — ( a ) intentionally prevents the serving on himself, or on any other person, of any summons, notice or order, proceeding from any public servant legally competent, as such public servant, to issue such summons, notice or order; ( b ) intentionally prevents the lawful affixing to any place of any such summons, notice or order, or intentionally removes any such summons, notice or order from any place to which it is lawfully affixed; or ( c ) intentionally prevents the lawful making of any proclamation, under the authority of any public servant legally competent, as such public servant, to direct such proclamation to be made, shall — ( d ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both; or ( e ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019] (2) If the summons, notice, order, or proclamation is to attend in person or by agent before a court, or to produce a document or an electronic record before a court, any person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s174
section: 174
title: Failure to attend in obedience to order from public servant
content:
174. —(1) A person who, being legally bound to attend in person or by an agent at a certain place and time in obedience to a summons, a notice, an order or a proclamation, proceeding from any public servant legally competent, as such public servant, to issue the same, intentionally omits to attend at the place or time, or departs from the place where the person is bound to attend before the time at which it is lawful for the person to depart, shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019] (2) If the summons, notice, order or proclamation is to attend in person or by agent before a court, any person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. Illustrations ( a ) A , being legally bound to appear before the General Division of the High Court, in obedience to an order to attend court issuing from the General Division of the High Court, intentionally omits to appear. A has committed the offence defined in this section. ( b ) A , being legally bound to appear before a Magistrate as a witness, in obedience to a summons issued by that Magistrate, intentionally omits to appear. A has committed the offence defined in this section. [15/2019; 40/2019] [Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s175
section: 175
title:
Omission to produce document or electronic record to public servant by person legally bound to produce such document or electronic record

content:
175. A person who, being legally bound to produce or deliver up any document or electronic record to any public servant, as such, intentionally omits so to produce or deliver up the same, shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s176
section: 176
title:
Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give such notice or information

content:
176. —(1) A person who, being legally bound to give any notice or to furnish information on any subject to any public servant, as such, intentionally omits to give such notice or to furnish such information in the manner and at the time required by law, shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019] (2) If the notice or information required to be given respects the commission of an offence, or is required for the purpose of preventing the commission of an offence or in order to the apprehension of an offender, any person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s177
section: 177
title: Furnishing false information
content:
177. —(1) A person who, being legally bound to furnish information on any subject to any public servant, as such, furnishes, as true, information on the subject which the person knows or has reason to believe to be false, shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019] (2) If the information which the person mentioned in subsection (1) is legally bound to furnish respects the commission of an offence, or is required for the purpose of preventing the commission of an offence, or in order to the apprehension of an offender, the person who is guilty of an offence under that subsection shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine. Illustration A , a landholder, knowing of the commission of a murder, within the limits of his commercial property, intentionally misinforms the police that the death has occurred by accident in consequence of the bite of a snake. A is guilty of the offence defined in this section. Explanation .—In this section and section 176, “offence” includes any act committed at any place out of Singapore, which if committed in Singapore would be punishable under any of the following sections, namely, 302, 304, 382, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 399, 402, 435, 436, 449, 450, 459 and 460, and “offender” includes any person who is alleged to have been guilty of any such act. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s178
section: 178
title: Refusing oath when duly required to take oath by a public servant
content:
178. Whoever refuses to bind himself by an oath to state the truth, when required so to bind himself by a public servant legally competent to require that he shall so bind himself, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s179
section: 179
title: Refusing to answer public servant authorised to question
content:
179. A person who, being legally bound to state the truth on any subject to any public servant, refuses to answer any question demanded of the person touching that subject by that public servant, in the exercise of the legal powers of such public servant, shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s180
section: 180
title: Refusing to sign statement
content:
180. Whoever refuses to sign any statement made by him, when required to sign that statement by a public servant legally competent to require that he shall sign that statement, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,500, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s181
section: 181
title: False statement on oath to public servant or person authorised to administer an oath
content:
181. Whoever, being legally bound by an oath to state the truth on any subject to any public servant or other person authorised by law to administer such oaths, makes to such public servant or other person as aforesaid, touching that subject, any statement which is false, and which he either knows or believes to be false or does not believe to be true, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s182
section: 182
title:
False information, with intent to cause a public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person

content:
182. Whoever gives to any public servant any information which he knows or believes to be false, intending thereby to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, such public servant to use the lawful power of such public servant to the injury or annoyance of any person, or to do or omit anything which such public servant ought not to, or would not, do or omit if the true state of facts respecting which such information is given were known by him, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Illustrations ( a ) A informs a superintendent of police that Z , a police officer subordinate to such superintendent, has been guilty of neglect of duty or misconduct, knowing such information to be false, and knowing it to be likely that the information will cause the superintendent to dismiss Z . A has committed the offence defined in this section. ( b ) A falsely informs a public servant that Z has contraband opium in a secret place, knowing such information to be false, and knowing that it is likely that the consequence of the information will be a search of Z ’s premises, attended with annoyance to Z. A has committed the offence defined in this section. ( c ) A falsely informs a policeman that he has been assaulted and robbed by a person whose identity he does not know. A also mentions that he often sees that person going in and out of a block of flats, knowing it to be likely that in consequence of this information, the police will make inquiries and institute searches in the block of flats to the annoyance of the flat dwellers or some of them. A has committed an offence under this section. ( d ) A informs a policeman that A does not know the identity of the suspect of a criminal offence, knowing such information to be false, and knowing it to be likely that in consequence of this information, the policeman will expend additional time and resources to identify the suspect which will not be so expended if A had informed the policeman that A knew the identity of the suspect. A has committed an offence under this section. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s183
section: 183
title: Resistance to taking of property by lawful authority of public servant
content:
183. A person who offers any resistance to the taking of any property by the lawful authority of any public servant, knowing or having reason to believe that the person is such public servant, shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s184
section: 184
title: Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant
content:
184. A person who intentionally obstructs any sale of property offered for sale by the lawful authority of any public servant as such, shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s185
section: 185
title: Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servant
content:
185. A person who, at any sale of property held by the lawful authority of a public servant as such, purchases or bids for any property on account of the person or another person, whom the person knows to be under a legal incapacity to purchase that property at that sale, or bids for such property not intending to perform the obligations under which the person lays himself by such bidding, shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s186
section: 186
title: Obstructing public servant in discharge of his public functions
content:
186. —(1) A person who voluntarily obstructs any public servant in the discharge of the public servant’s public functions, shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,500, or with both; or [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (2) For the purposes of this section, an obstruction may be caused other than by the use of physical means or threatening language by a person against a public servant. Illustration A group of paramedics from the Singapore Civil Defence Force intends to take the lift to the 30th storey of a block of flats to reach a person suffering from a heart attack. A decides to play a prank on the paramedics by telling them that the lift has broken down, knowing this to be false. The paramedics took the stairs because of what A told them and reached the person 15 minutes later than if they had taken the lift. A has voluntarily obstructed the paramedics in the discharge of their public function. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s187
section: 187
title: Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance
content:
187. —(1) A person who, being bound by law to render or furnish assistance to any public servant in the execution of the public servant’s public duty, intentionally omits to give such assistance, shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019] (2) If such assistance is demanded of the person mentioned in subsection (1) by a public servant legally competent to make such demand for the purposes of executing any process lawfully issued by a court, or of preventing the commission of an offence, or of suppressing a riot or an affray, or of apprehending a person charged with or guilty of an offence, or of having escaped from lawful custody, the person who is guilty of an offence under that subsection shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s188
section: 188
title: Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant
content:
188. —(1) A person who, knowing that by an order promulgated by a public servant lawfully empowered to promulgate such order the person is directed to abstain from a certain act, or to take certain order with certain property in the person’s possession or under the person’s management, disobeys such direction, shall, if such disobedience causes or tends to cause obstruction, annoyance or injury, or risk of obstruction, annoyance or injury, to any person lawfully employed — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. [15/2019] (2) If such disobedience mentioned in subsection (1) causes or tends to cause danger to human life, health or safety, or causes or tends to cause a riot or an affray, the person who is guilty of an offence under that subsection shall — ( a ) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with fine which may extend to $10,000. Explanation .—It is not necessary that the offender should intend to produce harm, or contemplate his disobedience as likely to produce harm. It is sufficient that he knows of the order which he disobeys, and that his disobedience produces, or is likely to produce, harm. Illustration An order is promulgated by a public servant lawfully empowered to promulgate such order, directing that a religious procession must not pass down a certain street. A knowingly disobeys the order, and thereby causes danger of riot. A has committed the offence defined in this section. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s189
section: 189
title: Threat of injury to a public servant
content:
189. Whoever holds out any threat of injury to any public servant, or to any person in whom he believes that public servant to be interested, for the purpose of inducing that public servant to do any act, or to forbear or delay to do any act, connected with the exercise of the public functions of such public servant, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s190
section: 190
title: Threat of injury to induce any person to refrain from applying for protection to a public servant
content:
190. Whoever holds out any threat of injury to any person for the purpose of inducing that person to refrain or desist from making a legal application, for protection against any injury, to any public servant legally empowered as such to give such protection or to cause such protection to be given, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s191
section: 191
title: Giving false evidence
content:
191. Whoever, being legally bound by an oath, or by any express provision of law to state the truth, or being bound by law to make a declaration upon any subject, makes any statement which is false, and which he either knows or believes to be false, or does not believe to be true, is said to give false evidence. Explanation 1.—A statement is within the meaning of this section whether it is made verbally or otherwise. Explanation 2.—A false statement as to the belief of the person attesting is within the meaning of this section, and a person may be guilty of giving false evidence by stating that he believes a thing which he does not believe, as well as by stating that he knows a thing which he does not know. Illustrations ( a ) A , in support of a just claim which B has against Z for $1,000, falsely swears on a trial that he heard Z admit the justice of B ’s claim. A has given false evidence. ( b ) A , being bound by an oath to state the truth, states that he believes a certain signature to be the handwriting of Z , when he does not believe it to be the handwriting of Z . Here A states that which he knows to be false, and therefore gives false evidence. ( c ) A , knowing the general character of Z ’s handwriting, states that he believes a certain signature to be the handwriting of Z , A in good faith believing it to be so. Here A ’s statement is merely as to his belief, and is true as to his belief, and therefore, although the signature may not be the handwriting of Z , A has not given false evidence. ( d ) A , being bound by an oath to state the truth, states that he knows that Z was at a particular place on a particular day, not knowing anything upon the subject. A gives false evidence as to whether Z was at that place on the day named, or not. ( e ) A , an interpreter or a translator, gives or certifies as a true interpretation or translation of a statement or document which he is bound by oath to interpret or translate truly, that which is not and which he does not believe to be a true interpretation or translation. A has given false evidence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s192
section: 192
title: Fabricating false evidence
content:
192. Whoever causes any circumstance to exist, or makes any false entry in any book or record or electronic record, or makes any document or electronic record containing a false statement, intending that such circumstance, false entry, or false statement may appear in evidence in a judicial proceeding, or in a proceeding taken by law before a public servant as such, or before an arbitrator, and that such circumstance, false entry, or false statement, so appearing in evidence, may cause any person, who in such proceeding is to form an opinion upon the evidence, to entertain an erroneous opinion touching any point material to the result of such proceeding, is said “to fabricate false evidence”. Illustrations ( a ) A puts jewels into a box belonging to Z with the intention that they may be found in that box and that this circumstance may cause Z to be convicted of theft. A has fabricated false evidence. ( b ) A makes a false entry in his shop‑book for the purpose of using it as corroborative evidence in a court of justice. A has fabricated false evidence. ( c ) A , with the intention of causing Z to be convicted of a criminal conspiracy, writes a letter in imitation of Z ’s handwriting, purporting to be addressed to an accomplice in such criminal conspiracy, and puts the letter in a place which he knows that the officers of the police are likely to search. A has fabricated false evidence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s193
section: 193
title: Punishment for false evidence
content:
193. Whoever intentionally gives false evidence in any stage of a judicial proceeding, or fabricates false evidence for the purpose of being used in any stage of a judicial proceeding, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine; and whoever intentionally gives or fabricates false evidence in any other case, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation 1.—A trial before a court martial is a judicial proceeding. Explanation 2.—An investigation directed by law preliminary to a proceeding before a court of justice, is a stage of a judicial proceeding, though that investigation may not take place before a court of justice. Illustration A , in an inquiry before a Magistrate for the purpose of ascertaining whether Z ought to be committed for trial, makes on oath a statement which he knows to be false. As this inquiry is a stage of a judicial proceeding, A has given false evidence. Explanation 3.—An investigation directed by a court of justice according to law, and conducted under the authority of a court of justice, is a stage of a judicial proceeding, though that investigation may not take place before a court of justice. Illustration A , in an inquiry before an officer deputed by a court of justice to ascertain on the spot the boundaries of land, makes on oath a statement which he knows to be false. As this inquiry is a stage of a judicial proceeding, A has given false evidence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s194
section: 194
title: Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of a capital offence
content:
194. Whoever gives or fabricates false evidence, intending thereby to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, any person to be convicted of an offence which is capital by this Code, or under any other law for the time being in force, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine; and if an innocent person is convicted and executed in consequence of such false evidence, the person who gives such false evidence shall be punished either with death or the punishment hereinbefore described. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s195
section: 195
title:
Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of an offence punishable with imprisonment

content:
195. —(1) Whoever gives or fabricates false evidence, intending thereby to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, any person to be convicted of an offence which by this Code or under any other law for the time being in force is not capital, but punishable with imprisonment for a term of 7 years or upwards, shall be punished as a person convicted of that offence would be liable to be punished. [15/2019] (2) Whoever gives or fabricates false evidence, intending thereby to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, any person to be convicted of an offence which by this Code or under any other law for the time being in force is not capital, but punishable with imprisonment for life, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years. Illustration A gives false evidence before a court of justice, intending thereby to cause Z to be convicted of a gang‑robbery. The punishment of gang-robbery is imprisonment for a term of not less than 5 years and not more than 20 years and also caning with not less than 12 strokes. A , therefore, is liable to such imprisonment, with caning. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s196
section: 196
title: Using evidence known to be false
content:
196. Whoever corruptly uses or attempts to use as true or genuine evidence any evidence which he knows to be false or fabricated, shall be punished in the same manner as if he gave or fabricated false evidence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s197
section: 197
title: Issuing or signing a false certificate
content:
197. Whoever issues or signs any certificate required by law to be given or signed, or relating to any fact of which such certificate is by law admissible in evidence, knowing or believing that such certificate is false in any material point, shall be punished in the same manner as if he gave false evidence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s198
section: 198
title: Using as a true certificate one known to be false in a material point
content:
198. Whoever corruptly uses or attempts to use any such certificate as a true certificate, knowing the same to be false in any material point, shall be punished in the same manner as if he gave false evidence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s199
section: 199
title: False statement made in any declaration which is by law receivable as evidence
content:
199. Whoever, in any declaration made or subscribed by him, which declaration any court of justice, or any public servant or other person, is bound or authorised by law to receive as evidence of any fact, makes any statement which is false, and which he either knows or believes to be false or does not believe to be true, touching any point material to the object for which the declaration is made or used, shall be punished in the same manner as if he gave false evidence.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s200
section: 200
title: Using as true any such declaration known to be false
content:
200. Whoever corruptly uses or attempts to use as true any such declaration knowing the same to be false in any material point, shall be punished in the same manner as if he gave false evidence. Explanation.— A declaration which is inadmissible merely upon the ground of some informality, is a declaration within the meaning of sections 199 and 200.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s201
section: 201
title:
Causing disappearance of evidence of an offence committed, or giving false information touching it, to screen the offender

content:
201. Whoever, knowing or having reason to believe that an offence has been committed, causes any evidence of the commission of that offence to disappear with the intention of screening the offender from legal punishment, or with that intention gives any information respecting the offence which he knows or believes to be false, shall — ( a ) if the offence which he knows or believes to have been committed is punishable with death, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine; ( b ) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment which may extend to 20 years, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine; and ( c ) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment for any term not extending to 20 years, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one‑fourth part of the longest term of the imprisonment provided for the offence, or with fine, or with both. Illustration A , knowing that B has murdered Z , assists B to hide the body with the intention of screening B from punishment. A is liable to imprisonment for 10 years, and also to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s202
section: 202
title: Intentional omission to give information of an offence, by person bound to inform
content:
202. Whoever, knowing or having reason to believe that an offence has been committed, intentionally omits to give any information respecting that offence which he is legally bound to give, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s203
section: 203
title: Giving false information respecting an offence committed
content:
203. Whoever, knowing or having reason to believe that an offence has been committed, gives any information respecting that offence which he knows or believes to be false, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Explanations.— In sections 201 and 202 and in this section “offence” includes any act committed at any place out of Singapore which if committed in Singapore would be punishable under any of the following sections, namely, 302, 304, 382, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 399, 402, 435, 436, 449, 450, 459 and 460. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s204
section: 204
title: Destruction of document or electronic record to prevent its production as evidence
content:
204. Whoever secretes or destroys any document or electronic record which he may be lawfully compelled to produce as evidence before a court of justice, or in any proceeding lawfully held before a public servant as such, or obliterates or renders illegible the whole or any part of such document or electronic record with the intention of preventing the same from being produced or used as evidence before such court or public servant as aforesaid, or after he has been lawfully summoned or required to produce the same for that purpose, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s204A
section: 204A
title: Obstructing, preventing, perverting or defeating course of justice
content:
204A. Whoever does an act that has a tendency to obstruct, prevent, pervert or defeat the course of justice — ( a ) knowing that the act is likely to obstruct, prevent, pervert or defeat the course of justice; or ( b ) intending to obstruct, prevent, pervert or defeat the course of justice, shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. Explanation 1.—A mere warning to a witness that he may be prosecuted for perjury if he gives false evidence is insufficient to constitute an offence. Explanation 2.—A person sentenced to imprisonment who leaves or attempts to leave Singapore unlawfully to avoid serving that person’s sentence has done an act which has a tendency to obstruct and defeat the course of justice. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s204B
section: 204B
title: Bribery of witnesses
content:
204B. —(1) Whoever — ( a ) gives, confers, or procures, promises or offers to give, confer, or procure or attempts to procure, any gratification to, upon, or for any person, upon any agreement or understanding that any person who is aware of any offence (being an offence which any person is legally bound to give information respecting that offence) will abstain from reporting that offence to the police or any agency charged by law with the duty of investigating offences; ( b ) gives, confers, or procures, promises or offers to give, confer, or procure or attempts to procure, any gratification to, upon, or for any person, upon any agreement or understanding that any person called or to be called as a witness in any judicial proceeding will give false testimony or withhold true testimony or abstain from giving evidence; ( c ) attempts by any means to induce a person called or to be called as a witness in any judicial proceeding to give false testimony or withhold true testimony or abstain from giving evidence; or ( d ) asks, receives, or obtains, or agrees or attempts to receive or obtain, any property or benefit of any kind for himself, or any other person, upon any agreement or understanding that any person will as a witness in any judicial proceeding give false testimony or withhold true testimony or abstain from giving evidence, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. (2) In this section, “judicial proceeding” means any proceeding in the course of which evidence is or may be legally taken.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s205
section: 205
title: False personation for the purpose of any act or proceeding in a suit
content:
205. Whoever falsely personates another, and in such assumed character makes any admission or statement, or confesses judgment, or causes any process to be issued, or becomes bail or security, or does any other act in any suit or criminal prosecution, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s206
section: 206
title:
Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as a forfeiture, in execution of a decree or under or pursuant to an enforcement order

