bitcore-lib/lib/script/interpreter.js

'use strict';

var _ = require('lodash');

var Script = require('./script');
var Opcode = require('../opcode');
var BN = require('../crypto/bn');
var Hash = require('../crypto/hash');
var Signature = require('../crypto/signature');
var PublicKey = require('../publickey');

/**
 * Bitcoin transactions contain scripts. Each input has a script called the
 * scriptSig, and each output has a script called the scriptPubkey. To validate
 * an input, the input's script is concatenated with the referenced output script,
 * and the result is executed. If at the end of execution the stack contains a
 * "true" value, then the transaction is valid.
 *
 * The primary way to use this class is via the verify function.
 * e.g., Interpreter().verify( ... );
 */
var Interpreter = function Interpreter(obj) {
  if (!(this instanceof Interpreter)) {
    return new Interpreter(obj);
  }
  if (obj) {
    this.initialize();
    this.set(obj);
  } else {
    this.initialize();
  }
};

Interpreter.SIGVERSION_BASE = 0;
Interpreter.SIGVERSION_WITNESS_V0 = 1;
Interpreter.SIGVERSION_TAPROOT = 2;
Interpreter.SIGVERSION_TAPSCRIPT = 3;

Interpreter.prototype.verifyWitnessProgram = function(version, program, witness, satoshis, flags) {

  var scriptPubKey = new Script();
  var stack = [];

  if (version === 0) {
    if (program.length === 32) {
      if (witness.length === 0) {
        this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_WITNESS_PROGRAM_WITNESS_EMPTY';
        return false;
      }

      var scriptPubKeyBuffer = witness[witness.length - 1];
      scriptPubKey = new Script(scriptPubKeyBuffer);
      var hash = Hash.sha256(scriptPubKeyBuffer);
      if (hash.toString('hex') !== program.toString('hex')) {
        this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_WITNESS_PROGRAM_MISMATCH';
        return false;
      }

      stack = witness.slice(0, -1);
    } else if (program.length === 20) {
      if (witness.length !== 2) {
        this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_WITNESS_PROGRAM_MISMATCH';
        return false;
      }

      scriptPubKey.add(Opcode.OP_DUP);
      scriptPubKey.add(Opcode.OP_HASH160);
      scriptPubKey.add(program);
      scriptPubKey.add(Opcode.OP_EQUALVERIFY);
      scriptPubKey.add(Opcode.OP_CHECKSIG);

      stack = witness;

    } else {
      this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_WITNESS_PROGRAM_WRONG_LENGTH';
      return false;
    }
  } else if ((flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_WITNESS_PROGRAM)) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_WITNESS_PROGRAM';
    return false;
  } else {
    return true;
  }

  this.initialize();

  this.set({
    script: scriptPubKey,
    stack: stack,
    sigversion: Interpreter.SIGVERSION_WITNESS_V0,
    satoshis: satoshis,
    flags: flags,
  });

  if (!this.evaluate()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (this.stack.length !== 1) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_EVAL_FALSE';
    return false;
  }

  var buf = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
  if (!Interpreter.castToBool(buf)) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_EVAL_FALSE_IN_STACK';
    return false;
  }

  return true;
};



/**
 * Verifies a Script by executing it and returns true if it is valid.
 * This function needs to be provided with the scriptSig and the scriptPubkey
 * separately.
 * @param {Script} scriptSig - the script's first part (corresponding to the tx input)
 * @param {Script} scriptPubkey - the script's last part (corresponding to the tx output)
 * @param {Transaction=} tx - the Transaction containing the scriptSig in one input (used
 *    to check signature validity for some opcodes like OP_CHECKSIG)
 * @param {number} nin - index of the transaction input containing the scriptSig verified.
 * @param {number} flags - evaluation flags. See Interpreter.SCRIPT_* constants
 * @param {number} witness - array of witness data
 * @param {number} satoshis - number of satoshis created by this output
 *
 * Translated from bitcoind's VerifyScript
 */
Interpreter.prototype.verify = function(scriptSig, scriptPubkey, tx, nin, flags, witness, satoshis) {

  var Transaction = require('../transaction');
  if (_.isUndefined(tx)) {
    tx = new Transaction();
  }
  if (_.isUndefined(nin)) {
    nin = 0;
  }
  if (_.isUndefined(flags)) {
    flags = 0;
  }
  if (_.isUndefined(witness)) {
    witness = null;
  }
  if (_.isUndefined(satoshis)) {
    satoshis = 0;
  }

  this.set({
    script: scriptSig,
    tx: tx,
    nin: nin,
    sigversion: Interpreter.SIGVERSION_BASE,
    satoshis: 0,
    flags: flags
  });
  var stackCopy;

  if ((flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_SIGPUSHONLY) !== 0 && !scriptSig.isPushOnly()) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_SIG_PUSHONLY';
    return false;
  }

  // evaluate scriptSig
  if (!this.evaluate()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH) {
    stackCopy = this.stack.slice();
  }

  var stack = this.stack;
  this.initialize();
  this.set({
    script: scriptPubkey,
    stack: stack,
    tx: tx,
    nin: nin,
    flags: flags
  });

