# 
[](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@thi.ng/hiccup-markdown)
[](https://mastodon.thi.ng/@toxi)
> [!NOTE]
> This is one of 216 standalone projects. LLM-free, human-made and
> cared for software, maintained as part of the
> [@thi.ng/umbrella](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/) ecosystem and
> anti-framework.
>
> 🚀 Please help me to work full-time on these projects by [sponsoring
> me](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/CONTRIBUTING.md#donations).
> Thank you! ❤️
- [About](#about)
- [Parser](#parser)
- [Basic features](#basic-features)
- [Additional syntax & parser features/restrictions](#additional-syntax--parser-featuresrestrictions)
- [Code blocks](#code-blocks)
- [Custom blocks](#custom-blocks)
- [Escaping control characters](#escaping-control-characters)
- [Formatting](#formatting)
- [Headings with anchor IDs](#headings-with-anchor-ids)
- [Heading with anchor {#custom-id-123}](#heading-with-anchor-custom-id-123)
- [Images](#images)
- [Link formats](#link-formats)
- [Lists](#lists)
- [Metadata](#metadata)
- [Customizing tag transforms](#customizing-tag-transforms)
- [Serializing to HTML](#serializing-to-html)
- [Serializer (Hiccup to Markdown)](#serializer-hiccup-to-markdown)
- [Features](#features)
- [Behaviors](#behaviors)
- [Usage examples](#usage-examples)
- [Status](#status)
- [Related packages](#related-packages)
- [Installation](#installation)
- [Dependencies](#dependencies)
- [Usage examples](#usage-examples)
- [API](#api)
- [Authors](#authors)
- [License](#license)
## About
Markdown parser & serializer from/to Hiccup format. This is a support package for [@thi.ng/hiccup](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/hiccup).
**⚠️ IMPORTANT: With v3.0.0 the parser implementation underwent a complete
rewrite (with breaking changes, but lots of improvements). ⚠️**
This package provides both a customizable
[Markdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown)-to-[Hiccup](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/hiccup)
parser and an extensible Hiccup-to-Markdown converter.
## Parser
Sadly, none of the available Markdown flavors have ever been designed with much
consistency and/or ease-of-implementation/parsing aspects in mind. The result is
a proliferation of Markdown-ish flavors, even though there've been attempts to
standardize the syntax.
### Basic features
The parser provided here is _not_ aimed at supporting **all** of Markdown's (or
CommonMark's) quirky syntax features, but restricts itself to a large _sane
subset_ of features and some useful [additional
features](#additional-syntax--parser-featuresrestrictions) not part of the
standard/common syntax.
| Feature | Comments |
|---------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Blockquotes | Nestable, support for inline formatting and forced line breaks (trailing backslash) |
| Code blocks | GFM style only (triple backtick prefix), w/ mandatory language hint & optional extra headers information |
| Escaping | Uniformly escape MD control characters via backslash, e.g. `\*` |
| Formatting | Nestable inline formats supported in paragraphs, headings, link labels, lists, blockquotes, tables: |
| | **bold**, _italic_, `code`, ~~strike~~ |
| | Key, subscript and super |
| Footnotes | Supported and stored separately in parse context for further processing |
| Headings | ATX-style only (`#` line prefix), optional anchor ID (via `{#custom-id}` suffix), levels 1-6 then fallback to paragraph |
| Horiz. Rulers | Only dash supported (e.g. `---`), min 3 chars required, length retained for downstream transformations |
| HTML elements | Only ``, `` `` |
| Images | Alt text is required, image can be used in link labels, optional title suffix |
| Links | Supports `[label](target)`, `[label][ref]`, `[[page id]]` or `[[page id\|label]]` style links, inline formats in label |
| Lists | Ordered & unordered, nestable, inline formatting, line breaks, GFM todo list items |
| Paragraphs | Support for forced line breaks (trailing backslash) |
| Tables | Support for column alignments, nestable inline formatting (no nested block elements) |
**Please visit the [interactive Markdown parser/editor
playground](https://demo.thi.ng/umbrella/markdown/) for further
details/examples...**
### Additional syntax & parser features/restrictions
#### Code blocks
In addition to the **mandatory language hint**, code blocks support optional
user defined headers/metadata. Items will be separated by spaces (e.g. see
[@thi.ng/tangle](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/tangle)
for concrete use cases).