content:
206. Whoever fraudulently removes, conceals, transfers, or delivers to any person any property or any interest therein, intending thereby to prevent that property or interest therein from being taken as a forfeiture or in satisfaction of a fine, under a sentence which has been pronounced, or which he knows to be likely to be pronounced by a court of justice or other competent authority, or from being taken in execution of a decree or an order, or under or pursuant to an enforcement order, which has been made, or which he knows to be likely to be made by a court of justice in a civil suit, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s207
section: 207
title:
Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as a forfeiture, in execution of a decree or under or pursuant to an enforcement order

content:
207. Whoever fraudulently accepts, receives or claims any property or any interest therein, knowing that he has no right or rightful claim to such property or interest, or practises any deception touching any right to any property or any interest therein, intending thereby to prevent that property or interest therein from being taken as a forfeiture or in satisfaction of a fine under a sentence which has been pronounced, or which he knows to be likely to be pronounced by a court of justice or other competent authority, or from being taken in execution of a decree or an order, or under or pursuant to an enforcement order, which has been made or which he knows to be likely to be made by a court of justice in a civil suit, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s208
section: 208
title: Fraudulently suffering a decree for a sum not due
content:
208. Whoever fraudulently causes or suffers a decree or an order to be passed against him at the suit of any person for a sum not due, or for a larger sum than is due to such person, or for any property or interest in property to which such person is not entitled, or fraudulently causes or suffers a decree or an order to be executed or enforced against him after it has been satisfied, or for anything in respect of which it has been satisfied, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Illustration A institutes a suit against Z . Z , knowing that A is likely to obtain a decree against him, fraudulently suffers a judgment to pass against him for a larger amount at the suit of B , who has no just claim against him, in order that B , either on his own account or for the benefit of Z , may share in the proceeds of any sale of Z ’s property which may be made under A ’s decree. Z has committed an offence under this section. [Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022] 209. [ Repealed by Act 15 of 2019 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s210
section: 210
title: Fraudulently obtaining a decree for a sum not due
content:
210. Whoever fraudulently obtains a decree or an order against any person for a sum not due, or for a larger sum than is due, or for any property or interest in property to which he is not entitled, or fraudulently causes a decree or an order to be executed or enforced against any person after it has been satisfied, or for anything in respect of which it has been satisfied, or fraudulently suffers or permits any such act to be done in his name, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s211
section: 211
title: False charge of offence made with intent to injure
content:
211. Whoever, with intent to cause injury to any person, institutes or causes to be instituted any criminal proceeding against that person, or falsely charges any person with having committed an offence, knowing that there is no just or lawful ground for such proceeding or charge against that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both; and if such criminal proceeding be instituted on a false charge of an offence punishable with death, or imprisonment for 7 years or upwards, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s212
section: 212
title: Harbouring an offender
content:
212. —(1) Whenever an offence has been committed, whoever harbours or conceals a person whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the offender, with the intention of screening him from legal punishment, shall — ( a ) if the offence is punishable with death, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine; ( b ) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment which may extend to 20 years, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine; and ( c ) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment which may extend to one year and not to 20 years, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one‑fourth part of the longest term of imprisonment provided for that offence, or with fine, or with both. (2) In this section, “offence” includes any act committed at any place out of Singapore which if committed in Singapore would be punishable under any of the following sections, namely, 302, 304, 382, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 399, 402, 435, 436, 449, 450, 459 and 460, and every such act shall for the purposes of this section be deemed to be punishable as if the accused person had been guilty of it in Singapore. Illustrations ( a ) A , knowing that B has committed gang‑robbery, knowingly conceals B in order to screen him from legal punishment. Here, as B is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than 5 years and not more than 20 years, A is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years, and is also liable to fine. ( b ) A and B are married to each other, and live in their matrimonial home. A knows that B has committed house‑breaking. A provides food and shelter to B , with no intention to screen B from legal punishment. A is not guilty of the offence of harbouring. ( c ) A and B are married to each other, and live in their matrimonial home. A knows that B has committed gang‑robbery and is preparing to leave Singapore to evade arrest. A provides food and shelter to B for the purposes of helping B evade detection by the police before he leaves Singapore. A is guilty of the offence of harbouring. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s213
section: 213
title: Taking gifts, etc., to screen an offender from punishment
content:
213. Whoever accepts, or agrees to accept, or attempts to obtain any gratification for himself or any other person, or any restitution of property to himself or any other person, in consideration of his concealing an offence, or of his screening any person from legal punishment for any offence, or of his not proceeding against any person for the purpose of bringing him to legal punishment, shall — ( a ) if the offence is punishable with death, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine; ( b ) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment which may extend to 20 years, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine; and ( c ) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment not extending to 20 years, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one‑fourth part of the longest term of imprisonment provided for that offence, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s214
section: 214
title: Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender
content:
214. Whoever gives or causes, or offers or agrees to give or cause, any gratification to any person, or to restore or cause the restoration of any property to any person, in consideration of that person’s concealing an offence, or of his screening any person from legal punishment for any offence, or of his not proceeding against any person for the purpose of bringing him to legal punishment, shall — ( a ) if the offence is punishable with death, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine; ( b ) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment which may extend to 20 years, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine; and ( c ) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment not extending to 20 years, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one-fourth part of the longest term of imprisonment provided for that offence, or with fine, or with both. Exceptions.— Sections 213 and 214 do not extend to any case in which the offence may lawfully be compounded.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s215
section: 215
title: Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc.
content:
215. Whoever takes, or agrees or consents to take, any gratification for himself or any other person under pretence or on account of helping any person to recover any movable property of which he has been deprived by any offence punishable under this Code, shall, unless he uses all means in his power to cause the offender to be apprehended and convicted of the offence, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s216
section: 216
title: Harbouring an offender who has escaped from custody, or whose apprehension has been ordered
content:
216. —(1) Whenever any person convicted of, or charged with an offence, being in lawful custody for that offence, escapes from such custody, or whenever a public servant, in the exercise of the lawful powers of such public servant, orders a certain person to be apprehended for an offence, whoever, knowing of such escape or order for apprehension, harbours or conceals that person with the intention of preventing him from being apprehended, shall be punished in the manner following: ( a ) if the offence for which the person was in custody, or is ordered to be apprehended, is punishable with death, he shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine; ( b ) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment which may extend to 20 years, he shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine; ( c ) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment which may extend to one year and not to 20 years, he shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one‑fourth part of the longest term of the imprisonment provided for the offence, or with fine, or with both. (2) In this section, “offence” includes also any act or omission of which a person is alleged to have been guilty out of Singapore which if he had been guilty of it in Singapore would have been punishable as an offence and for which he is under any law relating to extradition, or otherwise, liable to be apprehended or detained in custody in Singapore, and every such act or omission shall for the purpose of this section be deemed to be punishable as if the accused person had been guilty of it in Singapore. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s216A
section: 216A
title: Harbouring robbers or gang-robbers, etc.
content:
216A. Whoever, knowing or having reason to believe that any persons are about to commit or have recently committed robbery or gang‑robbery, harbours them or any of them with the intention of facilitating the commission of such robbery or gang‑robbery or of screening them or any of them from punishment, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation. — For the purpose of this section it is immaterial whether the robbery or gang-robbery is intended to be committed or has been committed within or without Singapore. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s216B
section: 216B
title: “Harbour”
content:
216B. In sections 212, 216 and 216A, “harbour” includes the supplying a person with shelter, food, drink, money, clothes, arms, ammunition, or means of conveyance, or the assisting a person in any way to evade apprehension.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s217
section: 217
title:
Public servant disobeying a direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture

content:
217. Whoever, being a public servant, knowingly disobeys any direction of the law as to the way in which he is to conduct himself as such public servant, intending thereby to save, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby save, any person from legal punishment, or subject him to a lesser punishment than that to which he is liable, or with intent to save, or knowing that he is likely thereby to save, any property from forfeiture or any charge to which it is liable by law, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s218
section: 218
title:
Public servant framing an incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment, or property from forfeiture

content:
218. Whoever, being a public servant, and being, as such public servant, charged with the preparation of any record or other writing, frames that record or writing in a manner which he knows to be incorrect, with intent to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, loss or injury to the public or to any person, or with intent thereby to save, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby save, any person from legal punishment, or with intent to save, or knowing that he is likely thereby to save, any property from forfeiture or other charge to which it is liable by law, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s219
section: 219
title: Public servant in a judicial proceeding making an order, etc., which he knows to be contrary to law
content:
219. Whoever, being a public servant, corruptly or with intent to cause injury to any person, makes or pronounces in any stage of a judicial proceeding, any report, order, verdict or decision which he knows to be contrary to law, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s220
section: 220
title:
Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows he is acting contrary to law

content:
220. —(1) Whoever, being in an office that gives him legal authority to commit persons for trial or to confinement, or to keep persons in confinement — ( a ) corruptly or with intent to cause injury to any person, commits the person or any other person for trial or to confinement, or keeps the person or any other person in confinement, in the exercise of that authority; and ( b ) knowing that in doing so he is acting contrary to law, shall be guilty of an offence. (2) Any person convicted of an offence under subsection (1) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term that may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s221
section: 221
title: Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of a public servant bound by law to apprehend
content:
221. Whoever, being a public servant, legally bound as such public servant to apprehend or to keep in confinement any person charged with or liable to be apprehended for an offence, intentionally omits to apprehend such person, or intentionally suffers such person to escape, or intentionally aids such person in escaping or attempting to escape from such confinement, shall be punished — ( a ) with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine, if the person in confinement, or who ought to have been apprehended, was charged with or liable to be apprehended for an offence punishable with death; ( b ) with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine, if the person in confinement, or who ought to have been apprehended, was charged with or liable to be apprehended for an offence punishable with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years; or ( c ) with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both, if the person in confinement, or who ought to have been apprehended, was charged with or liable to be apprehended for an offence punishable with imprisonment for a term less than 20 years.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s222
section: 222
title:
Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of a public servant bound by law to apprehend person under sentence of a court of justice

content:
222. Whoever, being a public servant, legally bound as such public servant to apprehend or to keep in confinement any person under sentence of a court of justice for any offence, or lawfully committed to custody, intentionally omits to apprehend such person, or intentionally suffers such person to escape, or intentionally aids such person in escaping or attempting to escape from such confinement, shall be punished — ( a ) with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine, if the person in confinement, or who ought to have been apprehended, is under sentence of death; ( b ) with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine, if the person in confinement, or who ought to have been apprehended, is subject, by a sentence of a court of justice, or by virtue of a commutation of such sentence, to imprisonment for a term of 20 years or upwards; or ( c ) with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine or with both, if the person in confinement, or who ought to have been apprehended, is subject, by a sentence of a court of justice, to imprisonment for a term less than 20 years, or if the person was lawfully committed to custody.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s223
section: 223
title: Escape from confinement negligently suffered by a public servant
content:
223. Whoever, being a public servant, legally bound as such public servant to keep in confinement any person charged with or convicted of any offence, or lawfully committed to custody, negligently suffers such person to escape from confinement, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s224
section: 224
title: Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension
content:
224. Whoever intentionally offers any resistance or illegal obstruction to the lawful apprehension of himself for any offence with which he is charged, or of which he has been convicted, or escapes or attempts to escape from any custody in which he is lawfully detained for any such offence, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Explanation. — The punishment in this section is in addition to the punishment for which the person to be apprehended or detained in custody was liable for the offence with which he was charged or of which he was convicted.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s225
section: 225
title: Resistance or obstruction to the lawful apprehension of another person
content:
225. Whoever intentionally offers any resistance or illegal obstruction to the lawful apprehension of any other person for an offence, or rescues or attempts to rescue any other person from any custody in which that person is lawfully detained for an offence — ( a ) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both; ( b ) if the person to be apprehended, or the person rescued, or attempted to be rescued, is charged with or liable to be apprehended for an offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine; ( c ) if the person to be apprehended or rescued, or attempted to be rescued, is charged with or liable to be apprehended for an offence punishable with death, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine; ( d ) if the person to be apprehended or rescued, or attempted to be rescued, is liable, under the sentence of a court of justice, or by virtue of a commutation of such a sentence, to imprisonment for a term of 10 years or upwards, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine; or ( e ) if the person to be apprehended or rescued, or attempted to be rescued, is under sentence of death, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 15 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s225A
section: 225A
title:
Public servant omitting to apprehend or suffering other persons to escape in cases not already provided for

content:
225A. Whoever, being a public servant, legally bound as such public servant to apprehend or to keep in confinement any person in any case not provided for in section 221, 222 or 223, or in any other law for the time being in force, omits to apprehend that person, or suffers him to escape from confinement, shall be punished — ( a ) if he does so intentionally, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; or ( b ) if he does so negligently, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s225B
section: 225B
title:
Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension, or escape, or rescue, in cases not otherwise provided for

content:
225B. Whoever, in any case not provided for in section 224 or 225, or in any other law for the time being in force, intentionally offers any resistance or illegal obstruction to the lawful apprehension of himself or of any other person, or escapes or attempts to escape from any custody in which he is lawfully detained, or rescues or attempts to rescue any other person from any custody in which that person is lawfully detained, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s225C
section: 225C
title: Offences against laws of Singapore where no special punishment is provided
content:
225C. Whoever does anything which by any law in force in Singapore he is prohibited from doing, or omits to do anything which he is so enjoined to do, shall, when no special punishment is provided by the law for such commission or omission, be punished with fine not exceeding $2,000. 226. [ Repealed by Act 31 of 2023 wef 30/05/2025 ] 227. [ Repealed by Act 1 of 2014 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s228
section: 228
title:
Intentional insult or interruption to a public servant sitting in any stage of a judicial proceeding or mediation or other alternative dispute resolution process

content:
228. Whoever intentionally offers any insult or causes any interruption to any public servant, while such public servant is sitting in any stage of a judicial proceeding or conducting any mediation or other alternative dispute resolution process under any written law, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both. [Act 18 of 2023 wef 31/01/2024]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s229
section: 229
title: Personation of an assessor
content:
229. Whoever, by personation or otherwise, intentionally causes or knowingly suffers himself to be returned, empanelled, or sworn as an assessor in any case in which he knows that he is not entitled by law to be so returned, empanelled, or sworn, or knowing himself to have been so returned, empanelled, or sworn contrary to law, voluntarily serves as such assessor, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s255
section: 255
title: Counterfeiting a Government stamp
content:
255. —(1) Whoever counterfeits, or knowingly performs any part of the process of counterfeiting, any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation. —A person who counterfeits by causing a genuine stamp of one denomination to appear like a genuine stamp of a different denomination commits this offence. (2) In this section and sections 256 to 262, a reference to a Government stamp or stamp includes a reference to a stamp certificate issued under the Stamp Duties Act 1929.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s256
section: 256
title: Having possession of an instrument or material for the purpose of counterfeiting a Government stamp
content:
256. Whoever has in his possession any instrument or material for the purpose of being used, or knowing or having reason to believe that it is intended to be used, for the purpose of counterfeiting any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s257
section: 257
title: Making or selling an instrument for the purpose of counterfeiting a Government stamp
content:
257. Whoever makes, performs any part of the process of making, buys, sells or disposes of, any instrument for the purpose of being used, or knowing or having reason to believe that it is intended to be used, for the purpose of counterfeiting any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s258
section: 258
title: Sale of counterfeit Government stamp
content:
258. Whoever sells, or offers for sale, any stamp which he knows or has reason to believe to be a counterfeit of any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s259
section: 259
title: Having possession of a counterfeit Government stamp
content:
259. Whoever has in his possession any stamp which he knows to be a counterfeit of any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, intending to use or dispose of the same as a genuine stamp, or in order that it may be used as a genuine stamp, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s260
section: 260
title: Using as genuine a Government stamp known to be counterfeit
content:
260. Whoever uses as genuine any stamp, knowing it to be a counterfeit of any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s261
section: 261
title:
Effacing any writing from a substance bearing a Government stamp, or removing from a document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government