  // evaluate scriptPubkey
  if (!this.evaluate()) {
    return false;
  }

  if (this.stack.length === 0) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_EVAL_FALSE_NO_RESULT';
    return false;
  }

  var buf = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
  if (!Interpreter.castToBool(buf)) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_EVAL_FALSE_IN_STACK';
    return false;
  }

  var hadWitness = false;
  if ((flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS)) {
    var witnessValues = {};
    if (scriptPubkey.isWitnessProgram(witnessValues)) {
      hadWitness = true;
      if (scriptSig.toBuffer().length !== 0) {
        return false;
      }
      if (!this.verifyWitnessProgram(witnessValues.version, witnessValues.program, witness, satoshis, this.flags)) {
        return false;
      }
    }
  }

  // Additional validation for spend-to-script-hash transactions:
  if ((flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH) && scriptPubkey.isScriptHashOut()) {
    // scriptSig must be literals-only or validation fails
    if (!scriptSig.isPushOnly()) {
      this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_SIG_PUSHONLY';
      return false;
    }

    // stackCopy cannot be empty here, because if it was the
    // P2SH  HASH <> EQUAL  scriptPubKey would be evaluated with
    // an empty stack and the EvalScript above would return false.
    if (stackCopy.length === 0) {
      throw new Error('internal error - stack copy empty');
    }

    var redeemScriptSerialized = stackCopy[stackCopy.length - 1];
    var redeemScript = Script.fromBuffer(redeemScriptSerialized);
    stackCopy.pop();

    this.initialize();
    this.set({
      script: redeemScript,
      stack: stackCopy,
      tx: tx,
      nin: nin,
      flags: flags
    });

    // evaluate redeemScript
    if (!this.evaluate()) {
      return false;
    }

    if (stackCopy.length === 0) {
      this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_EVAL_FALSE_NO_P2SH_STACK';
      return false;
    }

    if (!Interpreter.castToBool(stackCopy[stackCopy.length - 1])) {
      this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_EVAL_FALSE_IN_P2SH_STACK';
      return false;
    }
    if ((flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS)) {
      var p2shWitnessValues = {};
      if (redeemScript.isWitnessProgram(p2shWitnessValues)) {
        hadWitness = true;
        var redeemScriptPush = new Script();
        redeemScriptPush.add(redeemScript.toBuffer());
        if (scriptSig.toHex() !== redeemScriptPush.toHex()) {
          this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_WITNESS_MALLEATED_P2SH';
          return false;
        }

        if (!this.verifyWitnessProgram(p2shWitnessValues.version, p2shWitnessValues.program, witness, satoshis, this.flags)) {
          return false;
        }
        // Bypass the cleanstack check at the end. The actual stack is obviously not clean
        // for witness programs.
        stack = [stack[0]];
      }
    }
  }

  // The CLEANSTACK check is only performed after potential P2SH evaluation,
  // as the non-P2SH evaluation of a P2SH script will obviously not result in
  // a clean stack (the P2SH inputs remain). The same holds for witness
  // evaluation.
  if ((this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK) != 0) {
      // Disallow CLEANSTACK without P2SH, as otherwise a switch
      // CLEANSTACK->P2SH+CLEANSTACK would be possible, which is not a
      // softfork (and P2SH should be one).
      if ((this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH) == 0)
        throw 'flags & SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH';

      if (stackCopy.length != 1) {
        this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_CLEANSTACK';
        return false;
      }
  }

  if ((this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS)) {
    if (!hadWitness && witness.length > 0) {
      this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_WITNESS_UNEXPECTED';
      return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
};

module.exports = Interpreter;

Interpreter.prototype.initialize = function(obj) {
  this.stack = [];
  this.altstack = [];
  this.pc = 0;
  this.satoshis = 0;
  this.sigversion = Interpreter.SIGVERSION_BASE;
  this.pbegincodehash = 0;
  this.nOpCount = 0;
  this.vfExec = [];
  this.errstr = '';
  this.flags = 0;
};

Interpreter.prototype.set = function(obj) {
  this.script = obj.script || this.script;
  this.tx = obj.tx || this.tx;
  this.nin = typeof obj.nin !== 'undefined' ? obj.nin : this.nin;
  this.stack = obj.stack || this.stack;
  this.altstack = obj.altack || this.altstack;
  this.pc = typeof obj.pc !== 'undefined' ? obj.pc : this.pc;
  this.pbegincodehash = typeof obj.pbegincodehash !== 'undefined' ? obj.pbegincodehash : this.pbegincodehash;
  this.sigversion = typeof obj.sigversion !== 'undefined' ? obj.sigversion : this.sigversion;
  this.satoshis = typeof obj.satoshis !== 'undefined' ? obj.satoshis : this.satoshis;
  this.nOpCount = typeof obj.nOpCount !== 'undefined' ? obj.nOpCount : this.nOpCount;
  this.vfExec = obj.vfExec || this.vfExec;
  this.errstr = obj.errstr || this.errstr;
  this.flags = typeof obj.flags !== 'undefined' ? obj.flags : this.flags;
};

Interpreter.true = Buffer.from([1]);
Interpreter.false = Buffer.from([]);

Interpreter.MAX_SCRIPT_ELEMENT_SIZE = 520;

Interpreter.LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD = 500000000;
Interpreter.LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD_BN = new BN(Interpreter.LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD);

// flags taken from bitcoind
// bitcoind commit: b5d1b1092998bc95313856d535c632ea5a8f9104
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_NONE = 0;

// Making v1-v16 witness program non-standard
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_WITNESS_PROGRAM = (1 << 12);

// Evaluate P2SH subscripts (softfork safe, BIP16).
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH = (1 << 0);

