# CASL Prisma

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This package allows to define [CASL] permissions on [Prisma] models using Prisma `WhereInput`. And that brings a lot of power in terms of permission management in SQL world:

1. We can use Prisma Query to define permissions, no need to learn MongoDB query language anymore.
2. Additionally, we can ask our SQL database questions like: "Which records can be read?" or "Which records can be updated?".

## Installation

```sh
npm install @casl/prisma @casl/ability
# or
yarn add @casl/prisma @casl/ability
# or
pnpm add @casl/prisma @casl/ability
```

`@casl/prisma` requires Prisma Client 4.16.0 or later. Prisma Client extensions are used by the `createCaslExtension` helper which is important to add to Prisma Client!

## Usage

This package is a bit different from all others because it provides a custom `createPrismaAbility` factory function that is configured to check permissions using Prisma [WhereInput](https://www.prisma.io/docs/orm/reference/prisma-client-reference#where):

```ts
import { User, Post, Prisma } from '@prisma/client';
import { Ability, AbilityBuilder, subject } from '@casl/ability';
import { createPrismaAbility, PrismaQuery, Subjects } from '@casl/prisma';

type AppAbility = Ability<[string, Subjects<{
  User: User,
  Post: Post
}>], PrismaQuery>;
const { can, cannot, build } = new AbilityBuilder<AppAbility>(createPrismaAbility);

can('read', 'Post', { authorId: 1 });
cannot('read', 'Post', { title: { startsWith: '[WIP]:' } });

const ability = build();
ability.can('read', 'Post');
ability.can('read', subject('Post', { title: '...', authorId: 1 })));
```

> See [CASL guide](https://casl.js.org/v5/en/guide/intro) to learn how to define abilities. Everything is the same except of conditions language.

> If you generate Prisma Client with the Prisma 7 `prisma-client` generator, import model types from your generated client path (for example `./prisma/generated/client`) and create a small wrapper around `@casl/prisma/runtime` as shown below.

### Note on subject helper

Because Prisma returns DTO objects without exposing any type information on it, we need to use `subject` helper to provide that type manually, so CASL can understand what rules to apply to passed in object.

Unfortunately, there is no easy way to automate this, except of adding additional column to all models. For more details, check [this issue](https://github.com/prisma/prisma/issues/5315).

> To get more details about object type detection, please read [CASL Subject type detection](https://casl.js.org/v5/en/guide/subject-type-detection)

### Note on Prisma Query runtime interpreter

`@casl/prisma` uses [ucast](https://github.com/stalniy/ucast) to interpret Prisma [WhereInput](https://www.prisma.io/docs/orm/reference/prisma-client-reference#where) in JavaScript runtime. However, there are few caveats:
- equality of JSON columns is not implemented
- equality of array/list columns is not implemented (however operators like `has`, `hasSome` and `hasEvery` should be more than enough)
- when defining conditions on relation, always specify one of operators (`every`, `none`, `some`, `is` or `isNot`)

Interpreter throws a `ParsingQueryError` in cases it receives invalid parameters for query operators or if some operation is not supported.

## Prisma 7 configuration

Prisma 7 moves connection details into `prisma.config.ts` and no longer loads `.env` files automatically. Add a config next to your schema so `prisma generate` keeps working:

```ts
// prisma.config.ts
import 'dotenv/config';
import { defineConfig } from 'prisma/config';

export default defineConfig({
  schema: './schema.prisma',
  datasource: {
    // fall back to a local URL so generate does not fail in CI
    url: process.env.DATABASE_URL ?? 'postgresql://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/postgres',
  },
});
```

If you stay on the legacy `prisma-client-js` generator, the default `@prisma/client` import keeps working.

## Finding Accessible Records

One nice feature of [Prisma] and [CASL] integration is that we can get all records from the database our user has access to. To do this, just use `accessibleBy` helper function:

```ts
// ability is a PrismaAbility instance created in the example above

const accessiblePosts = await prisma.post.findMany({
  where: accessibleBy(ability).ofType('Post')
});
```

That function accepts `Ability` instance and `action` (defaults to `read`), returns an instance of `AccessibleRecords` with an `ofType` method which accepts Prisma model name and returns an object aggregated from permission rules `WhereInput`.

**Important**: in case user doesn't have ability to access any posts, `.ofType` returns a special empty condition. If you pass it directly to Prisma Client without `createCaslExtension`, Prisma rejects the query because the condition contains an internal marker field. This makes denied access fail closed.

To combine this with business logic conditions, just use `AND`:

```ts
const accessiblePosts = await prisma.post.findMany({
  where: {
    AND: [
      accessibleBy(ability).ofType('Post'),
      { /* business related conditions */ }
    ]
  }
})
```

For the current Prisma extension implementation, putting `accessibleBy(...)` first in compound conditions such as `AND: [...]` allows empty-condition detection to short-circuit sooner.