content:
261. Whoever, fraudulently or with intent to cause loss to the Government, removes or effaces from any substance bearing any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, any writing or document for which such stamp has been used, or removes from any writing or document a stamp which has been used for such writing or document, in order that such stamp may be used for a different writing or document, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s262
section: 262
title: Using a Government stamp known to have been before used
content:
262. Whoever, fraudulently or with intent to cause loss to the Government, uses for any purpose a stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, which he knows to have been before used, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s263
section: 263
title: Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used
content:
263. Whoever, fraudulently or with intent to cause loss to the Government, erases or removes from a stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, any mark put or impressed upon such stamp for the purpose of denoting that the stamp has been used, or knowingly has in his possession, or sells or disposes of, any such stamp from which such mark has been erased or removed, or sells or disposes of any such stamp which he knows to have been used, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s267A
section: 267A
title: Affray
content:
267A. Where 2 or more persons disturb the public peace by fighting in a public place, they are said to “commit an affray”.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s267B
section: 267B
title: Punishment for committing affray
content:
267B. Whoever commits an affray shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s267C
section: 267C
title: Uttering words, making document, etc., containing incitement to violence, etc.
content:
267C. —(1) This section applies where a person — ( a ) utters any words, or makes any sign or visible representation; ( b ) places before a person any object; ( c ) posts, publishes, distributes, sells or offers for sale any document; or ( d ) communicates any electronic record, containing any incitement to violence, counselling disobedience to the law or to a lawful order of a public servant, or likely to lead to any breach of the peace, and the person does so — ( e ) intending for violence, disobedience to the law or such lawful order, or breach of the peace to occur; or ( f ) knowing or having reason to believe that violence, disobedience to the law or such lawful order, or breach of the peace, is likely to occur as a result. (2) This section also applies where a person — ( a ) makes, prints or otherwise reproduces, imports, possesses or has under the person’s control any document mentioned in subsection (1), for the purpose of posting, publishing, distributing, selling or offering for sale that document; or ( b ) makes any electronic record mentioned in subsection (1) for the purpose of communicating that electronic record, and the person does so — ( c ) intending for violence, disobedience to the law or such lawful order, or breach of the peace to occur by the carrying out of the purpose mentioned in paragraph ( a ) or ( b ), as the case may be; or ( d ) knowing or having reason to believe that violence, disobedience to the law or such lawful order, or breach of the peace, is likely to occur by the carrying out of that purpose. (3) The person in subsection (1) or (2) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be punished on conviction with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both. (4) In subsection (1), “counselling disobedience to the law or to a lawful order of a public servant” includes (but is not limited to) providing instruction, advice or information that promotes disobedience to the law or such order. [Act 30 of 2021 wef 02/11/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s268
section: 268
title: Public nuisance
content:
268. A person is guilty of a public nuisance, who does any act, or is guilty of an illegal omission, which causes any common injury, danger or annoyance to the public, or to the people in general who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity, or which must necessarily cause injury, obstruction, danger or annoyance to persons who may have occasion to use any public right. Explanation. — A common nuisance is not excused on the ground that it causes some convenience or advantage.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s268A
section: 268A
title: Communicating false information of harmful thing
content:
268A. Any person who transmits or communicates or causes to be transmitted or communicated information — ( a ) which contains a reference to the presence in any place or location or in any conveyance or means of transportation of any thing that is likely to cause hurt or damage to property by any means; and ( b ) that person knows that such reference is false or fabricated, shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine which may extend to $50,000, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s268B
section: 268B
title: Placing or sending thing with intent to cause fear of harm
content:
268B. —(1) Any person ( A ) who without reasonable excuse — ( a ) places any thing in any place or location or in any conveyance or means of transportation; or ( b ) sends any thing from one place to another place by post, courier or any other means, with the intention (in either case) of inducing in one or more other persons a belief that this thing is likely to cause hurt or damage to property by any means, shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine which may extend to $50,000, or with both. [15/2019] (2) For the purposes of subsection (1) and to avoid doubt, it is not necessary for A to have any particular person or persons in mind as being induced to have the belief mentioned in subsection (1). [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s268C
section: 268C
title: Placing or sending thing causing fear of harm
content:
268C. —(1) Any person who intentionally and without reasonable excuse — ( a ) places any thing in any place or location or in any conveyance or means of transportation; or ( b ) sends any thing from one place to another place by post, courier or any other means, knowing that there is a real risk (in either case) that one or more persons would believe that this thing is likely to cause hurt or damage to property by any means, shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both. [15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, it is not necessary for the accused person to have any particular person or persons in mind as being at risk of having the belief mentioned in subsection (1). [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s269
section: 269
title: Negligent act likely to spread infection of any disease dangerous to life
content:
269. Whoever unlawfully or negligently does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s270
section: 270
title: Intentional or rash act likely to spread infection of any disease dangerous to life
content:
270. Whoever intentionally or rashly does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 4 years, or with fine, or with both. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s271
section: 271
title: Disobedience to a quarantine rule
content:
271. Whoever knowingly disobeys any rule lawfully made and promulgated for putting any vessel into a state of quarantine, or for regulating the intercourse of vessels in a state of quarantine with the shore or with other vessels, or for regulating the intercourse between places where an infectious disease prevails and other places, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s272
section: 272
title: Adulteration of food or drink which is intended for sale
content:
272. Whoever adulterates any article of food or drink, so as to make such article noxious as food or drink, intending to sell such article as food or drink, or knowing it to be likely that the same will be sold as food or drink, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s273
section: 273
title: Sale of noxious food or drink
content:
273. Whoever sells, or offers or exposes for sale, as food or drink, any article which has been rendered or has become noxious, or is in a state unfit for food or drink, knowing or having reason to believe that the same is noxious as food or drink, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s274
section: 274
title: Adulteration of drugs
content:
274. Whoever adulterates any drug or medical preparation in such a manner as to lessen the efficacy, or change the operation, of such drug or medical preparation, or to make it noxious, intending that it shall be sold or used for, or knowing it to be likely that it will be sold or used for any medicinal purpose, as if it had not undergone such adulteration, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s275
section: 275
title: Sale of adulterated drugs
content:
275. Whoever, knowing any drug or medical preparation to have been adulterated in such a manner as to lessen its efficacy, to change its operation, or to render it noxious, sells the same, or offers or exposes it for sale, or issues it from any dispensary for medicinal purposes as unadulterated, or causes it to be used for medicinal purposes by any person not knowing of the adulteration, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s276
section: 276
title: Sale of any drug as a different drug or preparation
content:
276. Whoever knowingly sells, or offers or exposes for sale, or issues from a dispensary for medicinal purposes, any drug or medical preparation, as a different drug or medical preparation, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s277
section: 277
title: Fouling the water of a public spring or reservoir
content:
277. Whoever voluntarily corrupts or fouls the water of any public spring or reservoir, so as to render it less fit for the purpose for which it is ordinarily used, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s278
section: 278
title: Making atmosphere noxious to health
content:
278. Whoever voluntarily vitiates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying on business in the neighbourhood or passing along a public way, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s279
section: 279
title: Rash driving or riding on a public way
content:
279. Whoever drives any vehicle, or rides, on any public way, in a manner so rash or negligent as to endanger human life, or to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s280
section: 280
title: Rash navigation of a vessel
content:
280. Whoever navigates any vessel in a manner so rash or negligent as to endanger human life, or to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s281
section: 281
title: Exhibition of a false light, mark or buoy
content:
281. Whoever exhibits any false light, mark or buoy, intending or knowing it to be likely that such exhibition will mislead any navigator, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s282
section: 282
title: Conveying person by water for hire in a vessel overloaded or unsafe
content:
282. Whoever knowingly or negligently conveys, or causes to be conveyed, for hire any person by water in any vessel, when that vessel is in such a state or so loaded as to endanger the life of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $3,000, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s283
section: 283
title: Danger or obstruction in a public way or navigation
content:
283. Whoever, by doing any act, or by omitting to take order with any property in his possession or under his charge, causes danger, obstruction or injury to any person in any public way or public line of navigation, shall be punished with fine which may extend to $1,000.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s284
section: 284
title: Rash or negligent conduct with respect to dangerous or harmful substance
content:
284. —(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who does, with any dangerous or harmful substance, any act so rashly or negligently as — ( a ) to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person; ( b ) to endanger human life; ( c ) to cause hurt to any other person; ( d ) to cause grievous hurt or injury to any other person; or ( e ) to cause the death of any other person. [15/2019] (2) In subsection (1), an act includes an omission to take such measure with any dangerous or harmful substance in a person’s possession as is sufficient to guard against any probable danger to human life, grievous hurt or hurt from such substance. [15/2019] (3) Any person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) or (2) shall on conviction be punished — ( a ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( a ) or ( b ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; ( b ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( c ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; ( c ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( d ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 years, or with fine, or with both; and ( d ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( e ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] (4) In this section, “dangerous or harmful substance” includes fire or any thing or matter that is likely to cause fire. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s285
section: 285
title: Causing or contributing to risk of dangerous fire
content:
285. —(1) Whoever, with any fire or any thing that is likely to cause fire, rashly or negligently causes or substantially contributes to the risk of causing a fire, shall be guilty of an offence if such fire occurs and any of the following applies: ( a ) that fire is likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person; ( b ) that fire endangers human life; ( c ) that fire causes damage to or diminishes the value or utility of any property belonging to any other person or the Government; ( d ) that fire causes hurt or injury to any other person; ( e ) that fire causes grievous hurt to any other person; ( f ) that fire causes death to any other person. [15/2019] (2) Any person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall on conviction be punished — ( a ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( a ) or ( b ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; ( b ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( c ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 18 months, or with fine, or with both; ( c ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( d ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; ( d ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( e ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 years, or with fine, or with both; and ( e ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( f ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s286
section: 286
title: Presumption of cause of fire
content:
286. In any proceedings for an offence under section 285, where any person deposits, drops, places or throws a cigarette or part thereof, cigar, match stick, charcoal, incense, any form of embers or any thing that is likely to cause fire in any place, and a fire occurs at that place or in the vicinity of that place within 60 minutes from the time of that act, that person is, until the contrary is proved, presumed to have substantially contributed to the risk of causing that fire. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s287
section: 287
title: Rash or negligent conduct with respect to any machinery in possession or under charge of offender
content:
287. —(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who does, with any machinery in the person’s possession or under the person’s care, any act so rashly or negligently as — ( a ) to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person; ( b ) to endanger human life; ( c ) to cause hurt or injury to any other person; ( d ) to cause grievous hurt to any other person; or ( e ) to cause the death of any other person. [15/2019] (2) In subsection (1), an act includes an omission to take such measure with any machinery in the person’s possession or under the person’s care as is sufficient to guard against any probable danger to human life, grievous hurt or hurt from such machinery. [15/2019] (3) Any person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall on conviction be punished — ( a ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( a ) or ( b ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; ( b ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( c ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; ( c ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( d ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 years, or with fine, or with both; and ( d ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( e ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s288
section: 288
title: Negligence in pulling down or repairing buildings
content:
288. —(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who, in pulling down or repairing any building, knowingly or negligently omits to take such measure as is sufficient to guard against any probable danger to human life from the fall of that building or any part of the building and such omission — ( a ) endangers human life; or ( b ) causes the death of any other person. [15/2019] (2) Any person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall on conviction be punished — ( a ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( a ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; and ( b ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( b ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s289
section: 289
title: Negligence with respect to any animal
content:
289. —(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who knowingly or negligently omits to take such measure with any animal as is sufficient to guard against any probable danger to human life, or any probable danger of grievous hurt from such animal and such omission — ( a ) is likely to cause grievous hurt; ( b ) endangers human life; ( c ) causes grievous hurt to any other person; or ( d ) causes the death of any other person. [15/2019] (2) Any person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall on conviction be punished — ( a ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( a ) or ( b ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; ( b ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( c ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 years, or with fine, or with both; and ( c ) in the case of an offence under subsection (1)( d ), with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s290
section: 290
title: Punishment for public nuisance
content:
290. Whoever commits a public nuisance in any case not otherwise punishable by this Code, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be punished — ( a ) with fine which may extend to $2,000; ( b ) in the case where the offender knew that the act or omission constituting the public nuisance will cause or will probably cause any common injury, danger or annoyance to the public, or to the people in general who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,000, or with both; or ( c ) on a second or subsequent conviction, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,000, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s291
section: 291
title: Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue
content:
291. Whoever repeats or continues a public nuisance, having been enjoined by any public servant who has lawful authority to issue such injunction not to repeat or continue such nuisance, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s292
section: 292
title: Sale of obscene books, etc.
content:
292. —(1) Whoever — ( a ) sells, lets to hire, distributes, transmits by electronic means, publicly exhibits or in any manner puts into circulation, or for purposes of sale, hire, distribution, transmission, public exhibition or circulation, makes, produces, or has in his possession any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, drawing, painting, representation or figure, or any other obscene object whatsoever; ( b ) imports, exports, transmits by electronic means or conveys any obscene object for any of the purposes aforesaid, or knowing or having reason to believe that such object will be sold, let to hire, distributed or publicly exhibited, or in any manner put into circulation; ( c ) takes part in, or receives profits from, any business in the course of which he knows or has reason to believe that any such obscene objects are, for any of the purposes aforesaid, made, produced, transmitted by electronic means, purchased, kept, imported, exported, conveyed, publicly exhibited, or in any manner put into circulation; ( d ) advertises, or makes known by any means whatsoever, that any person is engaged or is ready to engage in any act which is an offence under this section, or that any such obscene object can be procured from or through any person; or ( e ) offers or attempts to do any act which is an offence under this section, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine, or with both. (1A) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) in the case where the obscene object mentioned in that subsection depicts an image of a person who is or who appears to a reasonable observer to be or is implied to be below 16 years of age shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] (2) For the purposes of this section, “object” includes data stored in a computer disc, or by other electronic means, that is capable of conversion to images, writing or any other form of representation. (3) For the purposes of this section and section 293, an object shall be deemed not to be obscene if the sale, letting to hire, distribution, exhibition, circulation, import, export or conveyance of, or any other dealing in, the object is authorised by or under any written law. Exception. — This section does not extend to any book, pamphlet, writing, drawing or painting kept or used bona fide for religious purposes, or any representation sculptured, engraved, painted or otherwise represented on or in any temple, or on any car used for the conveyance of idols, or kept or used for any religious purpose.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s292A
section: 292A
title: Possession, distribution, etc., of child sex-doll
content:
292A. —(1) Any person who imports, exports, conveys, sells, lets to hire, distributes, puts into circulation, makes, produces or is in possession of a child sex-doll shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] (2) In subsection (1), “child sex-doll” means an anatomically correct doll, mannequin or robot, with the features of, or with features that appear to a reasonable observer to resemble a person below 16 years of age and intended for use in sexual activities. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s293
section: 293
title: Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person
content:
293. Whoever sells, lets to hire, distributes, exhibits or circulates to any person below 21 years of age any such obscene object as is referred to in section 292, or offers or attempts to do so, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s294
section: 294
title: Obscene acts
content:
294. Whoever, to the annoyance of others — ( a ) does any obscene act in any public place; or ( b ) sings, recites or utters any obscene words in or near any public place, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s298
section: 298
title: Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound the racial feelings of any person
content:
298. Whoever, with deliberate intention of wounding the racial feelings of any person, utters any word or makes any sound in the hearing of that person, or makes any gesture in the sight of that person, or places any object in the sight of that person, or causes any matter however represented to be seen or heard by that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [Act 31 of 2019 wef 01/11/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s298A
section: 298A
title:
Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of race and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony

content:
298A. Whoever — ( a ) by words, either spoken or written, or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise, knowingly promotes or attempts to promote, on grounds of race, disharmony or feelings of enmity, hatred or ill will between different racial groups; or [Act 31 of 2019 wef 01/11/2022] ( b ) commits any act which he knows is prejudicial to the maintenance of harmony between different racial groups and which disturbs or is likely to disturb the public tranquility, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [Act 31 of 2019 wef 01/11/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s299
section: 299
title: Culpable homicide
content:
299. Whoever causes death by doing an act with the intention of causing death, or with the intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, or with the knowledge that he is likely by such act to cause death, commits the offence of culpable homicide. Illustrations ( a ) A lays sticks and turf over a pit, with the intention of thereby causing death, or with the knowledge that death is likely to be thereby caused. Z , believing the ground to be firm, treads on it, falls in and is killed. A has committed the offence of culpable homicide. ( b ) A knows Z to be behind a bush. B does not know it. A , intending to cause, or knowing it to be likely to cause Z ’s death, induces B to fire at the bush. B fires and kills Z . Here B may be guilty of no offence; but A has committed the offence of culpable homicide. Explanation 1.—A person who causes bodily injury to another who is labouring under a disorder, disease or bodily infirmity, and thereby accelerates the death of that other, shall be deemed to have caused his death. Explanation 2.—Where death is caused by bodily injury, the person who causes such bodily injury shall be deemed to have caused the death, although by resorting to proper remedies and skilful treatment the death might have been prevented. Explanation 3.—The causing of the death of a child in the mother’s womb is not homicide. But it may amount to culpable homicide to cause the death of a living child, if any part of that child has been brought forth, though the child may not have breathed or been completely born.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s300
section: 300
title: Murder
content:
300. Except in the cases hereinafter excepted culpable homicide is murder — ( a ) if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death; ( b ) if it is done with the intention of causing such bodily injury as the offender knows to be likely to cause the death of the person to whom the harm is caused; ( c ) if it is done with the intention of causing bodily injury to any person, and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death; or ( d ) if the person committing the act knows that it is so imminently dangerous that it must in all probability cause death, or such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, and commits such act without any excuse for incurring the risk of causing death, or such injury as aforesaid. Illustrations ( a ) A shoots Z with the intention of killing him. Z dies in consequence. A commits murder. ( b ) A , knowing that Z is labouring under such a disease that a blow is likely to cause his death, strikes him with the intention of causing bodily injury. Z dies in consequence of the blow. A is guilty of murder, although the blow might not have been sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause the death of a person in a sound state of health. But if A , not knowing that Z is labouring under any disease, gives him such a blow as would not in the ordinary course of nature kill a person in a sound state of health, here A , although he may intend to cause bodily injury, is not guilty of murder, if he did not intend to cause death, or such bodily injury as in the ordinary course of nature would cause death. ( c ) A intentionally gives Z a knife-cut or club-wound sufficient to cause the death of a man in the ordinary course of nature. Z dies in consequence. Here A is guilty of murder, although he may not have intended to cause Z ’s death. ( d ) A , without any excuse, fires a loaded cannon into a crowd of persons and kills one of them. A is guilty of murder, although he may not have had a premeditated design to kill any particular individual. When culpable homicide is not murder Exception 1.—Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender whilst deprived of the power of self-control by grave and sudden provocation, causes the death of the person who gave the provocation, or causes the death of any other person by mistake or accident. The above exception is subject to the following provisos: ( a ) that the provocation is not sought or voluntarily provoked by the offender as an excuse for killing or doing harm to any person; ( b ) that the offender did not know and had no reason to believe that the provocation was given by anything done in obedience to the law, or by a public servant in the lawful exercise of the powers of such public servant; ( c ) that the provocation is not given by anything done in the lawful exercise of the right of private defence. Explanation 1.—Whether the provocation was grave and sudden enough to prevent the offence from amounting to murder is a question of fact, having regard to whether an ordinary person of the same gender and age as the offender, sharing such characteristics as would affect the gravity of the provocation and placed in the same situation as the offender, would be deprived of self-control by the provocation. Explanation 2.—Grave and sudden provocation may be in the form of words, gestures or conduct or any combination of words, gestures or conduct. Illustrations ( a ) A , under the influence of passion excited by a provocation given by Z , intentionally kills Y , Z ’s child. This is murder, inasmuch as the provocation was not given by the child, and the death of the child was not caused by accident or misfortune in doing an act caused by the provocation. ( b ) Y gives grave and sudden provocation to A . A , on this provocation, fires a pistol at Y , neither intending nor knowing himself to be likely to kill Z , who is near him, but out of sight. A kills Z . Here A has not committed murder but merely culpable homicide. ( c ) A is lawfully arrested by Z , a police officer. A is excited to sudden and violent passion by the arrest, and kills Z . This is murder, inasmuch as the provocation was given by a thing done by a public servant in the exercise of his powers. ( d ) A appears as a witness before Z , a Magistrate. Z says that he does not believe a word of A ’s deposition, and that A has perjured himself. A is moved to sudden passion by these words, and kills Z . This is murder. ( e ) A attempts to pull Z ’s nose. Z , in the exercise of the right of private defence, lays hold of A to prevent him from doing so. A is moved to sudden and violent passion in consequence, and kills Z . This is murder, inasmuch as the provocation was given by a thing done in the exercise of the right of private defence. ( f ) Z strikes B . B is by this provocation excited to violent rage. A , a bystander, intending to take advantage of B ’s rage, and to cause him to kill Z , puts a knife into B ’s hand for that purpose. B kills Z with the knife. Here B may have committed only culpable homicide, but A is guilty of murder. ( g ) A and Z are married to each other. A loses self-control on Z ’s provocation and intentionally kills Z soon after the provocation was given. Although the provocation, when viewed in isolation, would not amount to grave and sudden provocation, it was the last of a series of prolonged physical and mental abuse of A by Z . An ordinary person in A ’s position would have lost self-control and have done what A did. A has committed only culpable homicide and not murder. Exception 2.—Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender, in the exercise of the right of private defence of person or property, exceeds the power given to him by law, and causes the death of the person against whom he is exercising such right of defence, without premeditation and without any intention of doing more harm than is necessary for the purpose of such defence. Explanation .—The word “premeditation” means the offender’s intention, which was formed prior to the circumstances which gave rise to the act of private defence — ( a ) to cause death in section 300( a ) or to cause such bodily injury as is mentioned in section 300( b ) or ( c ); or ( b ) to do an act knowing that the act is so imminently dangerous in the way mentioned in section 300( d ). Exception 3.—Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender, being a public servant, or aiding a public servant acting for the advancement of public justice, exceeds the powers given to him by law, and causes death by doing an act which he, in good faith, believes to be lawful and necessary for the due discharge of his duty as such public servant, and without ill will towards the person whose death is caused. Exception 4.—Culpable homicide is not murder if it is committed without premeditation in a sudden fight in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel, and without the offender having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner. The above exception is subject to the proviso that the offender did not know and had no reason to believe that the person whose death was caused was acting in obedience to the law, or was a public servant acting in the lawful exercise of the powers of such public servant. Explanation 1 .— It is immaterial in such cases which party offers the provocation or commits the first assault. Explanation 2.—The word “fight” includes the exchange of blows even if the blows do not land on their target and includes a single blow or punch. Explanation 3 .—The word “premeditation” means the offender’s intention, which was formed prior to the circumstances constituting the sudden fight — ( a ) to cause death in section 300( a ) or to cause such bodily injury as is mentioned in section 300( b ) or ( c ); or ( b ) to do an act knowing that the act is so imminently dangerous in the way mentioned in section 300( d ). Explanation 4.—A “quarrel” does not require a verbal exchange of words. Illustrations ( a ) A and Z , who are rival gang members, are in a coffee shop seated at different tables. They mutually stare at each other fiercely without exchanging any words. Z disengages from A by turning away and starts to leave the coffee shop. A sees a cutlery knife on his table which A had earlier used for A ’s meal. A picks up the cutlery knife and stabs Z ’s throat in the heat of passion. Z falls and dies almost immediately. Although there was a “sudden quarrel” without any exchange of words, Exception 4 does not apply because there was no “fight”, there being no exchange of blows or assault between A and Z . ( b ) A had a consensual sexual relationship with Z until Z terminated the relationship. A came to Z ’s house and asked Z if Z would have sex with A . Z refused. A became angry and said A would use force, if necessary. A grappled with Z who resisted A ’s advances and struck A ’s face. Enraged by Z ’s resistance, A slams Z into a wall, and Z slumps to the ground. While Z is motionless on the ground, A kicks Z ’s head repeatedly and kills Z . Exception 4 does not apply because A had taken undue advantage of Z while Z was lying motionless on the ground. Exception 5.—Culpable homicide is not murder when the person whose death is caused, being above 18 years of age, suffers death or takes the risk of death with his own consent. Illustration A and Z , both being persons above 18 years of age, decide to commit suicide together by drinking poison. With Z ’s consent, A pours a lethal poison down Z ’s throat but after watching Z die, A cannot summon the courage to drink the same poison. A has committed culpable homicide and not murder. Exception 6.—Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender being a woman voluntarily causes the death of her child being a child below 12 months of age, and at the time of the offence the balance of her mind was disturbed by reason of her not having fully recovered from the effect of giving birth to the child or by reason of the effect of lactation consequent upon the birth of the child. Exception 7.—Culpable homicide is not murder if at the time of the acts or omissions causing the death concerned, the offender was suffering from such abnormality of mind (whether arising from a condition of arrested or retarded development or any inherent causes or induced by disease or injury) as substantially — ( a ) impaired the offender’s capacity — (i) to know the nature of the acts or omissions in causing the death or in being a party to causing the death; or (ii) to know whether such acts or omissions are wrong; or [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( b ) impaired the offender’s power to control his acts or omissions in causing the death or being a party to causing the death. Paragraph ( a )(ii) of the above exception applies only if, at the time of the acts or omissions causing the death concerned, there was a substantial impairment of the offender’s capacity to know that the acts or omissions — ( a ) are wrong by the ordinary standards of reasonable and honest persons; and ( b ) are wrong as contrary to law. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s301
section: 301
title: Culpable homicide by causing the death of a person other than the person whose death was intended
content:
301. —(1) If a person, by doing anything which he intends or knows to be likely to cause death, commits culpable homicide by causing the death of any person whose death he neither intends nor knows himself to be likely to cause, the culpable homicide committed by the offender is of the description of which it would have been if he had caused the death of the person whose death he intended or knew himself to be likely to cause. [15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (1), the accused person may rely on any defence or exception in law as though the accused person had caused the death of the person whose death he intended or knew himself to be likely to cause. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s302
section: 302
title: Punishment for murder
content:
302. —(1) Whoever commits murder within the meaning of section 300( a ) shall be punished with death. [32/2012] (2) Whoever commits murder within the meaning of section 300( b ), ( c ) or ( d ) shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life and shall, if he is not punished with death, also be liable to caning. [32/2012] [ There is no section 303. ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s304
section: 304
title: Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder
content:
304. Whoever commits culpable homicide not amounting to murder shall — ( a ) if the act by which death is caused is done with the intention of causing death, or of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, be punished with — (i) imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to caning; or (ii) imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning; or ( b ) if the act is done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause death, but without any intention to cause death, or to cause such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments. [32/2012; 15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s304A
section: 304A
title: Causing death by rash or negligent act
content:
304A. Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished — ( a ) in the case of a rash act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both; or ( b ) in the case of a negligent act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s304B
section: 304B
title:
Causing death of child below 14 years of age, domestic worker or vulnerable person by sustained abuse

content:
304B. —(1) A relevant person who causes the death of any child, domestic worker or vulnerable person by sustained abuse shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (2) In this section — “child” means a person below 14 years of age; “domestic worker”, “employer”, “employment agent” and “member of the employer’s household” have the meanings given by section 73(4); “neglect” means the failure by a relevant person to provide any or adequate essential care (such as but not limited to food, clothing, medical aid, lodging and other necessities of life) to the extent of causing personal injury or physical pain to, or injury to the physical health of any child, domestic worker or vulnerable person; “relevant person” means — ( a ) in the case of a child, a person who has custody, charge or care of the child; ( b ) in the case of a domestic worker, the employer of the domestic worker, a member of the employer’s household or the employment agent of the domestic worker; and ( c ) in the case of a vulnerable person, a person who has custody, charge or care of the vulnerable person; “sustained abuse” means a course of conduct which consists of voluntarily causing hurt or knowingly causing neglect, or both, of a child, domestic worker or vulnerable person on — ( a ) 2 or more occasions; or ( b ) a single occasion if the conduct is protracted; “vulnerable person” has the meaning given by section 74A(5). [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s304C
section: 304C
title:
Causing or allowing death of child below 14 years of age, domestic worker or vulnerable person in same household

content:
304C. —(1) A person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) a person below 14 years of age, a domestic worker or a vulnerable person ( B ) dies as a result of the unlawful act of a person who — (i) was a member of the same household as B ; and (ii) had frequent contact with B ; ( b ) A was a member of the same household as B , and had frequent contact with B at the time of that act; ( c ) at that time there was a significant risk of grievous hurt being caused to B by the unlawful act of such a person; and ( d ) either A was the person whose act caused B ’s death or — (i) A was, or ought to have been, aware of the significant risk mentioned in paragraph ( c ); (ii) A failed to take such steps as A could reasonably have been expected to take to protect B from the significant risk; and (iii) the unlawful act occurred in circumstances of the kind that A foresaw or ought to have foreseen. [15/2019] (2) The prosecution does not have to prove whether it is the first alternative element in subsection (1)( d ) or the second alternative element (sub‑paragraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) of subsection (1)( d )) that applies. [15/2019] (3) A is not guilty of an offence under this section if A could not have been expected in A ’s circumstances to take any such step as is mentioned in subsection (1)( d )(ii). [15/2019] (4) Any person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (5) For the purposes of this section — ( a ) a person is to be regarded as a “member” of a particular household, even if that person does not live in that household, if that person visits it so often and for such periods of time that it is reasonable to regard him as a member of the particular household; ( b ) where B lived in different households at different times, “the same household as B ” refers to the household in which B was living at the time of the act that caused B ’s death; ( c ) an “unlawful” act, other than an act by A , is one that constitutes an offence or would constitute an offence but for being the act of — (i) a person below the age specified in section 82; (ii) a person of the age specified in section 83 who had not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge of the nature and consequence of the act; (iii) a person entitled to rely on a defence of unsoundness of mind; (iv) a person entitled to rely on a defence of intoxication; or (v) a person entitled to rely on a defence of mistake of fact; ( d ) “domestic worker” and “vulnerable person” have the meanings given by sections 73(4) and 74A(5), respectively; and ( e ) the circumstances mentioned in subsection (3) include but is not limited to A ’s past or present experiences of suffering neglect, hurt, grievous hurt, sexual abuse or any injury to A ’s mental health as a result of an unlawful act by any member of the same household as A . [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s305
section: 305
title: Abetment of suicide or attempted suicide of minor or person who lacks mental capacity
content:
305. —(1) If any minor or other person who lacks capacity — ( a ) commits suicide, whoever abets the commission of the suicide and who knew or ought reasonably to have known that the person who committed suicide was a minor or a person who lacks capacity, shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to death or imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine; ( b ) attempts suicide, whoever abets the attempted suicide and who knew or ought reasonably to have known that the person who attempted suicide was a minor or a person who lacks capacity, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall also be liable to fine; or ( c ) attempts suicide and hurt is caused to any person in the course of the attempted suicide, whoever abets the attempted suicide and who knew or ought reasonably to have known that the person who attempted suicide was a minor or a person who lacks capacity, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. [15/2019] (2) In subsection (1) — “minor” means a person below 18 years of age; “person who lacks capacity” means a person who lacks capacity to understand the consequences of attempting or committing suicide, as the case may be, from unsoundness of mind, mental incapacity, intoxication, or the influence of any drug or other substance. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s306
section: 306
title: Abetment of suicide or attempted suicide
content:
306. If any person attempts or commits suicide, whoever abets the commission of such attempted suicide or suicide shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s307
section: 307
title: Attempt to murder
content:
307. —(1) Whoever does any act with the intention of causing death and under such circumstances that if he by that act caused death he would be guilty of murder, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall also be liable to fine; and if hurt is caused to any person by such act, the offender shall be punished with — ( a ) imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to caning; or ( b ) imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine, or to caning or to both. Illustrations ( a ) A shoots at Z with intention to kill him, under such circumstances that, if death ensued, A would be guilty of murder. A is liable to punishment under this section. ( b ) A , with intention of causing the death of a child of tender years, throws the child into a river. A has committed the offence defined by this section, although the death of the child does not ensue. ( c ) A , intending to murder Z , buys a gun and loads it. A has not yet committed the offence. A fires the gun at Z . He has committed the offence defined in this section; and if by such firing he wounds Z , he is liable to the punishment provided by the latter part of this section. ( d ) A , intending to murder Z by poison, purchases poison and mixes the same with food which remains in A ’s keeping; A has not yet committed the offence defined in this section. A places the food on Z ’s table or delivers it to Z ’s servants to place it on Z ’s table. A has committed the offence defined in this section. [15/2019] Other offences by convicts (2) When any person offending under this section is under sentence of imprisonment for life, he may, if hurt is caused, be punished with death.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s308
section: 308
title: Attempt to commit culpable homicide
content:
308. Whoever does any act with the intention to cause death and under such circumstances that if he by that act caused death he would be guilty of culpable homicide not amounting to murder, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both; and if hurt is caused to any person by such act, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments. Illustration A , on grave and sudden provocation, fires a pistol at Z intending to kill Z , under such circumstances that if he thereby caused death he would be guilty of culpable homicide not amounting to murder. A has committed the offence defined in this section. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s308A
section: 308A
title: Causing death in furtherance of group’s object
content:
308A. —(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who is or acts as a member of a group — ( a ) knowing that the common object of the members of the group is to commit an offence under this Code or any written law; ( b ) knowing that — (i) death or grievous hurt is likely to be caused in furtherance of the group’s common object; or (ii) a deadly weapon, or anything which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, is to be used in any manner against another person in the furtherance of that common object; and ( c ) the death of a person was caused in furtherance of the group’s common object. Illustration Three members of a group including A decide to rob a neighbourhood shop. The group leader, B brings a sharp knife but B reassures A that the knife is only to be used to threaten the shopkeeper, C , and not to harm C . A believes B and takes part in the robbery. C however refuses to surrender his cash to the group. B then stabs C with the knife and C dies from his stab wounds. A is guilty of an offence under this section because A knew that the knife was to be used to threaten another person, C , in furtherance of the group’s common object to commit robbery. [15/2019] (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to caning. [15/2019] (3) In subsection (1), “group” has the meaning given by section 2(1) of the Organised Crime Act 2015. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s308B
section: 308B
title:
Concealment, desecration or disposal of corpse that impedes discovery, identification, criminal investigations or prosecutions

content:
308B. —(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who intentionally or knowingly conceals, desecrates or disposes of a human corpse and by such act impedes or prevents — ( a ) the discovery or identification of a human corpse; or ( b ) the detection, investigation or prosecution of an offence under this Code or any other written law. [15/2019] (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years. [15/2019] (3) In this section, “desecrate”, in relation to a human corpse, includes any act committed after the death of a living person including but not limited to dismemberment, disfigurement, mutilation, burning, or any act committed to cause the human corpse in whole or in part to be devoured, scattered or dissipated. [15/2019] 309. [ Repealed by Act 15 of 2019 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s310
section: 310
title: Infanticide
content:
310. When any woman by any intentional act or omission causes the death of her child being a child below 12 months of age, but at the time of the act or omission the balance of her mind was disturbed by reason of her not having fully recovered from the effect of giving birth to the child or by reason of the effect of lactation consequent upon the birth of the child, she shall, notwithstanding that the circumstances were such that but for this section the offence would have amounted to murder, be guilty of the offence of infanticide. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s311
section: 311
title: Punishment for infanticide
content:
311. Whoever commits the offence of infanticide shall be punished at the discretion of the court with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall, if she is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] Causing miscarriage; injuries to
unborn children; exposure of infants;
and concealment of births