// Passing a non-strict-DER signature or one with undefined hashtype to a checksig operation causes script failure.
// Passing a pubkey that is not (0x04 + 64 bytes) or (0x02 or 0x03 + 32 bytes) to checksig causes that pubkey to be
// skipped (not softfork safe: this flag can widen the validity of OP_CHECKSIG OP_NOT).
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_STRICTENC = (1 << 1);

// Passing a non-strict-DER signature to a checksig operation causes script failure (softfork safe, BIP62 rule 1)
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_DERSIG = (1 << 2);

// Passing a non-strict-DER signature or one with S > order/2 to a checksig operation causes script failure
// (softfork safe, BIP62 rule 5).
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_LOW_S = (1 << 3);

// verify dummy stack item consumed by CHECKMULTISIG is of zero-length (softfork safe, BIP62 rule 7).
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_NULLDUMMY = (1 << 4);

// Using a non-push operator in the scriptSig causes script failure (softfork safe, BIP62 rule 2).
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_SIGPUSHONLY = (1 << 5);

// Require minimal encodings for all push operations (OP_0... OP_16, OP_1NEGATE where possible, direct
// pushes up to 75 bytes, OP_PUSHDATA up to 255 bytes, OP_PUSHDATA2 for anything larger). Evaluating
// any other push causes the script to fail (BIP62 rule 3).
// In addition, whenever a stack element is interpreted as a number, it must be of minimal length (BIP62 rule 4).
// (softfork safe)
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_MINIMALDATA = (1 << 6);

// Discourage use of NOPs reserved for upgrades (NOP1-10)
//
// Provided so that nodes can avoid accepting or mining transactions
// containing executed NOP's whose meaning may change after a soft-fork,
// thus rendering the script invalid; with this flag set executing
// discouraged NOPs fails the script. This verification flag will never be
// a mandatory flag applied to scripts in a block. NOPs that are not
// executed, e.g.  within an unexecuted IF ENDIF block, are *not* rejected.
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS = (1 << 7);


// Require that only a single stack element remains after evaluation. This
// changes the success criterion from "At least one stack element must
// remain, and when interpreted as a boolean, it must be true" to "Exactly
// one stack element must remain, and when interpreted as a boolean, it must
// be true".
// (softfork safe, BIP62 rule 6)
// Note: CLEANSTACK should never be used without P2SH or WITNESS.
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK = (1 << 8),

// CLTV See BIP65 for details.
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY = (1 << 9);
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS = (1 << 10);
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS = (1 << 11);

// support CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY opcode
//
// See BIP112 for details
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY = (1 << 10);

//
// Segwit script only: Require the argument of OP_IF/NOTIF to be exactly
// 0x01 or empty vector
//
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_MINIMALIF = (1 << 13);


// Signature(s) must be empty vector if an CHECK(MULTI)SIG operation failed
//
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_NULLFAIL = (1 << 14);

// Public keys in scripts must be compressed
//
Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS_PUBKEYTYPE = (1 << 15);

// Do we accept signature using SIGHASH_FORKID
//
Interpreter.SCRIPT_ENABLE_SIGHASH_FORKID = (1 << 16);

// Do we accept activate replay protection using a different fork id.
//
Interpreter.SCRIPT_ENABLE_REPLAY_PROTECTION = (1 << 17);

// Enable new opcodes.
//
Interpreter.SCRIPT_ENABLE_MONOLITH_OPCODES = (1 << 18);



/* Below flags apply in the context of BIP 68*/
/**
 * If this flag set, CTxIn::nSequence is NOT interpreted as a relative
 * lock-time.
 */
Interpreter.SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_DISABLE_FLAG = (1 << 31);

/**
 * If CTxIn::nSequence encodes a relative lock-time and this flag is set,
 * the relative lock-time has units of 512 seconds, otherwise it specifies
 * blocks with a granularity of 1.
 */
Interpreter.SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_TYPE_FLAG = (1 << 22);

/**
 * If CTxIn::nSequence encodes a relative lock-time, this mask is applied to
 * extract that lock-time from the sequence field.
 */
Interpreter.SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_MASK = 0x0000ffff;


Interpreter.castToBool = function(buf) {
  for (var i = 0; i < buf.length; i++) {
    if (buf[i] !== 0) {
      // can be negative zero
      if (i === buf.length - 1 && buf[i] === 0x80) {
        return false;
      }
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
};

/**
 * Translated from bitcoind's CheckSignatureEncoding
 */
Interpreter.prototype.checkSignatureEncoding = function(buf) {
  var sig;

    // Empty signature. Not strictly DER encoded, but allowed to provide a
    // compact way to provide an invalid signature for use with CHECK(MULTI)SIG
    if (buf.length == 0) {
        return true;
    }

  if ((this.flags & (Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_DERSIG | Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_LOW_S | Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_STRICTENC)) !== 0 && !Signature.isTxDER(buf)) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_SIG_DER_INVALID_FORMAT';
    return false;
  } else if ((this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_LOW_S) !== 0) {
    sig = Signature.fromTxFormat(buf);
    if (!sig.hasLowS()) {
      this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_SIG_DER_HIGH_S';
      return false;
    }
  } else if ((this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_STRICTENC) !== 0) {
    sig = Signature.fromTxFormat(buf);
    if (!sig.hasDefinedHashtype()) {
      this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_SIG_HASHTYPE';
      return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
};

/**
 * Translated from bitcoind's CheckPubKeyEncoding
 */
Interpreter.prototype.checkPubkeyEncoding = function(buf) {
  if ((this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_STRICTENC) !== 0 && !PublicKey.isValid(buf)) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_PUBKEYTYPE';
    return false;
  }