(Note: the GFM codeblock fences are only shown escaped here to avoid GH
layout breakage)
```text
\`\`\`language extra=data even=more
// code...
\`\`\`
```
#### Custom blocks
Since the parser does not directly transform Markdown into HTML, blocks of
custom freeform content can be used to define arbitrary data structures (e.g. UI
components, diagrams/visualizations etc.). Similarly to code blocks, custom
blocks are wrapped with `:::` and a type specifier:
```text
:::csv some=optional extra=data
city,lat,lon
berlin,52.5167,13.3833
new york,40.6943,-73.9249
tokyo,35.6897,139.6922
:::
```
How such a custom block is transformed is entirely down to the user provided tag
transformer. The default handler merely creates an element like this:
```js
[
"custom",
{ type: "csv", __head: [ "some=optional", "extra=data" ] },
"city,lat,lon\nberlin,52.5167,13.3833\nnew york,40.6943,-73.9249\ntokyo,35.6897,139.6922"
]
```
**Tip:** Use a
[`defmulti()`](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/defmulti)
polymorphic function as tag transformer to elegantly handle multiple types of
custom blocks (in an easily extensible manner).
#### Escaping control characters
Unlike the weird & hard-to-memorize escape rules in "standard" Markdown, here
we're taking a more uniform approach of exclusively using backslash escapes
(e.g. `\*`) to ensure various Markdown control characters are used verbatim.
Only the following minor exceptions apply:
1. In inline code sections only backticks (`\``) need to be escaped and
backslashes _can_ be escaped. All others chars are used as is.
2. In fenced code blocks only backticks can be escaped (e.g. if escaping the
triple-backtick block fence itself). Backslashes and others chars are used as is.
3. In custom blocks only colons (`:`) can be escaped (e.g. if escaping the
triple-colon block fence itself). All other chars are used as is.
4. In metadata blocks only `}` can be escaped. All other chars are used as is.
#### Formatting
To avoid ambiguity and simplify nesting, only the following formatting syntax is
supported for bold & italic:
- `**bold**`
- `_italic_`
- `code` (\`) and ~~strikethrough~~ (`~~`) as usual...
- `` for keyboard shortcuts (e.g. Control)
- `` for subscript
- `` for superscript
#### Headings with anchor IDs
The parser supports `{#custom-id}`-style line suffixes for headings, which are
passed as separate `anchorID` param to the element handlers. If not specified in
the Markdown source, the parser auto-generates this ID (with no uniqueness
guarantee) based on
[slugifying](https://docs.thi.ng/umbrella/strings/functions/slugifyGH.html) the
heading's body content (Github readme compatible):
```text
# The **beautiful `code`**
## Heading with anchor {#custom-id-123}
```
Results in:
```js
// [
// [
// "h1",
// { id: "the-beautiful-code" },
// "The ",
// [ "strong", {}, "beautiful ", [ "code", {}, "code" ] ]
// ],
// [ "h2", { id: "custom-id-123" }, "Heading with anchor" ]
// ]
```
### Images
**Alt text for images is required**. Optional `title` attribute (e.g. for hover
tooltip or caption) can be given in quotes after the image URL. For example:
```markdown
```
### Link formats
The following link formats are supported:
1. `[label](target)`
2. `[label](target "title")`
3. `[label][ref-id]` - the reference ID will have to provided somewhere else in
the document or pre-defined via options given to the parser
4. `[[page name]]` - Wiki-style page reference, non-standard Markdown
5. `[[page name|label]]` - like 4., but with added link label
### Lists
- Ordered and unordered lists are supported
- Fully nestable
- Ordered lists start with a `1.` (digit or letter followed by a dot) prefix
- Unordered lists **must** use a `-` line prefix
- [ ] TODO list items
- [x] ...are supported as well
#### Metadata
Arbitrary metadata can be assigned to _any_ block level element:
- code blocks
- custom blocks
- footnotes
- headings
- lists
- paragraphs
- tables
This metadata is given within a block element itself which must directly precede
the target element (no empty lines in between). A custom tag handler can be
defined to transform that metadata before it's being handed to the target's tag
handler.