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s312
section: 312
title: Causing miscarriage
content:
312. Subject to the provisions of the Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974, whoever voluntarily causes a woman with child to miscarry, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; and if the woman’s pregnancy is of more than 16 weeks’ duration as calculated in accordance with section 4 of that Act, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation. — A woman who causes herself to miscarry is within the meaning of this section. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s313
section: 313
title: Causing miscarriage without woman’s consent
content:
313. Whoever commits the offence defined in section 312, without the consent of the woman, whether the woman’s pregnancy is of more than 16 weeks’ duration or not as mentioned in that section, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s314
section: 314
title: Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage
content:
314. Subject to the provisions of the Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974, whoever with intent to cause the miscarriage of a woman with child does any act which causes the death of such woman, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine; and if the act is done without the consent of the woman, shall be punished either with imprisonment for life, or with the punishment above‑mentioned. Explanation. — It is not essential to this offence that the offender should know that the act is likely to cause death.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s315
section: 315
title: Child destruction before, at or immediately after birth
content:
315. —(1) Subject to the provisions of the Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974, whoever, with intent to destroy the life of a child capable of being born alive, by any intentional act causes a child to die before it has an existence independent of its mother or by such act causes the child to die after its birth, shall, unless such act is immediately necessary to save the life of the mother, be punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] (2) For the purposes of this section, evidence that a woman had at any material time been pregnant for a period of 28 weeks or more shall be prima facie evidence that she was at that time pregnant of a child capable of being born alive.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s316
section: 316
title: Causing death of a quick unborn child by an act amounting to culpable homicide
content:
316. Whoever does any act under such circumstances that if he thereby caused death he would be guilty of culpable homicide, and does by such act cause the death of a quick unborn child, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine. Illustration A , knowing that he is likely to cause the death of a pregnant woman, does an act which, if it caused the death of the woman, would amount to culpable homicide. The woman is injured, but does not die; but the death of an unborn quick child with which she is pregnant is thereby caused. A is guilty of the offence defined in this section.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s317
section: 317
title: Exposure and abandonment of a child below 12 years of age by parent or person having care of it
content:
317. Whoever, being the father or mother of a child below 12 years of age, or having the care of such child, exposes or leaves such child in any place with the intention of wholly abandoning such child shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. Explanation. — This section is not intended to prevent the trial of the offender for murder or culpable homicide as the case may be, if the child dies in consequence of the exposure.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s318
section: 318
title: Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body
content:
318. Whoever by secretly burying or otherwise disposing of the dead body of a child, whether such child dies before or after or during its birth, intentionally conceals or endeavours to conceal the birth of such child shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Hurt


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s319
section: 319
title: Hurt
content:
319. Whoever causes bodily pain, disease or infirmity to any person is said to cause hurt. Explanation. — A person is said to cause hurt if he causes another person to be unconscious.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s320
section: 320
title: Grievous hurt
content:
320. The following kinds of hurt only are designated as “grievous”: ( a ) emasculation; ( aa ) death; ( b ) permanent privation of the sight of either eye; ( c ) permanent privation of the hearing of either ear; ( d ) privation of any member or joint; ( e ) destruction or permanent impairing of the powers of any member or joint; ( f ) permanent disfiguration of the head or face; ( g ) fracture or dislocation of a bone; ( h ) any hurt which endangers life, or which causes the sufferer to be, during the space of 20 days, in severe bodily pain, or unable to follow his ordinary pursuits; ( i ) penetration of the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of a person without that person’s consent, which causes severe bodily pain.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s321
section: 321
title: Voluntarily causing hurt
content:
321. Whoever does any act with the intention of thereby causing hurt to any person, or with the knowledge that he is likely thereby to cause hurt to any person, and does thereby cause hurt to any person, is said “voluntarily to cause hurt”.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s322
section: 322
title: Voluntarily causing grievous hurt
content:
322. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt, if the hurt which he intends to cause or knows himself to be likely to cause is grievous hurt, and if the hurt which he causes is grievous hurt, is said “voluntarily to cause grievous hurt”. Explanation. — A person is not said voluntarily to cause grievous hurt except when he both causes grievous hurt and intends or knows himself to be likely to cause grievous hurt. But he is said voluntarily to cause grievous hurt if, intending or knowing himself to be likely to cause grievous hurt of one kind, he actually causes grievous hurt of another kind. Illustration A , intending or knowing himself to be likely permanently to disfigure Z ’s face, gives Z a blow which does not permanently disfigure Z ’s face but which causes Z to suffer severe bodily pain for the space of 20 days. A has voluntarily caused grievous hurt.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s323
section: 323
title: Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt
content:
323. Whoever, except in the case provided for by section 323A or 334, voluntarily causes hurt, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s323A
section: 323A
title: Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt which causes grievous hurt
content:
323A. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt, if the hurt which he intends to cause or knows himself to be likely to cause is not grievous, but the hurt which he actually causes is grievous, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine which may extend to $10,000, or with both. Illustration At a club, A notices one of A ’s friends fighting with Z . A runs towards Z and punches Z in the face intending or knowing himself to be likely to cause minor injuries to Z ’s face. Z loses his balance, falls and hits his head against a ledge. Z suffers from severe brain injuries and is permanently paralysed. A did not intend to cause grievous hurt but A ’s action has actually caused grievous hurt to Z . [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s324
section: 324
title: Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means
content:
324. Whoever, except in the case provided for by section 334, voluntarily causes hurt by means of any instrument for shooting, stabbing or cutting, or any instrument which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, or by means of fire or any heated substance, or by means of any poison or any corrosive substance, or by means of any explosive substance, or by means of any substance which it is harmful to the human body to inhale, to swallow, or to receive into the blood, or by means of any animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s325
section: 325
title: Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt
content:
325. Whoever, except in the case provided for by section 323A, 334A or 335, voluntarily causes grievous hurt, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s326
section: 326
title: Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means
content:
326. Whoever, except in the case provided for by section 335, voluntarily causes grievous hurt by means of any instrument for shooting, stabbing or cutting, or any instrument which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, or by means of fire or any heated substance, or by means of any poison or any corrosive substance, or by means of any explosive substance, or by means of any substance which it is harmful to the human body to inhale, to swallow, or to receive into the blood, or by means of any animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall also be liable to caning or if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, liable to fine. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s327
section: 327
title: Voluntarily causing hurt to extort property or to constrain to an illegal act
content:
327. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt for the purpose of extorting from the sufferer, or from any person interested in the sufferer, any property or valuable security, or of constraining the sufferer, or any person interested in such sufferer, to do anything which is illegal or which may facilitate the commission of an offence, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s328
section: 328
title: Causing hurt by means of poison, etc., with intent to commit an offence
content:
328. Whoever administers to, or causes to be taken by, any person any poison or any stupefying or intoxicating substance, or any substance which is harmful to the human body to inhale, swallow or receive into the blood, with intent to cause hurt to such person, or with intent to commit or to facilitate the commission of an offence, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause hurt, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s329
section: 329
title: Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act
content:
329. Whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt for the purpose of extorting from the sufferer, or from any person interested in the sufferer, any property or valuable security, or of constraining the sufferer, or any person interested in such sufferer, to do anything which is illegal or which may facilitate the commission of an offence, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s330
section: 330
title: Voluntarily causing hurt to extort confession or to compel restoration of property
content:
330. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt for the purpose of extorting from the sufferer, or from any person interested in the sufferer, any confession or any information which may lead to the detection of an offence or misconduct, or for the purpose of constraining the sufferer, or any person interested in the sufferer, to restore or to cause the restoration of any property or valuable security, or to satisfy any claim or demand, or to give information which may lead to the restoration of any property or valuable security, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. Illustrations ( a ) A , a police officer, tortures Z in order to induce Z to confess that he committed a crime. A is guilty of an offence under this section. ( b ) A , a police officer, tortures B to induce him to point out where certain stolen property is deposited. A is guilty of an offence under this section. ( c ) A , a customs officer, tortures Z in order to compel him to confess to a pretended offence against the customs laws. A is guilty of an offence under this section.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s331
section: 331
title: Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession or to compel restoration of property
content:
331. Whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt for the purpose of extorting from the sufferer, or from any person interested in the sufferer, any confession or any information which may lead to the detection of an offence or misconduct, or for the purpose of constraining the sufferer, or any person interested in the sufferer, to restore or to cause the restoration of any property or valuable security, or to satisfy any claim or demand, or to give information which may lead to the restoration of any property or valuable security, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s332
section: 332
title: Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty
content:
332. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt to any person being a public servant in the discharge of his duty as such public servant, or with intent to prevent or deter that person or any other public servant from discharging his duty as such public servant, or in consequence of anything done or attempted to be done by that person in the lawful discharge of his duty as such public servant, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning, provided that in exceptional circumstances imprisonment need not be imposed. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s333
section: 333
title: Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty
content:
333. Whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt to any person being a public servant in the discharge of his duty as such public servant, or with intent to prevent or deter that person or any other public servant from discharging his duty as such public servant, or in consequence of anything done or attempted to be done by that person in the lawful discharge of his duty as such public servant, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s334
section: 334
title: Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation
content:
334. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt on grave and sudden provocation, if he neither intends nor knows himself to be likely to cause hurt to any person other than the person who gave the provocation, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,500, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s334A
section: 334A
title: Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt on provocation which causes grievous hurt
content:
334A. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt on grave and sudden provocation, if he neither intends nor knows himself to be likely to cause hurt to any person other than the person who gave the provocation and if the hurt which he intends to cause or knows himself to be likely to cause is not grievous, but the hurt which he actually causes is grievous, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $7,500, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s335
section: 335
title: Causing grievous hurt on provocation
content:
335. Whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt on grave and sudden provocation, if he neither intends nor knows himself to be likely to cause grievous hurt to any person other than the person who gave the provocation, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 years, or with fine which may extend to $10,000, or with both. Explanation .—Sections 334, 334A and 335 are subject to the same provisos as exception 1 of section 300. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s335A
section: 335A
title: Allowing neglect, physical or sexual abuse of domestic worker or vulnerable person
content:
335A. —(1) A person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) a domestic worker ( B ) suffers neglect, hurt, grievous hurt, sexual abuse or any injury to B ’s mental health as a result of the unlawful act of another person ( C ); ( b ) A knew or had reason to believe that B was at risk of such neglect, hurt, grievous hurt, sexual abuse or injury caused by C ; ( c ) A was at the time of the risk mentioned in paragraph ( b ) the employer of B , a member of B ’s employer’s household or an employment agent of B ; ( d ) A failed to take such steps as A could reasonably have been expected to take in A ’s circumstances to protect B from the risk mentioned in paragraph ( b ); and ( e ) the act occurred in circumstances of the kind that A foresaw or ought to have foreseen. [15/2019] (2) A person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) a vulnerable person ( B ) suffers neglect, hurt, grievous hurt, sexual abuse or any injury to B ’s mental health as a result of the unlawful act of another person ( C ); ( b ) A knew or had reason to believe that B was at risk of neglect, hurt, grievous hurt, sexual abuse or injury caused by C ; ( c ) A had, at the time of the risk mentioned in paragraph ( b ), the custody, charge or care of B ; ( d ) A failed to take such steps as A could reasonably have been expected to take in A ’s circumstances to protect B from the risk mentioned in paragraph ( b ); and ( e ) the act occurred in circumstances of the kind that A foresaw or ought to have foreseen. [15/2019] (3) For the purposes of this section, “unlawful act”, other than an act by A , is one that constitutes an offence that causes neglect, hurt, grievous hurt or sexual abuse to B or injury to B ’s mental health or would constitute such an offence but for being the act of — ( a ) a person below the age specified in section 82; ( b ) a person of the age specified in section 83 who had not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge of the nature and consequence of the act; ( c ) a person entitled to rely on a defence of unsoundness of mind; ( d ) a person entitled to rely on a defence of intoxication; or ( e ) a person entitled to rely on a defence of mistake of fact. [15/2019] (4) A ’s circumstances mentioned in subsections (1)( d ) and (2)( d ), include but is not limited to A ’s past or present experiences of suffering neglect, hurt, grievous hurt, sexual abuse or any injury to A ’s mental health as a result of an unlawful act by C . [15/2019] (5) Any person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) or (2) shall on conviction — ( a ) in the case where death is caused to the domestic worker or vulnerable person, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine which may extend to $20,000, or with both; and ( b ) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 4 years, or with fine which may extend to $4,000, or with both. [15/2019] (6) In this section — “domestic worker”, “employer”, “employment agent” and “member of the employer’s household” have the meanings given by section 73(4); “neglect” has the meaning given by section 304B(2); “sexual abuse” means abuse caused to a victim by the commission of a sexual offence within the meaning of section 2(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code 2010; “vulnerable person” has the meaning given by section 74A(5). [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s335B
section: 335B
title:
Punishment for act which endangers life or personal safety of others with knowledge or belief that it is likely to cause death

content:
335B. Whoever does any act, that endangers human life or the personal safety of others, knowing or believing that such act is likely to cause death, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s336
section: 336
title: Punishment for act which endangers life or the personal safety of others
content:
336. Whoever does any act so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others, shall be punished — ( a ) in the case of a rash act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,500, or with both; or ( b ) in the case of a negligent act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s337
section: 337
title: Causing hurt by an act which endangers life or the personal safety of others
content:
337. Whoever causes hurt to any person by doing any act so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others, shall be punished — ( a ) in the case of a rash act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both; or ( b ) in the case of a negligent act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,500, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s338
section: 338
title: Causing grievous hurt by an act which endangers life or the personal safety of others
content:
338. Whoever causes grievous hurt to any person by doing any act so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others, shall be punished — ( a ) in the case of a rash act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 4 years, or with fine which may extend to $10,000, or with both; or ( b ) in the case of a negligent act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both. Wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s339
section: 339
title: Wrongful restraint
content:
339. Whoever voluntarily obstructs any person, so as to prevent that person from proceeding in any direction in which that person has a right to proceed, is said wrongfully to restrain that person. Exception. —The obstruction of a private way over land or water which a person in good faith believes himself to have a lawful right to obstruct, is not an offence within the meaning of this section. Illustration A obstructs a path along which Z has a right to pass, A not believing in good faith that he has a right to stop the path. Z is thereby prevented from passing. A wrongfully restrains Z .


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s340
section: 340
title: Wrongful confinement
content:
340. Whoever wrongfully restrains any person in such a manner as to prevent that person from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits, is said “wrongfully to confine” that person. Illustrations ( a ) A causes Z to go within a walled space, and locks Z in. Z is thus prevented from proceeding in any direction beyond the circumscribing line of wall. A wrongfully confines Z . ( b ) A places men with firearms at the outlets of a building and tells Z that they will fire at Z if Z attempts to leave the building. A wrongfully confines Z .


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s341
section: 341
title: Punishment for wrongful restraint
content:
341. Whoever wrongfully restrains any person shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s342
section: 342
title: Punishment for wrongful confinement
content:
342. Whoever wrongfully confines any person shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] 343. [ Repealed by Act 15 of 2019 ] 344. [ Repealed by Act 15 of 2019 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s345
section: 345
title: Wrongful confinement of person for whose liberation a writ has been issued
content:
345. Whoever keeps any person in wrongful confinement, knowing that a writ for the liberation of that person has been duly issued, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, in addition to any term of imprisonment to which he may be liable under any other section of this Code.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s346
section: 346
title: Wrongful confinement in secret
content:
346. Whoever wrongfully confines any person in such a manner as to indicate an intention that the confinement of that person may not be known to any person interested in the person so confined, or to any public servant, or that the place of such confinement may not be known to or discovered by any such person or public servant as hereinbefore mentioned, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, in addition to any other punishment to which he may be liable for such wrongful confinement.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s347
section: 347
title: Wrongful confinement for the purpose of extorting property or constraining to an illegal act
content:
347. Whoever wrongfully confines any person for the purpose of extorting from the person confined, or from any person interested in the person confined, any property or valuable security, or of constraining the person confined, or any person interested in such person, to do anything illegal or to give any information which may facilitate the commission of an offence, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s348
section: 348
title:
Wrongful confinement for the purpose of extorting confession or of compelling restoration of property

content:
348. Whoever wrongfully confines any person for the purpose of extorting from the person confined, or from any person interested in the person confined, any confession or any information which may lead to the detection of an offence or misconduct, or for the purpose of constraining the person confined, or any person interested in the person confined, to restore, or to cause the restoration of any property or valuable security, or to satisfy any claim or demand, or to give information which may lead to the restoration of any property or valuable security, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, and shall also be liable to fine. Criminal force and assault


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s349
section: 349
title: Force
content:
349. A person is said to use force to another if he causes motion, change of motion, or cessation of motion to that other, or if he causes to any substance such motion, or change of motion, or cessation of motion as brings that substance into contact with any part of that other’s body, or with anything which that other is wearing or carrying, or with anything so situated that such contact affects that other’s sense of feeling: Provided that the person causing the motion, or change of motion, or cessation of motion, causes that motion, change of motion, or cessation of motion in one of the following 3 ways: ( a ) by his own bodily power; ( b ) by disposing any substance in such a manner that the motion, or change or cessation of motion, takes place without any further act on his part, or on the part of any other person; ( c ) by inducing any animal to move, to change its motion, or to cease to move.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s350
section: 350
title: Criminal force
content:
350. Whoever intentionally uses force to any person, without that person’s consent, in order to cause the committing of any offence, or intending by the use of such force illegally to cause, or knowing it to be likely that by the use of such force he will illegally cause injury, fear or annoyance to the person to whom the force is used, is said to use criminal force to that other. Illustrations ( a ) Z is sitting in a moored boat on a river. A unfastens the moorings, and thus intentionally causes the boat to drift down the stream. Here A intentionally causes motion to Z , and he does this by disposing substances in such a manner that the motion is produced without any other act on any person’s part. A has therefore intentionally used force to Z ; and if he has done so without Z ’s consent, in order to cause the committing of any offence, or intending or knowing it to be likely that this use of force will cause injury, fear or annoyance to Z , A has used criminal force to Z . ( b ) Z is riding a horse. A lashes Z ’s horse, and thereby causes it to quicken its pace. Here A has caused change of motion to Z by inducing the horse to change its motion. A has therefore used force to Z ; and if A has done this without Z ’s consent, intending or knowing it to be likely that he may thereby injure, frighten or annoy Z , A has used criminal force to Z . ( c ) Z is riding a horse. A , intending to cause hurt to Z , seizes the horse and stops it. Here A has caused cessation of motion to Z , and he has done this by his own bodily power. A has therefore used force to Z ; and as A has acted thus intentionally without Z ’s consent, in order to cause the commission of an offence, A has used criminal force to Z . ( d ) A intentionally pushes against Z in the street. Here A has by his own bodily power moved his own person so as to bring it into contact with Z . He has therefore intentionally used force to Z , and if he has done so without Z ’s consent, intending or knowing it to be likely that he may thereby injure, frighten or annoy Z , he has used criminal force to Z . ( e ) A throws a stone, intending or knowing it to be likely that the stone will be thus brought into contact with Z , or with Z ’s clothes, or with something carried by Z , or that it will strike water and dash up the water against Z ’s clothes, or something carried by Z . Here if the throwing of the stone produces the effect of causing any substance to come into contact with Z , or Z ’s clothes, A has used force to Z ; and if he has done so without Z ’s consent, intending thereby to injure, frighten or annoy Z , he has used criminal force to Z . ( f ) A intentionally pulls up a woman’s veil. Here A intentionally uses force to her; and if he does so without her consent, intending or knowing it to be likely that he may thereby injure, frighten or annoy her, he has used criminal force to her. ( g ) Z is bathing. A pours into the bath water which he knows to be boiling. Here A intentionally by his own bodily power causes such motion in the boiling water as brings that water into contact with Z , or with other water so situated that such contact must affect Z ’s sense of feeling; A has therefore intentionally used force to Z ; and if he has done this without Z ’s consent, intending or knowing it to be likely that he may thereby cause injury, fear or annoyance to Z , A has used criminal force to Z . ( h ) A incites a dog to spring upon Z , without Z ’s consent. Here, if A intends to cause injury, fear or annoyance to Z , he uses criminal force to Z .