  // Only compressed keys are accepted in segwit
  if ((this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS_PUBKEYTYPE) != 0 && this.sigversion == Interpreter.SIGVERSION_WITNESS_V0 && !PublicKey.fromBuffer(buf).compressed) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_WITNESS_PUBKEYTYPE';
    return false;
  }

  return true;
};

/**
 * Based on bitcoind's EvalScript function, with the inner loop moved to
 * Interpreter.prototype.step()
 * bitcoind commit: b5d1b1092998bc95313856d535c632ea5a8f9104
 */
Interpreter.prototype.evaluate = function() {
  if (this.script.toBuffer().length > 10000) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_SCRIPT_SIZE';
    return false;
  }

  try {
    while (this.pc < this.script.chunks.length) {
      var fSuccess = this.step();
      if (!fSuccess) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    // Size limits
    if (this.stack.length + this.altstack.length > 1000) {
      this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_STACK_SIZE';
      return false;
    }
  } catch (e) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_UNKNOWN_ERROR: ' + e;
    return false;
  }

  if (this.vfExec.length > 0) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_UNBALANCED_CONDITIONAL';
    return false;
  }

  return true;
};

/**
 * Checks a locktime parameter with the transaction's locktime.
 * There are two times of nLockTime: lock-by-blockheight and lock-by-blocktime,
 * distinguished by whether nLockTime < LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD = 500000000
 *
 * See the corresponding code on bitcoin core:
 * https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/ffd75adce01a78b3461b3ff05bcc2b530a9ce994/src/script/interpreter.cpp#L1129
 *
 * @param {BN} nLockTime the locktime read from the script
 * @return {boolean} true if the transaction's locktime is less than or equal to
 *                   the transaction's locktime
 */
Interpreter.prototype.checkLockTime = function(nLockTime) {

  // We want to compare apples to apples, so fail the script
  // unless the type of nLockTime being tested is the same as
  // the nLockTime in the transaction.
  if (!(
    (this.tx.nLockTime <  Interpreter.LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD && nLockTime.lt(Interpreter.LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD_BN)) ||
    (this.tx.nLockTime >= Interpreter.LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD && nLockTime.gte(Interpreter.LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD_BN))
  )) {
    return false;
  }

  // Now that we know we're comparing apples-to-apples, the
  // comparison is a simple numeric one.
  if (nLockTime.gt(new BN(this.tx.nLockTime))) {
    return false;
  }

  // Finally the nLockTime feature can be disabled and thus
  // CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY bypassed if every txin has been
  // finalized by setting nSequence to maxint. The
  // transaction would be allowed into the blockchain, making
  // the opcode ineffective.
  //
  // Testing if this vin is not final is sufficient to
  // prevent this condition. Alternatively we could test all
  // inputs, but testing just this input minimizes the data
  // required to prove correct CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY execution.
  if (!this.tx.inputs[this.nin].isFinal()) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}


/**
 * Checks a sequence parameter with the transaction's sequence.
 * @param {BN} nSequence the sequence read from the script
 * @return {boolean} true if the transaction's sequence is less than or equal to
 *                   the transaction's sequence 
 */
Interpreter.prototype.checkSequence = function(nSequence) {

    // Relative lock times are supported by comparing the passed in operand to
    // the sequence number of the input.
    var txToSequence = this.tx.inputs[this.nin].sequenceNumber;

    // Fail if the transaction's version number is not set high enough to
    // trigger BIP 68 rules.
    if (this.tx.version < 2) {
        return false;
    }

    // Sequence numbers with their most significant bit set are not consensus
    // constrained. Testing that the transaction's sequence number do not have
    // this bit set prevents using this property to get around a
    // CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY check.
    if (txToSequence & SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_DISABLE_FLAG) {
        return false;
    }

    // Mask off any bits that do not have consensus-enforced meaning before
    // doing the integer comparisons
    var nLockTimeMask =
        Interpreter.SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_TYPE_FLAG | Interpreter.SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_MASK;
    var txToSequenceMasked = new BN(txToSequence & nLockTimeMask);
    var nSequenceMasked = nSequence.and(nLockTimeMask);

    // There are two kinds of nSequence: lock-by-blockheight and
    // lock-by-blocktime, distinguished by whether nSequenceMasked <
    // CTxIn::SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_TYPE_FLAG.
    //
    // We want to compare apples to apples, so fail the script unless the type
    // of nSequenceMasked being tested is the same as the nSequenceMasked in the
    // transaction.
    var SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_TYPE_FLAG_BN = new BN(Interpreter.SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_TYPE_FLAG);
    
    if (!((txToSequenceMasked.lt(SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_TYPE_FLAG_BN)  &&
           nSequenceMasked.lt(SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_TYPE_FLAG_BN)) ||
          (txToSequenceMasked.gte(SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_TYPE_FLAG_BN) &&
           nSequenceMasked.gte(SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_TYPE_FLAG_BN)))) {
        return false;
    }

    // Now that we know we're comparing apples-to-apples, the comparison is a
    // simple numeric one.
    if (nSequenceMasked.gt(txToSequenceMasked)) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

/** 
 * Based on the inner loop of bitcoind's EvalScript function
 * bitcoind commit: b5d1b1092998bc95313856d535c632ea5a8f9104
 */
Interpreter.prototype.step = function() {
  var fRequireMinimal = (this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_MINIMALDATA) !== 0;