```text
{{{ Hello metadata }}}
- item 1
- item 2
```
Using the default tag handlers, this snippet will translate to:
```js
[
"ul",
{ __meta: "Hello metadata" },
[ "li", {}, "item 1" ],
[ "li", {}, "item 2" ]
]
```
Using structured data as body of these metadata blocks is more powerful and (as
mentioned above) can be dealt with using a custom tag handler, e.g. here we
interpret the body as JSON:
```text
{{{
{
"task:status": "waiting-on",
"task:due": "2023-02-28"
}
}}}
# Chapter 3
```
```js
parse(src, { tags: { meta: (_, body) => JSON.parse(body) }}).result
// [
// [
// "h1",
// { id: "chapter-3", __meta: { "task:status": "waiting-on", "task:due": "2023-02-28" } },
// "Chapter 3"
// ]
// ]
```
### Customizing tag transforms
The
[`TagTransforms`](https://docs.thi.ng/umbrella/hiccup-markdown/interfaces/TagTransforms.html)
interface defines transformation functions for all supported elements and can be
used to completely customize the parser's result data. User implementations can
be given to the `parse()` function to selectively customize/override
defaults/outputs.
Example with custom link elements:
```ts tangle:export/readme-parse.ts
import { parse, type TagTransforms } from "@thi.ng/hiccup-markdown";
const tags: Partial = {
link: (ctx, href, title, body) => ["a.link.blue", { href }, ...body]
};
// parse with custom tag transform overrides
console.log(parse("[label](url)", { tags }).result);
// [
// ["p", {}, ["a.link.blue", { href: "url" }, "label"]]
// ]
```
### Serializing to HTML
```ts tangle:export/readme-serialize.ts
import { serialize } from "@thi.ng/hiccup";
import { parse } from "@thi.ng/hiccup-markdown";
const src = `# Hello world\n[This is a _test_](http://example.com) :smile:`;
// convert to hiccup tree
console.log(parse(src).result);
// [
// [ "h1", { id: "hello-world" }, "Hello world" ],
// [
// "p",
// {},
// [
// "a",
// { href: "http://example.com" },
// "This is a ",
// [ "em", {}, "test" ]
// ],
// " ",
// "😄"
// ]
// ]
// roundtrip, serialize back to HTML
console.log(serialize(parse(src).result));
// Hello world
This is a test 😄
```
## Serializer (Hiccup to Markdown)
For the reverse operation, the `serialize()` function can be used to
convert an hiccup component tree into Markdown. Currently supports most
standard (applicable) Markdown features:
### Features
- ATX-style headings (level 1-6)
- Paragraphs
- Forced line breaks
- Inline styles: strong, italic, code
- Images (w/ optional alt attrib)
- Links, image links
- Code blocks w/ language hint (GFM output)
- Tables
- Blockquotes
- Nested lists (ordered & unordered)
- Horizontal rule / separator
- Inline HTML
Not (yet) supported:
- Nested blockquotes
- Link refs
- Wordwrapped output
### Behaviors
- Unless needed for serialization, all other hiccup element attribs are
ignored
- Code blocks are always output in GFM flavor w/ optional language hint
(via `lang` attrib)
- Images use the optional `alt` attrib as label
- Forced line breaks are realized via `["br"]` elements in the hiccup
tree
- Headings, blockquotes, list items and link labels can contain inline
formatting
Also, other element types can be supported by adding a new tag specific
implementation to the exported `serializeElement`
[multi-method](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/defmulti).
See source code for reference.
### Usage examples
```ts tangle:export/readme-serialize2.ts
import { serialize } from "@thi.ng/hiccup-markdown";
// list component
// the 1st arg is the optional user context object
// passed to `serialize()` (ignored here)
// the 2nd arg is the list tag (ul/ol)
// rest args are converted to list items
const list = (_, type, ...xs) =>
[type, ...xs.map((x) => Array.isArray(x) ? x : ["li", x])];
// code block component w/ lang hint
const codeblock = (_, lang, body) =>
["pre", { lang }, ["code", body]];
// link component for thi.ng URLs
const thingLink = (_, id, label) =>
["a", { href: `http://thi.ng/${id}` }, label];
// Note: the same hiccup tree can be serialized to HTML via @thi.ng/hiccup or
// used interactively in the browser w/ @thi.ng/hdom
console.log(
serialize(
["div",
["h1", "Hello Markdown"],
["p",
"This is a test: ",
["strong", "I am strong and ", ["em", "italic"]],
"..."],
// anon component fn to demo context lookup
[(ctx) => ["p", `My magic number is: ${ctx.magic}`]],
// codeblock w/ language hint
[codeblock, "ts",
`import { serialize } from "@thi.ng/hiccup-markdown";`],
// nested lists
[list, "ul",
"foo",
"bar",
[list, "ol", "b1", "b2", "b3"],
"baz"],
["blockquote",
"So long and thanks for all the fish."],
["table",
["caption", ["em", "Table #1"]],
["thead",
["tr", ["th", "ID"], ["th", "Name"]]],
["tbody",
["tr", ["td", 1], ["td", "Alice B. Charles"]],
["tr", ["td", 2], ["td", "Bart Simpson"]]]],
["p",
"More info ",
[thingLink, "hiccup-markdown", "here"], "."]],
// optional context object passed to all component functions
{ magic: 42 }
)
);
```
Resulting Markdown:
(Note: the GFM codeblock fences are only shown escaped here to avoid GH
layout breakage)
```md
# Hello Markdown
This is a test: **I am strong and _italic_**...