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s351
section: 351
title: Assault
content:
351. Whoever makes any gesture or any preparation, intending or knowing it to be likely that such gesture or preparation will cause any person present to apprehend that he who makes that gesture or preparation is about to use criminal force to that person, is said to commit an assault. Explanation. — Mere words do not amount to an assault. But the words which a person uses may give to his gestures or preparations such a meaning as may make those gestures or preparations amount to an assault. Illustrations ( a ) A shakes his fist at Z , intending or knowing it to be likely that he may thereby cause Z to believe that A is about to strike Z . A has committed an assault. ( b ) A begins to unloose the muzzle of a ferocious dog, intending or knowing it to be likely that he may thereby cause Z to believe that he is about to cause the dog to attack Z. A has committed an assault upon Z . ( c ) A takes up a stick, saying to Z , “I will give you a beating”. Here, though the words used by A could in no case amount to an assault, and though the mere gesture, unaccompanied by any other circumstances might not amount to an assault, the gesture explained by the words may amount to an assault.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s352
section: 352
title: Punishment for using criminal force otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation
content:
352. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation given by that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both. Explanation. —Grave and sudden provocation will not mitigate the punishment for an offence under this section, if the provocation is sought or voluntarily provoked by the offender as an excuse for the offence; or if the offender knows or has reason to believe that the provocation is given by anything done in obedience to the law or by a public servant in the lawful exercise of the powers of such public servant; or [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] if the provocation is given by anything done in the lawful exercise of the right of private defence. Whether the provocation was grave and sudden enough to mitigate the offence, is a question of fact.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s353
section: 353
title: Using criminal force to deter a public servant from discharge of his duty
content:
353. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person being a public servant in the execution of his duty as such public servant, or with intent to prevent or deter that person from discharging his duty as such public servant, or in consequence of anything done or attempted to be done by such person in the lawful discharge of his duty as such public servant, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 4 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s354
section: 354
title: Assault or use of criminal force to a person with intent to outrage modesty
content:
354. —(1) Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage the modesty of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (2) Whoever commits an offence under subsection (1) against any person below 14 years of age shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s354A
section: 354A
title: Outraging modesty in certain circumstances
content:
354A. —(1) Whoever, in order to commit or to facilitate the commission of an offence against any person under section 354, voluntarily causes or attempts to cause to that person death, or hurt, or wrongful restraint, or fear of instant death, instant hurt or instant wrongful restraint, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 2 years and not more than 10 years and with caning. (2) Whoever commits an offence under subsection (1) — ( a ) in a lift in any building; or ( b ) against any person below 14 years of age, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 3 years and not more than 10 years and with caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s355
section: 355
title: Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation
content:
355. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person, intending thereby to dishonour that person, otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation given by that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Explanation. — This section is subject to the same explanation as section 352. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s356
section: 356
title:
Assault or criminal force in committing or attempting to commit theft of property carried by a person

content:
356. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force on any person, in committing or attempting to commit theft of any property which that person is then wearing or carrying, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than one year and not more than 7 years, and shall also be liable to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s357
section: 357
title: Assault or criminal force in attempting wrongfully to confine a person
content:
357. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person, in attempting wrongfully to confine that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $3,000, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s358
section: 358
title: Assaulting or using criminal force on grave and sudden provocation
content:
358. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person on grave and sudden provocation given by that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,000, or with both. Explanation. —This section is subject to the same explanation as section 352. Kidnapping, abduction, slavery and forced labour


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s360
section: 360
title: Kidnapping from Singapore
content:
360. Whoever conveys any person beyond the limits of Singapore without the consent of that person, or of some person legally authorised to consent on behalf of that person, is said to kidnap that person from Singapore.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s361
section: 361
title: Kidnapping from lawful guardianship
content:
361. Whoever takes or entices any minor below 16 years of age, or any person of unsound mind, out of the keeping of the lawful guardian of such minor or person of unsound mind, without the consent of such guardian, is said to kidnap such minor or person from lawful guardianship. Explanation. —The words “lawful guardian” in this section include any person lawfully entrusted with the care or custody of such minor or other person. Exception. —This section does not extend to the act of any person who in good faith believes himself to be the father of an illegitimate child or who in good faith believes himself to be entitled to the lawful custody of such child, unless such act is committed for an immoral or unlawful purpose. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s362
section: 362
title: Abduction
content:
362. Whoever by force compels, or by any deceitful means induces any person to go from any place, is said to abduct that person.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s363
section: 363
title: Punishment for kidnapping
content:
363. Whoever kidnaps any person from Singapore or from lawful guardianship, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s363A
section: 363A
title: Punishment for abduction
content:
363A. Whoever abducts any person shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s364
section: 364
title: Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder
content:
364. Whoever kidnaps or abducts any person in order that such person may be murdered, or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered, shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life and shall, if he is not sentenced to death, also be liable to caning. Illustrations ( a ) A kidnaps Z from Singapore, intending or knowing it to be likely that Z may be sacrificed to an idol. A has committed the offence defined in this section. ( b ) A forcibly carries or entices B away from his home in order that B may be murdered. A has committed the offence defined in this section. 364A. [ Repealed by Act 19 of 2010 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s365
section: 365
title: Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine a person
content:
365. Whoever kidnaps or abducts any person with intent to cause that person to be secretly and wrongfully confined, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s366
section: 366
title: Kidnapping or abducting a woman to compel her marriage, etc.
content:
366. Whoever kidnaps or abducts any woman with intent that she may be compelled, or knowing it to be likely that she will be compelled to marry any person against her will, or in order that she may be forced or seduced to illicit intercourse, or to a life of prostitution, or knowing it to be likely that she will be forced or seduced to illicit intercourse, or to a life of prostitution, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s367
section: 367
title: Kidnapping or abducting in order to subject a person to grievous hurt, slavery, etc.
content:
367. Whoever kidnaps or abducts any person in order that such person may be subjected, or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being subjected to grievous hurt or slavery, or to non‑consensual penile penetration of the anus or mouth, or knowing it to be likely that such person will be so subjected or disposed of, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s368
section: 368
title: Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement a kidnapped person
content:
368. Whoever, knowing that any person has been kidnapped or has been abducted, wrongfully conceals or keeps such person in confinement, shall be punished in the same manner as if he had kidnapped or abducted such person with the same intention or knowledge or for the same purpose as that with or for which he conceals or detains such person in confinement. 369. [ Repealed by Act 15 of 2019 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s370
section: 370
title: Buying or disposing of any person as a slave
content:
370. Whoever imports, exports, removes, buys, sells or disposes of any person as a slave, or accepts, receives or detains against his will any person as a slave, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s371
section: 371
title: Habitual dealing in slaves
content:
371. Whoever habitually imports, exports, removes, buys, sells, traffics or deals in slaves, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s372
section: 372
title: Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
content:
372. Whoever sells, lets to hire, or otherwise disposes of any person below 21 years of age with intent that such person shall at any age be employed or used for the purpose of prostitution or illicit intercourse with any person or for any unlawful and immoral purpose, or knowing it to be likely that such person will at any age be employed or used for any such purpose, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation. —When a female below 21 years of age is sold, let for hire, or otherwise disposed of to a prostitute or to any person who keeps or manages a brothel, the person so disposing of such female shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed to have disposed of her with the intent that she shall be used for the purpose of prostitution.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s373
section: 373
title: Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
content:
373. Whoever buys, hires or otherwise obtains possession of any person below 21 years of age with intent that such person shall at any age be employed or used for the purpose of prostitution or illicit intercourse with any person or for any unlawful and immoral purpose, or knowing it to be likely that such person will at any age be employed or used for any such purpose, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation. —Any prostitute, or any person keeping or managing a brothel, who buys, hires or otherwise obtains possession of a female below 21 years of age shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed to have obtained possession of such female with the intent that she shall be used for the purpose of prostitution.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s373A
section: 373A
title: Importing woman for purposes of prostitution, etc.
content:
373A. Whoever — ( a ) by any false pretence, false representation, or fraudulent or deceitful means, brings, or assists in bringing, into Singapore any woman with intent that such woman may be employed or used for the purpose of prostitution; ( b ) brings, or assists in bringing, into Singapore any woman with intent that such woman may be sold or bought for the purpose of prostitution; or ( c ) sells or buys any woman for the purpose of prostitution, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s374
section: 374
title: Unlawful compulsory labour
content:
374. Whoever unlawfully compels any person to labour against the will of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both. Sexual offences