  //bool fExec = !count(vfExec.begin(), vfExec.end(), false);
  var fExec = (this.vfExec.indexOf(false) === -1);
  var buf, buf1, buf2, spliced, n, x1, x2, bn, bn1, bn2, bufSig, bufPubkey, subscript;
  var sig, pubkey;
  var fValue, fSuccess;

  // Read instruction
  var chunk = this.script.chunks[this.pc];
  this.pc++;
  var opcodenum = chunk.opcodenum;
  if (_.isUndefined(opcodenum)) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_UNDEFINED_OPCODE';
    return false;
  }
  if (chunk.buf && chunk.buf.length > Interpreter.MAX_SCRIPT_ELEMENT_SIZE) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_PUSH_SIZE';
    return false;
  }

  // Note how Opcode.OP_RESERVED does not count towards the opcode limit.
  if (opcodenum > Opcode.OP_16 && ++(this.nOpCount) > 201) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_OP_COUNT';
    return false;
  }


  if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_CAT ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_SUBSTR ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_LEFT ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_RIGHT ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_INVERT ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_AND ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_OR ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_XOR ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_2MUL ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_2DIV ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_MUL ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_DIV ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_MOD ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_LSHIFT ||
    opcodenum === Opcode.OP_RSHIFT) {
    this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_DISABLED_OPCODE';
    return false;
  }

  if (fExec && 0 <= opcodenum && opcodenum <= Opcode.OP_PUSHDATA4) {
    if (fRequireMinimal && !this.script.checkMinimalPush(this.pc - 1)) {
      this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_MINIMALDATA';
      return false;
    }
    if (!chunk.buf) {
      this.stack.push(Interpreter.false);
    } else if (chunk.len !== chunk.buf.length) {
      throw new Error('Length of push value not equal to length of data');
    } else {
      this.stack.push(chunk.buf);
    }
  } else if (fExec || (Opcode.OP_IF <= opcodenum && opcodenum <= Opcode.OP_ENDIF)) {
    switch (opcodenum) {
      // Push value
      case Opcode.OP_1NEGATE:
      case Opcode.OP_1:
      case Opcode.OP_2:
      case Opcode.OP_3:
      case Opcode.OP_4:
      case Opcode.OP_5:
      case Opcode.OP_6:
      case Opcode.OP_7:
      case Opcode.OP_8:
      case Opcode.OP_9:
      case Opcode.OP_10:
      case Opcode.OP_11:
      case Opcode.OP_12:
      case Opcode.OP_13:
      case Opcode.OP_14:
      case Opcode.OP_15:
      case Opcode.OP_16:
        {
          // ( -- value)
          // ScriptNum bn((int)opcode - (int)(Opcode.OP_1 - 1));
          n = opcodenum - (Opcode.OP_1 - 1);
          buf = new BN(n).toScriptNumBuffer();
          this.stack.push(buf);
          // The result of these opcodes should always be the minimal way to push the data
          // they push, so no need for a CheckMinimalPush here.
        }
        break;


        //
        // Control
        //
      case Opcode.OP_NOP:
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_NOP2:
      case Opcode.OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY:

        if (!(this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY)) {
          // not enabled; treat as a NOP2
          if (this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS';
            return false;
          }
          break;
        }

        if (this.stack.length < 1) {
          this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
          return false;
        }

        // Note that elsewhere numeric opcodes are limited to
        // operands in the range -2**31+1 to 2**31-1, however it is
        // legal for opcodes to produce results exceeding that
        // range. This limitation is implemented by CScriptNum's
        // default 4-byte limit.
        //
        // If we kept to that limit we'd have a year 2038 problem,
        // even though the nLockTime field in transactions
        // themselves is uint32 which only becomes meaningless
        // after the year 2106.
        //
        // Thus as a special case we tell CScriptNum to accept up
        // to 5-byte bignums, which are good until 2**39-1, well
        // beyond the 2**32-1 limit of the nLockTime field itself.
        var nLockTime = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(this.stack[this.stack.length - 1], fRequireMinimal, 5);

        // In the rare event that the argument may be < 0 due to
        // some arithmetic being done first, you can always use
        // 0 MAX CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY.
        if (nLockTime.lt(new BN(0))) {
          this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_NEGATIVE_LOCKTIME';
          return false;
        }

        // Actually compare the specified lock time with the transaction.
        if (!this.checkLockTime(nLockTime)) {
          this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_UNSATISFIED_LOCKTIME';
          return false;
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_NOP3:
      case Opcode.OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY:

        if (!(this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY)) {
          // not enabled; treat as a NOP3
          if (this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS';
            return false;
          }
          break;
        }

        if (this.stack.length < 1) {
          this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
          return false;
        }


        // nSequence, like nLockTime, is a 32-bit unsigned
        // integer field. See the comment in CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY
        // regarding 5-byte numeric operands.

        var nSequence = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(this.stack[this.stack.length - 1], fRequireMinimal, 5);


        // In the rare event that the argument may be < 0 due to
        // some arithmetic being done first, you can always use
        // 0 MAX CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY.
        if (nSequence.lt(new BN(0))) {
          this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_NEGATIVE_LOCKTIME';
          return false;
        }

        // To provide for future soft-fork extensibility, if the
        // operand has the disabled lock-time flag set,
        // CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY behaves as a NOP.
        if ((nSequence &
          Interpreter.SEQUENCE_LOCKTIME_DISABLE_FLAG) != 0) {
          break;
        }