My magic number is: 42
\`\`\`ts
import { serialize } from "@thi.ng/hiccup-markdown";
\`\`\`
- foo
- bar
1. b1
2. b2
3. b3
- baz
> So long and thanks for all the fish.
| **ID** | **Name** |
|--------|------------------|
| 1 | Alice B. Charles |
| 2 | Bart Simpson |
_Table #1_
More info [here](http://thi.ng/hiccup-markdown).
```
Realized result:
---
# Hello Markdown
This is a test: **I am strong and _italic_**...
My magic number is: 42
```ts
import { serialize } from "@thi.ng/hiccup-markdown";
```
- foo
- bar
1. b1
2. b2
3. b3
- baz
> So long and thanks for all the fish.
| **ID** | **Name** |
|--------|------------------|
| 1 | Alice B. Charles |
| 2 | Bart Simpson |
_Table #1_
More info [here](http://thi.ng/hiccup-markdown).
---
## Status
**STABLE** - used in production
[Search or submit any issues for this package](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/issues?q=%5Bhiccup-markdown%5D)
## Related packages
- [@thi.ng/markdown-table](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/markdown-table) - Markdown table formatter/generator with support for column alignments
## Installation
```bash
yarn add @thi.ng/hiccup-markdown
```
ESM import:
```ts
import * as md from "@thi.ng/hiccup-markdown";
```
Browser ESM import:
```html
```
[JSDelivr documentation](https://www.jsdelivr.com/)
For Node.js REPL:
```js
const md = await import("@thi.ng/hiccup-markdown");
```
Package sizes (brotli'd, pre-treeshake): ESM: 4.72 KB
## Dependencies
- [@thi.ng/api](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/api)
- [@thi.ng/arrays](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/arrays)
- [@thi.ng/checks](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/checks)
- [@thi.ng/defmulti](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/defmulti)
- [@thi.ng/emoji](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/emoji)
- [@thi.ng/errors](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/errors)
- [@thi.ng/hiccup](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/hiccup)
- [@thi.ng/logger](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/logger)
- [@thi.ng/parse](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/parse)
- [@thi.ng/strings](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/strings)
- [@thi.ng/text-canvas](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/packages/text-canvas)
Note: @thi.ng/api is in _most_ cases a type-only import (not used at runtime)
## Usage examples
Three projects in this repo's
[/examples](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/examples)
directory are using this package:
| Screenshot | Description | Live demo | Source |
|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 
| Useful small calculators for darkroom processing | [Demo](https://demo.thi.ng/umbrella/darkroom-calc/) | [Source](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/examples/darkroom-calc) |
| 
| Markdown to Hiccup to HTML parser / transformer | [Demo](https://demo.thi.ng/umbrella/markdown/) | [Source](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/examples/markdown) |
| 
| Responsive image gallery with tag-based Jaccard similarity ranking | [Demo](https://demo.thi.ng/umbrella/related-images/) | [Source](https://codeberg.org/thi.ng/umbrella/src/branch/develop/examples/related-images) |
## API
[Generated API docs](https://docs.thi.ng/umbrella/hiccup-markdown/)
## Authors
- [Karsten Schmidt](https://thi.ng)
If this project contributes to an academic publication, please cite it as:
```bibtex
@misc{thing-hiccup-markdown,
title = "@thi.ng/hiccup-markdown",
author = "Karsten Schmidt",
note = "https://thi.ng/hiccup-markdown",
year = 2018
}
```
## License
© 2018 - 2026 Karsten Schmidt // Apache License 2.0