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s375
section: 375
title: Rape
content:
375. —(1) Any man who penetrates the vagina of a woman with his penis — ( a ) without her consent; or ( b ) with or without her consent, when she is below 14 years of age, shall be guilty of an offence. (1A) Any man ( A ) who penetrates, with A ’s penis, the anus or mouth of another person ( B ) — ( a ) without B ’s consent; or ( b ) with or without B ’s consent, when B is below 14 years of age, shall be guilty of an offence. [15/2019] (2) Subject to subsection (3), a man who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. (3) Whoever — ( a ) in order to commit or to facilitate the commission of an offence under subsection (1) or (1A) — (i) voluntarily causes hurt to any person; or (ii) puts a person in fear of death or hurt to that person or any other person; ( b ) commits an offence under subsection (1) or (1A) against a person below 14 years of age without that person’s consent; or ( c ) commits an offence under subsection (1) or (1A) against a person below 14 years of age with whom the offender is in a relationship that is exploitative of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 8 years and not more than 20 years and shall also be punished with caning of not less than 12 strokes. [15/2019] (4) No man shall be guilty of an offence under subsection (1)( b ) or (1A)( b ) for an act of penetration against his wife with her consent. [15/2019] (5) Despite section 79, no man shall be guilty of an offence under subsection (1)( a ) or (1A)( a ) if he proves that by reason of mistake of fact in good faith, he believed that the act of penetration against a person was done with consent. [15/2019] (6) No man shall be punished under subsection (3)( b ) if he proves that by reason of mistake of fact in good faith, he believed that the act of penetration against a person below 14 years of age was done with consent. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376
section: 376
title: Sexual assault involving penetration
content:
376. —(1) [ Deleted by Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022 ] (2) Any person ( A ) who — ( a ) sexually penetrates, with a part of A ’s body (other than A ’s penis, if a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of another person ( B ); ( b ) causes a man ( B ) to penetrate, with B ’s penis, the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of another person including A ; or ( c ) causes another person ( B ), to sexually penetrate, with a part of B ’s body (other than B ’s penis, if a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of any person including A or B , shall be guilty of an offence if B did not consent to the penetration or if B is below 14 years of age, whether B did or did not consent to the penetration. [15/2019] (3) Subject to subsection (4), a person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. (4) Whoever — ( a ) in order to commit or to facilitate the commission of an offence under subsection (2) — (i) voluntarily causes hurt to any person; or (ii) puts any person in fear of death or hurt to himself or any other person; [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( b ) commits an offence under subsection (2) against a person below 14 years of age without that person’s consent; or [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( c ) commits an offence under subsection (2) against a person below 14 years of age with whom the offender is in a relationship that is exploitative of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 8 years and not more than 20 years and shall also be punished with caning with not less than 12 strokes. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (5) No person shall be guilty of an offence under subsection (2) — ( a ) for an act of penetration against his or her spouse with the consent of that spouse; or ( b ) if despite section 79, that person proves that by reason of mistake of fact in good faith, the person believed that B mentioned in those subsections did consent to the penetration and B was not below 14 years of age. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (6) No person shall be punished under subsection (4)( b ) if the person proves that by reason of mistake of fact in good faith, the person believed that the act of penetration against a person below 14 years of age was done with consent. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376A
section: 376A
title: Sexual penetration of minor below 16 years of age
content:
376A. —(1) Any person ( A ) who — ( a ) penetrates, with A ’s penis, the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of a person below 16 years of age ( B ); ( b ) sexually penetrates, with a part of A ’s body (other than A ’s penis, if a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of a person below 16 years of age ( B ); ( c ) causes a man below 16 years of age ( B ) to penetrate, with B ’s penis, the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of another person including A ; or ( d ) causes a person below 16 years of age ( B ) to sexually penetrate, with a part of B ’s body (other than B ’s penis, if a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of any person including A or B , shall be guilty of an offence. [15/2019] (1A) This section does not apply to an act of penetration mentioned in subsection (1) which would constitute an offence under section 375(1)( a ), 375(1)( b ) read with section 375(3), 375(1A)( a ), 375(1A)( b ) read with section 375(3), 376(2) (if the victim B is of or above 14 years of age) or 376(2) (if the victim B is below 14 years of age) read with section 376(4). [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (1B) To avoid doubt — ( a ) it is not necessary for the prosecution to prove that B did consent to an act of penetration mentioned in subsection (1); and ( b ) it is not a defence that B did consent to that act. [15/2019] (2) Whoever commits an offence under this section against a person ( B ) who is of or above 14 years of age but below 16 years of age — ( a ) in a case where the offender is in a relationship that is exploitative of B , shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning; and ( b ) in any other case, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] (3) Whoever commits an offence under this section against a person ( B ) who is below 14 years of age shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. (4) No person shall be guilty of an offence under this section for an act of penetration against his or her spouse with the consent of that spouse.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376AA
section: 376AA
title: Exploitative sexual penetration of minor of or above 16 but below 18 years of age
content:
376AA. —(1) Any person ( A ) who is in a relationship that is exploitative of a person of or above 16 years of age but below 18 years of age ( B ) shall be guilty of an offence if A — ( a ) penetrates, with A ’s penis, if A is a man, the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of B ; ( b ) sexually penetrates, with a part of A ’s body (other than A ’s penis, if A is a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of B ; ( c ) causes B , if a man, to penetrate, with B ’s penis, the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of another person including A ; or ( d ) causes B to sexually penetrate, with a part of B ’s body (other than B ’s penis, if B is a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of any person including A or B . [15/2019] (2) For the purposes of subsection (1) — ( a ) it is not necessary for the prosecution to prove that B did or did not consent to the act mentioned in that subsection; and ( b ) to avoid doubt, it is not a defence that B did consent to that act. [15/2019] (3) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376B
section: 376B
title: Commercial sex with minor below 18 years of age
content:
376B. —(1) Any person who obtains for consideration the sexual services of a person, who is below 18 years of age, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both. (2) Any person who communicates with another person for the purpose of obtaining for consideration, the sexual services of a person who is below 18 years of age, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. (3) No person shall be guilty of an offence under this section for any sexual services obtained from that person’s spouse. (4) In this section, “sexual services” means any sexual services involving — ( a ) sexual penetration of the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of a person by a part of another person’s body (other than the penis) or by anything else; ( b ) penetration of the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of a person by a man’s penis; or ( c ) touching which is sexual of another person or of himself or herself. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376C
section: 376C
title: Commercial sex with minor below 18 years of age outside Singapore
content:
376C. —(1) Any person, being a citizen or a permanent resident of Singapore, who does, outside Singapore, any act that would, if done in Singapore, constitute an offence under section 376B, shall be guilty of an offence. (1A) To avoid doubt, any person ( A ) who does in Singapore, any act involving a person below 18 years of age ( B ) who is outside Singapore, that would if B were in Singapore constitute an offence under section 376B, shall be guilty of an offence. [15/2019] (1B) Any person who does outside Singapore, any act involving a person below 18 years of age who is in Singapore, that would if done in Singapore constitute an offence under section 376B, shall be guilty of an offence. [15/2019] (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with the same punishment with which he would have been punished had he been convicted of an offence under section 376B. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376D
section: 376D
title: Tour outside Singapore for commercial sex with minor below 18 years of age
content:
376D. —(1) Any person who — ( a ) makes or organises any travel arrangements for or on behalf of any other person with the intention of facilitating the commission by that other person of an offence under section 376C, whether or not such an offence is actually committed by that other person; ( b ) transports any other person to a place outside Singapore with the intention of facilitating the commission by that other person of an offence under section 376C, whether or not such an offence is actually committed by that other person; or ( c ) prints, publishes or distributes any information that is intended to promote conduct that would constitute an offence under section 376C, or to assist any other person to engage in such conduct, shall be guilty of an offence. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1)( c ), the publication of information means publication of information by any means, whether by written, electronic, or other form of communication. (3) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, or with fine, or with both.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376E
section: 376E
title: Sexual grooming of minor below 16 years of age
content:
376E. —(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if having met or communicated with another person ( B ) on at least one previous occasion — ( a ) A intentionally meets B or travels with the intention of meeting B or B travels to attend a meeting with A which A has either initiated or agreed to whether expressly or by implication; and ( b ) at the time of the acts referred to in paragraph ( a ) — (i) A intends to do anything to or in respect of B , during or after the meeting, which if done will involve the commission by A of a relevant offence; (ii) B is below 16 years of age; and (iii) A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above 16 years of age. [15/2019] (2) In subsection (1), “relevant offence” means an offence under — ( a ) section 354, 354A, 355, 372, 373, 373A, 375, 376, 376A, 376B, 376C, 376EB, 376ED, 376F, 376H, 377(1)( e ), ( f ), ( g ) or ( h ), 377B(3), 377BA, 377BB, 377BF, 377BG or 377BH; [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] [Act 39 of 2022 wef 03/01/2023] ( b ) section 8 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1993; or ( c ) section 140(1) of the Women’s Charter 1961. [15/2019] (3) For the purposes of this section, it is immaterial whether the previous occasion of A having met or communicated with B referred to in subsection (1) took place in or outside Singapore. [15/2019] (4) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall on conviction — ( a ) in the case where the offence is committed against a victim who is below 14 years of age and A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above that age, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 4 years, or with fine, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376EA
section: 376EA
title: Exploitative sexual grooming of minor of or above 16 but below 18 years of age
content:
376EA. —(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if having met or communicated with another person ( B ) on at least one previous occasion — ( a ) A intentionally meets B or travels with the intention of meeting B or B travels to attend a meeting with A which A has either initiated or agreed to whether expressly or by implication; and ( b ) at the time of the acts mentioned in paragraph ( a ) — (i) A intends to do anything to or in respect of B , during or after the meeting, which if done will involve the commission by A of a relevant offence; (ii) B is of or above 16 but below 18 years of age; (iii) A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above 18 years of age; and (iv) A is in a relationship that is exploitative of B . [15/2019] (2) In subsection (1), “relevant offence” means an offence under — ( a ) section 354, 354A, 355, 372, 373, 373A, 375, 376, 376AA, 376B, 376C, 376EC, 376EE, 376F, 376G, 376H, 377(1)( e ), ( f ), ( g ) or ( h ), 377B(3), 377BA, 377BB, 377BF or 377BL; [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] [Act 39 of 2022 wef 03/01/2023] ( b ) section 140(1) of the Women’s Charter 1961; or [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( c ) section 7 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1 . 1 Section 7 of the Children and Young Persons Act is to be construed as section 8 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1993, according to section 20(1) of the Revised Edition of the Laws Act 1983. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (3) For the purposes of this section, it is immaterial whether the previous occasion of A having met or communicated with B mentioned in subsection (1) took place in or outside Singapore. [15/2019] (4) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376EB
section: 376EB
title: Sexual communication with minor below 16 years of age
content:
376EB. —(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person ( B ) humiliation, alarm or distress, A intentionally communicated with B ; ( b ) the communication is sexual; ( c ) at the time of the communication, B is below 16 years of age; and ( d ) A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above 16 years of age. [15/2019] (2) For the purposes of this section, it is immaterial — ( a ) whether B replied or responded to A ’s communication mentioned in subsection (1); and ( b ) whether such communication originated in Singapore provided that either A or B was in Singapore at the time of such communication. [15/2019] (3) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall — ( a ) in the case where the offence is committed against a victim who is below 14 years of age and A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above that age, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] (4) No person shall be guilty of an offence under this section for any communication with his or her spouse with the consent of that spouse. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376EC
section: 376EC
title: Exploitative sexual communication with minor of or above 16 but below 18 years of age
content:
376EC. —(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person ( B ) humiliation, alarm or distress, A intentionally communicated with B ; ( b ) the communication is sexual; ( c ) at the time of the communication, B is of or above 16 but below 18 years of age; ( d ) A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above 18 years of age; and ( e ) B is in a relationship with A that is exploitative of B . [15/2019] (2) For the purposes of this section, it is immaterial — ( a ) whether B replied or responded to A ’s communication mentioned in subsection (1); and ( b ) whether such communication originated in Singapore provided that either A or B was in Singapore at the time of such communication. [15/2019] (3) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376ED
section: 376ED
title: Sexual activity or image in presence of minor below 16 years of age
content:
376ED. —(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person ( B ) humiliation, alarm or distress, A intentionally engages in an activity; ( b ) the activity is sexual; ( c ) A engages in the activity — (i) when B is present or is in a place from which A can be observed; (ii) when either A or B is or both are in Singapore; and (iii) knowing or believing that B is aware, or intending that B should be aware, that A is engaging in it; ( d ) B is below 16 years of age; and ( e ) A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above 16 years of age. [15/2019] (2) Any person of or above 18 years of age ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person ( B ) humiliation, alarm or distress, A intentionally causes B to observe an image; ( b ) the image is sexual; ( c ) B is below 16 years of age; ( d ) A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above 16 years of age; and ( e ) either A or B is or both are in Singapore. [15/2019] (3) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall — ( a ) in the case where the offence is committed against a victim who is below 14 years of age and A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above that age, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; or ( b ) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (4) No person shall be guilty of an offence under this section against B if B is his or her spouse with the consent of that spouse. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376EE
section: 376EE
title: Exploitative sexual activity or image in presence of minor of or above 16 but below 18 years of age
content:
376EE. —(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person ( B ) humiliation, alarm or distress, A intentionally engages in an activity; ( b ) the activity is sexual; ( c ) A engages in the activity — (i) when B is present or is in a place from which A can be observed; (ii) when either A or B is or both are in Singapore; and (iii) knowing or believing that B is aware, or intending that B should be aware, that A is engaging in it; ( d ) B is of or above 16 but below 18 years of age; ( e ) A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above 18 years of age; and ( f ) A is in a relationship with B that is exploitative of B . [15/2019] (2) Any person of or above 18 years of age ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person ( B ) humiliation, alarm or distress, A intentionally causes B to observe an image; ( b ) the image is sexual; ( c ) B is of or above 16 but below 18 years of age; ( d ) A does not reasonably believe that B is of or above 18 years of age; ( e ) A is in a relationship with B that is exploitative of B ; and ( f ) either A or B is or both are in Singapore. [15/2019] (3) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376F
section: 376F
title: Procurement of sexual activity with person with mental disability
content:
376F. —(1) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) A intentionally touches another person ( B ) or intentionally incites B to touch A or B or another person; ( b ) the touching is sexual and B consents to the touching; ( c ) A obtains B ’s consent — (i) where B is not A ’s spouse, by means of an inducement offered or given, a threat made or a deception practised by A for that purpose; or (ii) where B is A ’s spouse, by means of a threat made or a deception practised by A for that purpose; ( ca ) B has a mental disability; and ( d ) A knows or could reasonably be expected to know that B has a mental disability. [15/2019] (2) Subject to subsection (3), a person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments. [27/2018] (3) If the touching involved — ( a ) penetration of the vagina or anus, as the case may be, with a part of the body or anything else; or ( b ) penetration of the mouth with the penis, a person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to a fine or to caning. [27/2018] (4) [ Deleted by Act 15 of 2019 ] (5) For the purposes of this section, “mental disability” means an impairment of or a disturbance in the functioning of the mind or brain resulting from any disability or disorder of the mind or brain which impairs the ability to make a proper judgement in the giving of consent to sexual touching. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376G
section: 376G
title: Incest
content:
376G. —(1) Any person ( A ) of or above 16 years of age who — ( a ) penetrates, with A ’s penis, the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of a person of or above 16 years of age who is a close family relative ( B ); ( b ) sexually penetrates, with a part of A ’s body (other than A ’s penis, if A is a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of a person of or above 16 years of age who is a close family relative ( B ); ( c ) causes or permits a man of or above 16 years of age who is a close family relative ( B ) to penetrate, with B ’s penis, the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of A ; or ( d ) causes or permits a person of or above 16 years of age who is a close family relative ( B ) to sexually penetrate, with a part of B ’s body (other than B ’s penis, if B is a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of A , knowing that B is a close family relative, shall be guilty of an offence. [15/2019] (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), B is a close family relative of A if B is A ’s grandchild, child, sibling, half‑sibling, parent or grandparent (whether such relationship is or is not traced through lawful wedlock). [15/2019] (3) A person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years. [15/2019] (4) This section does not apply to an act of penetration mentioned in subsection (1) which would constitute an offence under section 375(1)( a ), 375(1A)( a ), 376(2) or 376AA(1). [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (5) To avoid doubt — ( a ) it is not necessary for the prosecution to prove that B did consent to the act of penetration mentioned in subsection (1); and ( b ) it is not a defence that B did consent to that act. [15/2019] (6) A person below 18 years of age who is a victim of an offence under section 376AA is not guilty of an offence under this section in respect of the same acts constituting the offence under that section. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s376H
section: 376H
title: Procurement of sexual activity by deception or false representation
content:
376H. —(1) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence if — ( a ) A intentionally touches another person ( B ) or intentionally incites B to — (i) touch A or the bodily fluids of A ; (ii) touch B ; (iii) touch another person ( C ) or the bodily fluids of C ; or (iv) be touched by C ; [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( b ) the touching is sexual and B consents to the touching; ( c ) A fraudulently obtains B ’s consent by means of deception or false representation practised or made by A for that purpose; ( d ) the deception or false representation mentioned in paragraph ( c ) relates to — (i) the use or manner of use of any sexually protective measure; or (ii) the risk of B contracting a sexually transmitted disease from the touching; and [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( e ) A knows or has reason to believe that the consent was given in consequence of such deception or false representation. [15/2019] (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall — ( a ) in the case where the sexual touching mentioned in that subsection involved — (i) penetration of the vagina or anus (as the case may be) with a part of the body or anything else; or (ii) penetration of the mouth with the penis, be punished on conviction with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, or with fine, or with caning, or any combination of such punishments; and ( b ) in any other case, be punished on conviction with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] (3) For the purposes of subsection (1) — ( a ) a person makes a false representation if it is untrue or misleading, and that person knows that it is, or might be, untrue or misleading; ( b ) a representation may be express or implied; and ( c ) a “sexually protective measure” means — (i) where B is female, a device, drug or medical procedure to prevent pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases as a result of sexual intercourse; or (ii) where B is male, a device, drug or medical procedure to prevent sexually transmitted diseases as a result of sexual intercourse. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377
section: 377
title: Sexual penetration, etc., of a corpse
content:
377. —(1) A person ( A ) who — ( a ) penetrates, with A ’s penis, the vagina, anus or mouth of a human corpse; ( b ) sexually penetrates, with a part of A ’s body (other than A ’s penis, if A is a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus of a human corpse; ( c ) causes A ’s vagina, anus or mouth to be penetrated by the penis of a human corpse; ( d ) causes A ’s vagina or anus to be sexually penetrated by a part of a human corpse (other than the penis, if the human corpse is that of a deceased man); ( e ) causes a person ( B ) to penetrate, with B ’s penis (if B is a man), the vagina, anus or mouth of a human corpse, without B ’s consent; ( f ) causes B to sexually penetrate, with a part of B ’s body (other than B ’s penis, if B is a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus of a human corpse, without B ’s consent; ( g ) causes B ’s vagina, anus or mouth to be penetrated by the penis of a human corpse, without B ’s consent; or ( h ) causes B ’s vagina or anus to be sexually penetrated by a part of a human corpse (other than the penis, if the human corpse is that of a deceased man), without B ’s consent, shall be guilty of an offence. (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1)( a ), ( b ), ( c ) or ( d ) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term that may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both. (3) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1)( e ), ( f ), ( g ) or ( h ) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term that may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] 377A. [ Repealed by Act 39 of 2022 wef 03/01/2023 ]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377B
section: 377B
title: Sexual penetration with living animal
content:
377B. —(1) Any person ( A ) who — ( a ) penetrates, with A ’s penis, the vagina, anus or any orifice of an animal; or ( b ) causes or permits A ’s vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, to be penetrated by the penis of an animal, shall be guilty of an offence. (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. (3) Any person ( A ) who — ( a ) causes any man ( B ) to penetrate, with B ’s penis, the vagina, anus or any orifice of an animal; or ( b ) causes the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of another person ( B ) to be penetrated with the penis of an animal, shall be guilty of an offence if B did not consent to the penetration. (4) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (3) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BA
section: 377BA
title: Word or gesture intended to insult modesty of any person
content:
377BA. Whoever, intending to insult the modesty of any person, utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object, intending that such word or sound will be heard, or that such gesture or object will be seen by such person, or intrudes upon the privacy of such person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BB
section: 377BB
title: Voyeurism
content:
377BB. —(1) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) intentionally observes another person ( B ) doing a private act without B ’s consent; and ( b ) knows or has reason to believe that B does not consent to being observed. [15/2019] (2) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) operates equipment with the intention of enabling A or another person to observe a third person ( B ) doing a private act without B ’s consent; and ( b ) knows or has reason to believe that B (whether B ’s private act was recorded or not) does not consent to A operating equipment with that intention. [15/2019] (3) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) intentionally or knowingly records another person ( B ) doing a private act without B ’s consent; and ( b ) knows or has reason to believe that B does not consent to A recording the act. [15/2019] (4) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) operates equipment without another person’s ( B ) consent with the intention of enabling A or another person ( C ) to observe B ’s genital region, breasts if B is female, or buttocks (whether exposed or covered) in circumstances where the genital region, breasts, buttocks or underwear would not otherwise be visible; and [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( b ) knows or has reason to believe that B (whether B ’s image was recorded or not) does not consent to A operating the equipment with that intention. [15/2019] (5) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) intentionally or knowingly records without another person’s ( B ) consent an image of B ’s genital region, breasts if B is female, or buttocks (whether exposed or covered), in circumstances where the genital region, breasts, buttocks or underwear would not otherwise be visible; and [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( b ) knows or has reason to believe that B does not consent to A recording the image. [15/2019] (6) Any person ( A ) who installs equipment, or constructs or adapts a structure or part of a structure, with the intention of enabling A or another person to commit an offence under subsection (1), (2), (3), (4) or (5) shall be guilty of an offence. [15/2019] (7) Subject to subsection (8), a person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments. [15/2019] (8) A person who commits an offence under this section against a person who is below 14 years of age shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (9) In any proceedings for an offence under this section, where a person ( A ) has made a recording of another person ( B ) doing a private act or of B ’s genital region, breasts if B is female, or buttocks (whether exposed or covered), in circumstances where the genital region, breasts or buttocks would not otherwise be visible, it is presumed until the contrary is proved that B did not consent to A making the recording. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BC
section: 377BC
title: Distribution of voyeuristic image or recording
content:
377BC. —(1) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) intentionally or knowingly distributes an image or recording of another person ( B ) without B ’s consent to the distribution; ( b ) knowing or having reason to believe that the image or recording was obtained through the commission of an offence under section 377BB; and ( c ) knows or has reason to believe that B does not consent to the distribution. [15/2019] (2) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) intentionally or knowingly has in his possession an image or recording of another person ( B ) for the purpose of distribution without B ’s consent to the distribution; ( b ) knowing or having reason to believe that the image or recording was obtained through the commission of an offence under section 377BB; and ( c ) knows or has reason to believe that B does not consent to the distribution. [15/2019] (3) Subject to subsection (4), a person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) or (2) shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with caning, or any combination of such punishments. [15/2019] (4) Where the image or recording in subsection (1) or (2) is of a person below 14 years of age, a person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) or (2) shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BD
section: 377BD
title: Possession of or gaining access to voyeuristic or intimate image or recording
content:
377BD. —(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who has in his possession or has gained access to an image or recording of another person and — ( a ) knows or has reason to believe that the image or recording was obtained through the commission of an offence under section 377BB; or ( b ) knows or has reason to believe that — (i) the image or recording is an intimate image or recording as defined in section 377BE(5); (ii) the possession of or access to the image or recording was without the consent of the person depicted in the image or recording; and (iii) the possession of or access to the image or recording will or is likely to cause humiliation, alarm or distress to the person depicted in the image or recording. [15/2019] (2) Subject to subsection (3), a person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] (3) Where the image or recording mentioned in subsection (1)( a ) is of a person below 14 years of age, a person who is guilty of an offence under this section shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (4) For the purposes of subsection (1) — ( a ) a person has in his possession an image or recording of another person that is in electronic form if he controls access to the electronic image or recording, whether or not he has physical possession of the electronic image or recording; and ( b ) the ways in which a person gains access to an image or recording may include — (i) viewing or displaying it by an electronic medium or any other output of the image by an electronic medium; or (ii) communicating, sending, supplying or transmitting the image to himself or herself. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BE
section: 377BE
title: Distributing or threatening to distribute intimate image or recording
content:
377BE. —(1) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) intentionally or knowingly distributes an intimate image or recording of another person ( B ); ( b ) without B ’s consent to the distribution; and ( c ) knows or has reason to believe that the distribution will or is likely to cause B humiliation, alarm or distress. [15/2019] (2) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) knowingly threatens the distribution of an intimate image or recording of another person ( B ); ( b ) without B ’s consent to the distribution; and ( c ) knows or has reason to believe that the threat will or is likely to cause B humiliation, alarm or distress. [15/2019] (3) Subject to subsection (4), a person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) or (2) shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments. [15/2019] (4) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) or (2) against a person ( B ) who is below 14 years of age shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (5) In this section, “intimate image or recording”, in relation to a person ( B ) — ( a ) means an image or recording — (i) of B ’s genital or anal region, whether bare or covered by underwear; (ii) of B ’s breasts if B is female, whether bare or covered by underwear; or (iii) of B doing a private act; and ( b ) includes an image or recording, in any form, that has been altered to appear to show any of the things mentioned in paragraph ( a ) but excludes an image so altered that no reasonable person would believe that it depicts B . Illustrations ( a ) A copies, crops, and pastes an image of B ’s face onto the image of a body of a person who is engaging in a sexual act. This image has been altered to appear to show that B actually engaged in a sexual act. This is an intimate image. ( b ) A pastes an image of B ’s face on a cartoon depicting B performing a sexual act on C . No reasonable person would believe that B was performing the sexual act depicted on C . This is not an intimate image. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BF
section: 377BF
title: Sexual exposure
content:
377BF. —(1) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person ( B ) humiliation, alarm or distress, intentionally exposes A ’s genitals; ( b ) intends that B will see A ’s genitals; and ( c ) does so without B ’s consent. [15/2019] (2) Any person ( A ) shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person ( B ) humiliation, alarm or distress, intentionally distributes to B an image of A ’s or any other person’s genitals; ( b ) intends that B will see A ’s or the other person’s genitals; and ( c ) does so without B ’s consent. [15/2019] (3) Subject to subsection (4), a person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) or (2) shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019] (4) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) or (2) against a person ( B ) who is below 14 years of age shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BG
section: 377BG
title: Using or involving child in production of child abuse material
content:
377BG. —(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) uses a person who is below 16 years of age for the production of material which he knows or has reason to believe is child abuse material; ( b ) causes or procures a person of that age to be so used; or ( c ) having the care or custody of a person of that age, consents to the person being so used or allows the person to be so used. [15/2019] (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (3) For the purposes of subsection (1) — ( a ) a person may have the care of a person below 16 years of age without necessarily being entitled by law to have the custody of the child; ( b ) the ways in which material is produced may include — (i) filming, printing, photographing, recording, drawing or otherwise generating material; (ii) altering or manipulating material; or (iii) reproducing or copying material; and ( c ) the ways in which a person may be used in the production of material include inviting or encouraging the person to be involved, or offering the person to be involved, in the production of the material. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BH
section: 377BH
title: Producing child abuse material
content:
377BH. —(1) Any person who intentionally produces child abuse material knowing or having reason to believe that the material is child abuse material shall be guilty of an offence. [15/2019] (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (3) For the purposes of subsection (1), the ways in which material is produced may include — ( a ) filming, printing, photographing, recording, writing, drawing or otherwise generating material; ( b ) altering or manipulating material; or ( c ) reproducing or copying material. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BI
section: 377BI
title: Distributing or selling child abuse material
content:
377BI. —(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) distributes or sells or offers for sale child abuse material or has in the person’s possession child abuse material for the purpose of such distribution, sale or offer for sale; and ( b ) knows or has reason to believe that the material is child abuse material. [15/2019] (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BJ
section: 377BJ
title: Advertising or seeking child abuse material
content:
377BJ. —(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) for the purposes of distributing or selling or offering for sale any child abuse material advertises the material; and ( b ) knows or has reason to believe that the material is child abuse material. [15/2019] (2) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) announces or otherwise makes known by any means any offer or purported offer to acquire, buy or gain access to any child abuse material; and ( b ) knows or has reason to believe that the material is child abuse material. [15/2019] (3) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) or (2) shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (4) In subsection (1), “advertise”, in relation to child abuse material, includes — ( a ) exhibiting, displaying or supplying any advertising material relating to the material; ( b ) announcing by any means any offer to sell or distribute the material; or ( c ) distributing or circulating any advertisement relating to the material. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BK
section: 377BK
title: Possession of or gaining access to child abuse material
content:
377BK. —(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who — ( a ) has in the person’s possession or has gained access to child abuse material; and ( b ) knows or has reason to believe that the material is child abuse material. [15/2019] (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (3) For the purposes of subsection (1) — ( a ) a person has in the person’s possession child abuse material that is electronic material if the person controls access to the material whether or not the person has physical possession of the electronic material; and ( b ) the ways in which a person gains access to material may include viewing material or displaying material by an electronic medium or any other output of the material by an electronic medium. Illustration Y has an online storage account for electronic material accessible with a username and password. Y has control of what is stored in the account and can upload to, copy from or delete material from the account. Y has an electronic folder in the account to which Y uploads and stores electronic child abuse material. Y has in his possession child abuse material. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BL
section: 377BL
title: Exploitation by abusive material of minor of or above 16 but below 18 years of age
content:
377BL. —(1) This section applies only where a person ( A ) is in a relationship with another person ( B ) who is of or above 16 but below 18 years of age, that is exploitative of B . [15/2019] (2) A person ( A ) who uses B for the production of material which A knows or has reason to believe is abusive material or causes or procures B to be so used shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (3) A person ( A ) who intentionally produces abusive material of B shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (4) A person ( A ) who distributes or sells or offers for sale abusive material of B or has in A ’s possession abusive material of B for the purpose of such distribution, sale or offer for sale; and knowing or having reason to believe that the material is abusive material of B shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [15/2019] (5) For the purposes of this section — ( a ) the ways in which material is produced may include — (i) filming, printing, photographing, recording, writing, drawing or otherwise generating material; (ii) altering or manipulating material; or (iii) reproducing or copying material; and ( b ) the ways in which a person may be used in the production of material include inviting or encouraging the person to be involved, or offering the person to be involved, in the production of the material. [15/2019] (6) In this section, “abusive material”, in relation to B , means material that depicts — ( a ) an image of B — (i) as a victim of torture, cruelty or physical abuse (whether or not the torture, cruelty or abuse is sexual); (ii) as a victim of sexual abuse; (iii) engaged in, or apparently engaging in, a sexual pose or sexual activity (whether or not in the presence of another person); or (iv) in the presence of another person who is engaged in, or apparently engaged in a sexual pose or sexual activity; ( b ) the genital region or buttocks (whether exposed or covered) of B , where the depiction is sexual and in circumstances (whether or not apparent from the depiction) which reasonable persons would regard as being offensive; or [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( c ) the breasts (whether exposed or covered) of B if B is female, where the depiction is sexual and in circumstances (whether or not apparent from the depiction) which reasonable persons would regard as being offensive. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BM
section: 377BM
title: Defences to offences relating to intimate image or recording and voyeurism
content:
377BM. —(1) It is a defence to a charge for an offence under section 377BD of having possession of or gained access to an image or a recording obtained through the commission of an offence under section 377BB or an intimate image or recording mentioned in section 377BD(1)( b ) for the accused person to prove that the accused person — ( a ) did not intentionally come into possession of or gain access to the image or recording; and ( b ) on becoming aware of having come into possession of or gaining access to the image or recording, as soon as it was practicable to do so, took all reasonable steps in the circumstances to cease possession of or access to the image or recording. [15/2019] (2) It is a defence to a charge for an offence under section 377BB, 377BC, 377BD or 377BE(1) if — ( a ) the act that is alleged to constitute the offence was done for any of the following purposes without intent to cause injury to the person ( B ) mentioned in section 377BB(1), (2), (3), (4) or (5), 377BC(1) or (2) or 377BE(1) or the person depicted in the intimate image or recording mentioned in section 377BD(1)( b ), and with reasonable cause: (i) the prevention, detection, investigation or punishment of any offence; (ii) the conduct of contemplated or pending proceedings in any court or tribunal or to obtain evidence for the purpose of contemplating such proceedings; (iii) safety or national security; and [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( b ) the image or recording (if any) obtained through the commission of an offence under section 377BB or the intimate image or recording (if any) mentioned in section 377BD(1)( b ) or 377BE(5) was not kept for a period longer than what was reasonably necessary or required for the purposes mentioned in paragraph ( a ). Illustrations ( a ) A , a caregiver is concerned that B , an elderly person has been in the toilet for an unusually long period of time. Despite A knocking several times, there is no response from B . As A is concerned for B ’s safety, A forcefully opens the toilet door to find B in a state of undress. A has committed no offence as the act was done for the purpose of ensuring B ’s safety. ( b ) A notices that a stranger is using a mobile phone taking an upskirt photograph of a woman in the mall. A confronts the stranger who flees and drops his mobile phone. A keeps the mobile phone with the upskirt photograph with the intention of reporting the offence to the police. A hands over the phone to the police when he makes the police report. A has committed no offence as the act of possession of the upskirt photograph was done for the purpose of assisting the detection or investigation of the offence. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BN
section: 377BN
title: Defences to child abuse material offences
content:
377BN. —(1) It is a defence to a charge for an offence of having possession of or gaining access to child abuse material under section 377BK for the accused person to prove that the accused person — ( a ) did not intentionally come into possession of or gain access to child abuse material; and ( b ) on becoming aware of having come into possession of or gaining access to child abuse material, as soon as it was practicable to do so, took all reasonable steps in the circumstances to cease possession of or access to the material. [15/2019] (2) It is a defence to a charge for an offence under sections 377BH to 377BK if — ( a ) the act that is alleged to constitute the offence was done for any of the following purposes without intent to cause injury to the person depicted in the child abuse material and with reasonable cause: (i) the prevention, detection, investigation or punishment of any offence; (ii) the conduct of contemplated or pending proceedings in any court or tribunal or to obtain evidence for the purpose of contemplating such proceedings; (iii) safety or national security; and [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( b ) the child abuse material or the abusive material, as the case may be, was not kept for a period longer than what was reasonably necessary or required for the purposes mentioned in paragraph ( a ). [15/2019] (3) It is a defence to a charge for an offence under sections 377BH to 377BK if the act that is alleged to constitute the offence — ( a ) has a legitimate purpose related to science, medicine, education or art; and ( b ) did not pose an undue risk of harm to any person below 16 years of age. Explanation .—An act has a legitimate purpose related to art which reasonable persons would regard as art. Illustrations ( a ) A university researcher has child abuse material in his possession for the purposes of studying the psychological effects of exposure to such material. The researcher’s possession of the child abuse material has a legitimate purpose. ( b ) A is a photo-journalist in a war zone. A takes a photo of a child victim of torture and submits this together with an article on the plight of such children to a news organisation for publication. The taking and sending of the photo has a legitimate purpose. [15/2019] (4) It is a defence to a charge for an offence under sections 377BH to 377BK if — ( a ) the accused person ( A ) is below 16 years of age; and ( b ) the child abuse material that is alleged to constitute the offence is an image of A alone. Illustration A is 15 years old and takes a photo of herself alone posing in the nude. A stores the photo in her mobile phone. A has not committed the offence of producing or possessing child abuse material. [15/2019] (5) To avoid doubt, it is not a defence to a charge for an offence relating to child abuse material under sections 377BG to 377BL that, at the time of the conduct constituting the offence, the accused was under a mistaken but honest and reasonable belief that reasonable persons would not regard the child abuse material as being, in the circumstances, offensive. [15/2019] (6) It is a defence to a charge for the following offences in circumstances where the offender ( A ) and the person below 16 years of age ( B ) are married and subject to the following respective conditions: ( a ) an offence under section 377BG(1) or 377BH(1) if the child abuse material — (i) involves only A and B in its production; (ii) depicts B only, A and B only, or A only if A is below 16 years of age; and (iii) was produced with B ’s consent; ( b ) an offence under section 377BI if the distribution of the child abuse material — (i) occurs between A and B only; (ii) involves material depicting B only, A and B only, or A only if A is below 16 years of age; and (iii) was distributed with B ’s consent; ( c ) an offence under section 377BJ(2) if the offer to acquire, buy, or gain access to the child abuse material — (i) occurs between A and B only; and (ii) involves material depicting B only, A and B only, or A only if A is below 16 years of age; ( d ) an offence under section 377BK(1) if the possession of the child abuse material was with B ’s consent and the material depicts B only, A and B only, or A only if A is below 16 years of age. [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377BO
section: 377BO
title: Child abuse material offences outside or partially outside Singapore
content:
377BO. —(1) Any person, being a citizen or a permanent resident of Singapore, who does, outside Singapore, any act that would, if done in Singapore, constitute an offence under section 377BG, 377BH or 377BL(2) or (3), shall be guilty of an offence under section 377BG, 377BH or 377BL(2) or (3), as the case may be. [15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, any person ( A ) who does in Singapore, any act involving a person below 16 years of age ( B ) and B is outside Singapore, that would if B were in Singapore constitute an offence under section 377BG or 377BH, shall be guilty of an offence under section 377BG or 377BH, as the case may be. [15/2019] (3) Any person who does outside Singapore, any act involving a person below 16 years of age ( B ) and B is in Singapore, that would if done in Singapore constitute an offence under section 377BG or 377BH, shall be guilty of an offence under section 377BG or 377BH, as the case may be. [15/2019] (4) Subsections (5) and (6) apply only where A is in a relationship that is exploitative of B . [15/2019] (5) To avoid doubt, any person ( A ) who does in Singapore, any act involving a person who is of or above 16 but below 18 years of age ( B ) and B is outside Singapore, that would if B were in Singapore constitute an offence under section 377BL(2) or (3), shall be guilty of an offence under section 377BL(2) or (3), as the case may be. [15/2019] (6) Any person ( A ) who does outside Singapore, any act involving a person who is of or above 16 but below 18 years of age ( B ) and B is in Singapore, that would if done in Singapore constitute an offence under section 377BL(2) or (3), shall be guilty of an offence under section 377BL(2) or (3), as the case may be. [15/2019] (7) To avoid doubt, any person who does in Singapore an act which is a physical element of an offence under section 377BG, 377BH or 377BL(2) or (3) shall be guilty of an offence under section 377BG, 377BH or 377BL(2) or (3), as the case may be, if all the fault elements and physical elements of the offence are proven even though other physical elements of the same offence occurred outside Singapore. Illustrations ( a ) A , a citizen or a permanent resident of Singapore, films in a foreign country a video recording of child abuse material involving a person below 16 years of age ( B ). B is in that foreign country during the filming. A is guilty of an offence under section 377BG or 377BH read with section 377BO(1). ( b ) A , who is in Singapore, uses remote video facilities to film a video recording of child abuse material involving a person below 16 years of age ( B ). B is in a foreign country during the filming. A is guilty of an offence under section 377BG or 377BH read with section 377BO(2). ( c ) A , who is in a foreign country and is not a citizen or a permanent resident of Singapore, uses remote video facilities to film a video recording of child abuse material involving a person below 16 years of age ( B ). B is in Singapore during the filming. A is guilty of an offence under section 377BG or 377BH read with section 377BO(3). ( d ) A , who is in Singapore, uses computer software to alter and reproduce child abuse material which was not filmed in Singapore. The child abuse material is not stored in Singapore but in a computer server in a foreign country which A accesses through A ’s computer in Singapore. A is guilty of an offence under section 377BH read with section 377BO(7). [15/2019]