        // Actually compare the specified lock time with the transaction.
        if (!this.checkSequence(nSequence)) {
          this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_UNSATISFIED_LOCKTIME';
          return false;
        }
        break;



      case Opcode.OP_NOP1:
      case Opcode.OP_NOP4:
      case Opcode.OP_NOP5:
      case Opcode.OP_NOP6:
      case Opcode.OP_NOP7:
      case Opcode.OP_NOP8:
      case Opcode.OP_NOP9:
      case Opcode.OP_NOP10:
        {
          if (this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS';
            return false;
          }
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_IF:
      case Opcode.OP_NOTIF:
        {
          // <expression> if [statements] [else [statements]] endif
          // bool fValue = false;
          fValue = false;
          if (fExec) {
            if (this.stack.length < 1) {
              this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_UNBALANCED_CONDITIONAL';
              return false;
            }

            buf = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];

            if (this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_MINIMALIF) {
              buf = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
              if (buf.length > 1) {
                this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_MINIMALIF';
                return false;
              }
              if (buf.length == 1 && buf[0]!=1) {
                this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_MINIMALIF';
                return false;
              }
            }
            fValue = Interpreter.castToBool(buf);
            if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_NOTIF) {
              fValue = !fValue;
            }
            this.stack.pop();
          }
          this.vfExec.push(fValue);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_ELSE:
        {
          if (this.vfExec.length === 0) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_UNBALANCED_CONDITIONAL';
            return false;
          }
          this.vfExec[this.vfExec.length - 1] = !this.vfExec[this.vfExec.length - 1];
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_ENDIF:
        {
          if (this.vfExec.length === 0) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_UNBALANCED_CONDITIONAL';
            return false;
          }
          this.vfExec.pop();
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_VERIFY:
        {
          // (true -- ) or
          // (false -- false) and return
          if (this.stack.length < 1) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          buf = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          fValue = Interpreter.castToBool(buf);
          if (fValue) {
            this.stack.pop();
          } else {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_VERIFY';
            return false;
          }
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_RETURN:
        {
          this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_OP_RETURN';
          return false;
        }
        break;


        //
        // Stack ops
        //
      case Opcode.OP_TOALTSTACK:
        {
          if (this.stack.length < 1) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          this.altstack.push(this.stack.pop());
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_FROMALTSTACK:
        {
          if (this.altstack.length < 1) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_ALTSTACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          this.stack.push(this.altstack.pop());
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_2DROP:
        {
          // (x1 x2 -- )
          if (this.stack.length < 2) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.pop();
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_2DUP:
        {
          // (x1 x2 -- x1 x2 x1 x2)
          if (this.stack.length < 2) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          buf1 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 2];
          buf2 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          this.stack.push(buf1);
          this.stack.push(buf2);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_3DUP:
        {
          // (x1 x2 x3 -- x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3)
          if (this.stack.length < 3) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          buf1 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 3];
          buf2 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 2];
          var buf3 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          this.stack.push(buf1);
          this.stack.push(buf2);
          this.stack.push(buf3);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_2OVER:
        {
          // (x1 x2 x3 x4 -- x1 x2 x3 x4 x1 x2)
          if (this.stack.length < 4) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          buf1 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 4];
          buf2 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 3];
          this.stack.push(buf1);
          this.stack.push(buf2);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_2ROT:
        {
          // (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 -- x3 x4 x5 x6 x1 x2)
          if (this.stack.length < 6) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          spliced = this.stack.splice(this.stack.length - 6, 2);
          this.stack.push(spliced[0]);
          this.stack.push(spliced[1]);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_2SWAP:
        {
          // (x1 x2 x3 x4 -- x3 x4 x1 x2)
          if (this.stack.length < 4) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          spliced = this.stack.splice(this.stack.length - 4, 2);
          this.stack.push(spliced[0]);
          this.stack.push(spliced[1]);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_IFDUP:
        {
          // (x - 0 | x x)
          if (this.stack.length < 1) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          buf = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          fValue = Interpreter.castToBool(buf);
          if (fValue) {
            this.stack.push(buf);
          }
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_DEPTH:
        {
          // -- stacksize
          buf = new BN(this.stack.length).toScriptNumBuffer();
          this.stack.push(buf);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_DROP:
        {
          // (x -- )
          if (this.stack.length < 1) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          this.stack.pop();
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_DUP:
        {
          // (x -- x x)
          if (this.stack.length < 1) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          this.stack.push(this.stack[this.stack.length - 1]);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_NIP:
        {
          // (x1 x2 -- x2)
          if (this.stack.length < 2) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          this.stack.splice(this.stack.length - 2, 1);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_OVER:
        {
          // (x1 x2 -- x1 x2 x1)
          if (this.stack.length < 2) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          this.stack.push(this.stack[this.stack.length - 2]);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_PICK:
      case Opcode.OP_ROLL:
        {
          // (xn ... x2 x1 x0 n - xn ... x2 x1 x0 xn)
          // (xn ... x2 x1 x0 n - ... x2 x1 x0 xn)
          if (this.stack.length < 2) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          buf = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          bn = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(buf, fRequireMinimal);
          n = bn.toNumber();
          this.stack.pop();
          if (n < 0 || n >= this.stack.length) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          buf = this.stack[this.stack.length - n - 1];
          if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_ROLL) {
            this.stack.splice(this.stack.length - n - 1, 1);
          }
          this.stack.push(buf);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_ROT:
        {
          // (x1 x2 x3 -- x2 x3 x1)
          //  x2 x1 x3  after first swap
          //  x2 x3 x1  after second swap
          if (this.stack.length < 3) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          x1 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 3];
          x2 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 2];
          var x3 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          this.stack[this.stack.length - 3] = x2;
          this.stack[this.stack.length - 2] = x3;
          this.stack[this.stack.length - 1] = x1;
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_SWAP:
        {
          // (x1 x2 -- x2 x1)
          if (this.stack.length < 2) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          x1 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 2];
          x2 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          this.stack[this.stack.length - 2] = x2;
          this.stack[this.stack.length - 1] = x1;
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_TUCK:
        {
          // (x1 x2 -- x2 x1 x2)
          if (this.stack.length < 2) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          this.stack.splice(this.stack.length - 2, 0, this.stack[this.stack.length - 1]);
        }
        break;


