---
lang: en
title: 'Validation in the Controller, Repository and Service Layer'
keywords: LoopBack 4.0, LoopBack 4, Node.js, TypeScript, OpenAPI
sidebar: lb4_sidebar
permalink: /doc/en/lb4/Validation-controller-repo-service-layer.html
---

In the case where validation rules are not static, validation cannot be
specified at the model level. Hence, validation can be added in the controller
layer.

Take an example of a promo code in an order, it is usually a defined value that
is only valid for a certain period of time. And in the CoffeeShop example, the
area code of a phone number usually depends on the geolocation.

## Add validation function in the Controller method

The simplest way is to apply the validation function in the controller method.
For example:

{% include code-caption.html content="/src/controllers/coffee-shop.controller.ts" %}

```ts
// create a validatePhoneNum function and call it here
if (!this.validatePhoneNum(coffeeShop.phoneNum, coffeeShop.city))
  throw new Error('Area code in phone number and city do not match.');
return this.coffeeShopRepository.create(coffeeShop);
```

## Add interceptor for validation

Another way is to use [interceptors](Interceptor.md).

Interceptors are reusable functions to provide aspect-oriented logic around
method invocations.

Interceptors have access to the invocation context, including parameter values
for the method call. It can perform more specific validation, for example,
calling a service to check if an address is valid. There are three types of
interceptors for different scopes: global, class-level and method-level
interceptors.

Interceptors can be created using the
[interceptor generator](https://loopback.io/doc/en/lb4/Interceptor-generator.html)
`lb4 interceptor` command. In the CoffeeShop example, the `phoneNum` in the
`CoffeeShop` request body will be validated for the `POST` and `PUT` calls
whether the area code in the phone number matches the specified city. Since this
is only applicable to the CoffeeShop endpoints, a non-global interceptor is
created, i.e. specify `No` in the `Is it a global interceptor` prompt.

```sh
$ lb4 interceptor
? Interceptor name: validatePhoneNum
? Is it a global interceptor? No
   create src/interceptors/validate-phone-num.interceptor.ts
   update src/interceptors/index.ts

Interceptor ValidatePhoneNum was created in src/interceptors/
```

In the newly created interceptor `ValidatePhoneNumInterceptor`, the function
`intercept` is the place where the pre-invocation and post-invocation logic can
be added.

{% include code-caption.html content="/src/interceptors/validate-phone-num-interceptor.ts" %}

```ts
async intercept(
  invocationCtx: InvocationContext,
  next: () => ValueOrPromise<InvocationResult>,
) {
  // Add pre-invocation logic here
  // ------ VALIDATE PHONE NUMBER ----------
  let coffeeShop: CoffeeShop | undefined;
  if (invocationCtx.methodName === 'create')
    coffeeShop = invocationCtx.args[0];
  else if (invocationCtx.methodName === 'updateById')
    coffeeShop = invocationCtx.args[1];

  if (
    coffeeShop &&
    !this.isAreaCodeValid(coffeeShop.phoneNum, coffeeShop.city)
  ) {
    const err: ValidationError = new ValidationError(
      'Area code and city do not match',
    );
    err.statusCode = 422;
    throw err;
  }
  // ----------------------------------------

  const result = await next();
  // Add post-invocation logic here
  return result;
  } catch (err) {
    // Add error handling logic here
    throw err;
  }
}

isAreaCodeValid(phoneNum: string, city: string): Boolean {
  // add some dummy logic
  const areaCode: string = phoneNum.slice(0, 3);
    if (
      !(
        city.toLowerCase() === 'toronto' &&
        (areaCode === '416' || areaCode === '647')
      )
    )
      return false;

    // otherwise it always return true
    return true;
}
```

Now that the interceptor is created, we are going to apply this to the
controller with the `CoffeeShop` endpoints, `CoffeeShopController`.

{% include code-caption.html content="/src/controllers/coffee-shop.controller.ts" %}

```ts
// Add these imports for interceptors
import {inject, intercept} from '@loopback/core';
import {ValidatePhoneNumInterceptor} from '../interceptors';

// Add this line to apply interceptor to this class
@intercept(ValidatePhoneNumInterceptor.BINDING_KEY)
export class CoffeeShopController {
  // ....
}
```

## Reference

To find out more about interceptors, check out the blog posts below:

- [Learning LoopBack 4 Interceptors (Part 1) - Global Interceptors](https://strongloop.com/strongblog/loopback4-interceptors-part1/)
- [Learning LoopBack 4 Interceptors (Part 2) - Method Level and Class Level Interceptors](https://strongloop.com/strongblog/loopback4-interceptors-part2/)