document_id: pc-1871
provision_ref: s377C
section: 377C
title: Interpretation of sections 375 to 377BO (sexual offences)
content:
377C. —(1) In this section and in sections 375 to 377BO — “buttocks”, in relation to a person, includes the anal region of the person; [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] “child abuse material” means material that depicts an image of any of the following: ( a ) a person who is, or who appears to a reasonable observer to be, or who is implied to be, below 16 years of age — (i) as a victim of torture, cruelty or physical abuse (whether or not the torture, cruelty or abuse is sexual); (ii) as a victim of sexual abuse; (iii) engaged in, or apparently engaging in, a sexual pose or sexual activity (whether or not in the presence of another person); or (iv) in the presence of another person who is engaged in, or apparently engaged in a sexual pose or sexual activity; ( b ) the genital region or buttocks (whether exposed or covered) of a person who is, or who appears to a reasonable observer to be, or who is implied to be, a person below 16 years of age, where the depiction is sexual and in circumstances (whether or not apparent from the depiction) which reasonable persons would regard as being offensive; [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] ( c ) the breasts (whether exposed or covered) of a person who is, or who appears to a reasonable observer to be, or who is implied to be, a female below 16 years of age, where the depiction is sexual and in circumstances (whether or not apparent from the depiction) which reasonable persons would regard as being offensive; [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] “distribute” includes any of the following conduct, whether done in person, electronically, digitally or in any other way: ( a ) send, publish, supply, show, exhibit, transmit or communicate to another person; ( b ) make available for viewing or access by another person; “image” means a still, moving, recorded or unrecorded image and includes an image produced by any means and, where the context requires, a three‑dimensional image; “image”, in relation to a person, means an image of a human being that is not fictional or imaginary but includes an image that so closely resembles that of a human being as to make it difficult for an ordinary person to distinguish it from an image of a human being that is not fictional or imaginary; “material” means — ( a ) any film, photograph, printed matter or computer game depicting an image; ( b ) any electronic record depicting an image; or ( c ) any other thing of any kind depicting an image; “structure” includes a tent, vehicle or vessel or other temporary or movable structure; “touching” includes touching — ( a ) with any part of the body; ( b ) with anything else; or ( c ) through anything, and includes penetration of the vagina or anus, as the case may be, with a part of the body or anything else and penetration of the mouth with the penis; “vagina” includes vulva. [15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (2) For the purposes of the definition of “distribute” in subsection (1), a person is treated as having distributed an image or recording whether or not another person views or gains access to the image. [15/2019] (3) In sections 375 to 377BO — ( a ) penetration is a continuing act from entry to withdrawal; ( b ) a reference to a part of the body includes a reference to a part which is surgically constructed (in particular, through a sex reassignment procedure); ( c ) for the purposes of identifying the sex of a person — (i) the sex of a person as stated in that person’s identity card issued under the National Registration Act 1965 at the time the sexual activity took place is prima facie evidence of the sex of that person; and (ii) a person who has undergone a sex reassignment procedure is identified as being of the sex to which that person has been reassigned; ( d ) penetration, touching, communication or other activity is “sexual” if — (i) because of its nature it is sexual, whatever its circumstances or any person’s purpose in relation to it may be; or (ii) because of its nature it may be sexual and because of its circumstances or the purpose of any person in relation to it (or both) it is sexual; ( e ) references to observation (however expressed) are to observation whether direct or by looking at an image; ( f ) a person is doing a private act if under circumstances in which the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy, the person — (i) is in a state where the person’s genital region, buttocks or breasts (if the person is a female) are exposed or covered only in underwear; [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (ii) is using a toilet, showering or bathing; or (iii) is doing a sexual act that is not of a kind ordinarily done in public. Illustration A is showering in an open-concept shower cubicle at the changing room of a swimming pool and cannot reasonably expect not to be casually observed. However, A has a reasonable expectation that A will not be surreptitiously recorded by a video camera. [15/2019]