      case Opcode.OP_SIZE:
        {
          // (in -- in size)
          if (this.stack.length < 1) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          bn = new BN(this.stack[this.stack.length - 1].length);
          this.stack.push(bn.toScriptNumBuffer());
        }
        break;


        //
        // Bitwise logic
        //
      case Opcode.OP_EQUAL:
      case Opcode.OP_EQUALVERIFY:
        //case Opcode.OP_NOTEQUAL: // use Opcode.OP_NUMNOTEQUAL
        {
          // (x1 x2 - bool)
          if (this.stack.length < 2) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          buf1 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 2];
          buf2 = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          var fEqual = buf1.toString('hex') === buf2.toString('hex');
          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.push(fEqual ? Interpreter.true : Interpreter.false);
          if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_EQUALVERIFY) {
            if (fEqual) {
              this.stack.pop();
            } else {
              this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_EQUALVERIFY';
              return false;
            }
          }
        }
        break;


        //
        // Numeric
        //
      case Opcode.OP_1ADD:
      case Opcode.OP_1SUB:
      case Opcode.OP_NEGATE:
      case Opcode.OP_ABS:
      case Opcode.OP_NOT:
      case Opcode.OP_0NOTEQUAL:
        {
          // (in -- out)
          if (this.stack.length < 1) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          buf = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          bn = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(buf, fRequireMinimal);
          switch (opcodenum) {
            case Opcode.OP_1ADD:
              bn = bn.add(BN.One);
              break;
            case Opcode.OP_1SUB:
              bn = bn.sub(BN.One);
              break;
            case Opcode.OP_NEGATE:
              bn = bn.neg();
              break;
            case Opcode.OP_ABS:
              if (bn.cmp(BN.Zero) < 0) {
                bn = bn.neg();
              }
              break;
            case Opcode.OP_NOT:
              bn = new BN((bn.cmp(BN.Zero) === 0) + 0);
              break;
            case Opcode.OP_0NOTEQUAL:
              bn = new BN((bn.cmp(BN.Zero) !== 0) + 0);
              break;
              //default:      assert(!'invalid opcode'); break; // TODO: does this ever occur?
          }
          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.push(bn.toScriptNumBuffer());
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_ADD:
      case Opcode.OP_SUB:
      case Opcode.OP_BOOLAND:
      case Opcode.OP_BOOLOR:
      case Opcode.OP_NUMEQUAL:
      case Opcode.OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY:
      case Opcode.OP_NUMNOTEQUAL:
      case Opcode.OP_LESSTHAN:
      case Opcode.OP_GREATERTHAN:
      case Opcode.OP_LESSTHANOREQUAL:
      case Opcode.OP_GREATERTHANOREQUAL:
      case Opcode.OP_MIN:
      case Opcode.OP_MAX:
        {
          // (x1 x2 -- out)
          if (this.stack.length < 2) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          bn1 = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(this.stack[this.stack.length - 2], fRequireMinimal);
          bn2 = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(this.stack[this.stack.length - 1], fRequireMinimal);
          bn = new BN(0);

          switch (opcodenum) {
            case Opcode.OP_ADD:
              bn = bn1.add(bn2);
              break;

            case Opcode.OP_SUB:
              bn = bn1.sub(bn2);
              break;

              // case Opcode.OP_BOOLAND:       bn = (bn1 != bnZero && bn2 != bnZero); break;
            case Opcode.OP_BOOLAND:
              bn = new BN(((bn1.cmp(BN.Zero) !== 0) && (bn2.cmp(BN.Zero) !== 0)) + 0);
              break;
              // case Opcode.OP_BOOLOR:        bn = (bn1 != bnZero || bn2 != bnZero); break;
            case Opcode.OP_BOOLOR:
              bn = new BN(((bn1.cmp(BN.Zero) !== 0) || (bn2.cmp(BN.Zero) !== 0)) + 0);
              break;
              // case Opcode.OP_NUMEQUAL:      bn = (bn1 == bn2); break;
            case Opcode.OP_NUMEQUAL:
              bn = new BN((bn1.cmp(bn2) === 0) + 0);
              break;
              // case Opcode.OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY:    bn = (bn1 == bn2); break;
            case Opcode.OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY:
              bn = new BN((bn1.cmp(bn2) === 0) + 0);
              break;
              // case Opcode.OP_NUMNOTEQUAL:     bn = (bn1 != bn2); break;
            case Opcode.OP_NUMNOTEQUAL:
              bn = new BN((bn1.cmp(bn2) !== 0) + 0);
              break;
              // case Opcode.OP_LESSTHAN:      bn = (bn1 < bn2); break;
            case Opcode.OP_LESSTHAN:
              bn = new BN((bn1.cmp(bn2) < 0) + 0);
              break;
              // case Opcode.OP_GREATERTHAN:     bn = (bn1 > bn2); break;
            case Opcode.OP_GREATERTHAN:
              bn = new BN((bn1.cmp(bn2) > 0) + 0);
              break;
              // case Opcode.OP_LESSTHANOREQUAL:   bn = (bn1 <= bn2); break;
            case Opcode.OP_LESSTHANOREQUAL:
              bn = new BN((bn1.cmp(bn2) <= 0) + 0);
              break;
              // case Opcode.OP_GREATERTHANOREQUAL:  bn = (bn1 >= bn2); break;
            case Opcode.OP_GREATERTHANOREQUAL:
              bn = new BN((bn1.cmp(bn2) >= 0) + 0);
              break;
            case Opcode.OP_MIN:
              bn = (bn1.cmp(bn2) < 0 ? bn1 : bn2);
              break;
            case Opcode.OP_MAX:
              bn = (bn1.cmp(bn2) > 0 ? bn1 : bn2);
              break;
              // default:           assert(!'invalid opcode'); break; //TODO: does this ever occur?
          }
          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.push(bn.toScriptNumBuffer());