### Prisma Client extension

`createCaslExtension` addresses [this issue](https://github.com/stalniy/casl/issues/794) by letting Prisma Client handle CASL's empty conditions as empty query results instead of throwing forbidden error.

**Important:** make sure to add this extension to the Prisma Client instance you use for CASL-protected queries. Otherwise, some CASL restrictions may not be applied correctly.

Add it as any other regular extension:

```ts
import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
import { createCaslExtension } from '@casl/prisma';

const prisma = new PrismaClient().$extends(createCaslExtension());
```

With this extension, operations with an empty CASL condition return the same kind of "no records" result Prisma users usually expect:

```ts
const posts = await prisma.post.findMany({
  where: accessibleBy(ability).ofType('Post')
});
// posts === []
```

Single-record operations that require a matching record, such as `findFirstOrThrow`, `findUniqueOrThrow`, `update`, and `delete`, will reject with a "No record was found for an ..." error.

## TypeScript support

The package is written in TypeScript what provides comprehensive IDE hints and compile time validation.

> Makes sure to call `prisma generate`.  `@casl/prisma` uses Prisma generated types, so if client is not generated nothing will work.

Additionally, there are several helpers that makes it easy to work with Prisma and CASL:

### PrismaQuery

It's a generic type that provides `Prisma.ModelWhereInput` in generic way. We need to pass inside a named model:

```ts
import type { User } from '@prisma/client';
import type { Model, PrismaQuery } from '@casl/prisma';

// almost the same as Prisma.UserWhereInput except that it's a higher order type
type UserWhereInput = PrismaQuery<Model<User, 'User'>>;
```

### Model

Just gives a name to a model. That name is stored using `ForcedSubject<TName>` helper from `@casl/ability`. To use a separate column or another strategy to name models, don't use this helper because it only works in combination with `subject` helper.

### Subjects

Creates a union of all possible subjects out of passed in object:

```ts
import { User } from '@prisma/client';
import { Subjects } from '@casl/prisma';

type AppSubjects = Subjects<{
  User: User
}>; // 'User' | Model<User, 'User'>
```

To support rule definition for `all`, we just need to explicitly do it:

```ts
type AppSubjects = 'all' | Subjects<{
  User: User
}>; // 'User' | Model<User, 'User'>

type AppAbility = Ability<[string, AppSubjects], PrismaQuery>;
```

## Custom PrismaClient output path (Prisma 7 default)

Prisma 7's `prisma-client` generator writes the client into a custom directory, so `@prisma/client` no longer re-exports your project types. Point CASL at the generated client with a small wrapper built on `@casl/prisma/runtime`:

```prisma
// schema.prisma
generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client"
  output   = "../src/generated/client"
}
```

```ts
// prisma.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from 'prisma/config';

export default defineConfig({
  schema: './schema.prisma',
  datasource: { url: process.env.DATABASE_URL! },
});
```

```ts
// src/casl-prisma.ts
import {
  accessibleBy,
  createPrismaAbility,
  ParsingQueryError,
  prismaQuery,
  type Model,
  type PrismaQueryOf,
  type Subjects,
  type WhereInputOf,
} from '@casl/prisma/runtime';
import type { Prisma, Post, User } from './generated/client';

export { accessibleBy, createPrismaAbility, ParsingQueryError, prismaQuery };

export type PrismaQuery<T extends Model<any, any> = Model<any, any>> =
  PrismaQueryOf<Prisma.TypeMap, T>;
export type WhereInput<TModelName extends Prisma.ModelName> =
  WhereInputOf<Prisma.TypeMap, TModelName>;
export type AppSubjects = Subjects<{
  User: User,
  Post: Post,
}>;

export type AppAbility = Ability<['create' | "read" | "update" | "delete", 'all' | AppSubjects], PrismaQuery>
```

Use this wrapper in your app instead of importing from `@casl/prisma` directly. If you stay on the legacy `prisma-client-js` generator for Prisma 6.x compatibility, the default `@casl/prisma` entrypoint keeps working.

## Want to help?

Want to file a bug, contribute some code, or improve documentation? Excellent! Read up on guidelines for [contributing].

If you'd like to help us sustain our community and project, consider [to become a financial contributor on Open Collective](https://opencollective.com/casljs/contribute)

> See [Support CASL](https://casl.js.org/v5/en/support-casljs) for details

## License

[MIT License](http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT)

[contributing]: https://github.com/stalniy/casl/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md
[Prisma]: https://prisma.io/
[CASL]: https://github.com/stalniy/casl