          if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY) {
            // if (CastToBool(stacktop(-1)))
            if (Interpreter.castToBool(this.stack[this.stack.length - 1])) {
              this.stack.pop();
            } else {
              this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_NUMEQUALVERIFY';
              return false;
            }
          }
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_WITHIN:
        {
          // (x min max -- out)
          if (this.stack.length < 3) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          bn1 = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(this.stack[this.stack.length - 3], fRequireMinimal);
          bn2 = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(this.stack[this.stack.length - 2], fRequireMinimal);
          var bn3 = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(this.stack[this.stack.length - 1], fRequireMinimal);
          //bool fValue = (bn2 <= bn1 && bn1 < bn3);
          fValue = (bn2.cmp(bn1) <= 0) && (bn1.cmp(bn3) < 0);
          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.push(fValue ? Interpreter.true : Interpreter.false);
        }
        break;


        //
        // Crypto
        //
      case Opcode.OP_RIPEMD160:
      case Opcode.OP_SHA1:
      case Opcode.OP_SHA256:
      case Opcode.OP_HASH160:
      case Opcode.OP_HASH256:
        {
          // (in -- hash)
          if (this.stack.length < 1) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          buf = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          //valtype vchHash((opcode == Opcode.OP_RIPEMD160 ||
          //                 opcode == Opcode.OP_SHA1 || opcode == Opcode.OP_HASH160) ? 20 : 32);
          var bufHash;
          if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_RIPEMD160) {
            bufHash = Hash.ripemd160(buf);
          } else if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_SHA1) {
            bufHash = Hash.sha1(buf);
          } else if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_SHA256) {
            bufHash = Hash.sha256(buf);
          } else if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_HASH160) {
            bufHash = Hash.sha256ripemd160(buf);
          } else if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_HASH256) {
            bufHash = Hash.sha256sha256(buf);
          }
          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.push(bufHash);
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_CODESEPARATOR:
        {
          // Hash starts after the code separator
          this.pbegincodehash = this.pc;
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_CHECKSIG:
      case Opcode.OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY:
        {
          // (sig pubkey -- bool)
          if (this.stack.length < 2) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }

          bufSig = this.stack[this.stack.length - 2];
          bufPubkey = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
          if (!this.checkSignatureEncoding(bufSig) || !this.checkPubkeyEncoding(bufPubkey)) {
            return false;
          }

          // Subset of script starting at the most recent codeseparator
          // CScript scriptCode(pbegincodehash, pend);
          subscript = new Script().set({
            chunks: this.script.chunks.slice(this.pbegincodehash)
          });

          // Drop the signature, since there's no way for a signature to sign itself
          var tmpScript = new Script().add(bufSig);
          subscript.findAndDelete(tmpScript);

          try {
            sig = Signature.fromTxFormat(bufSig);
            pubkey = PublicKey.fromBuffer(bufPubkey, false);
            fSuccess = this.tx.verifySignature(sig, pubkey, this.nin, subscript, this.sigversion, this.satoshis);
          } catch (e) {
            //invalid sig or pubkey
            fSuccess = false;
          }

          if (!fSuccess && (this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_NULLFAIL) &&
            bufSig.length) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_NULLFAIL';
            return false;
          }

          this.stack.pop();
          this.stack.pop();

          // stack.push_back(fSuccess ? vchTrue : vchFalse);
          this.stack.push(fSuccess ? Interpreter.true : Interpreter.false);
          if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY) {
            if (fSuccess) {
              this.stack.pop();
            } else {
              this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_CHECKSIGVERIFY';
              return false;
            }
          }
        }
        break;

      case Opcode.OP_CHECKMULTISIG:
      case Opcode.OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY:
        {
          // ([sig ...] num_of_signatures [pubkey ...] num_of_pubkeys -- bool)

          var i = 1;
          if (this.stack.length < i) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }

          var nKeysCount = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(this.stack[this.stack.length - i], fRequireMinimal).toNumber();
          if (nKeysCount < 0 || nKeysCount > 20) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_PUBKEY_COUNT';
            return false;
          }
          this.nOpCount += nKeysCount;
          if (this.nOpCount > 201) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_OP_COUNT';
            return false;
          }
          // int ikey = ++i;
          var ikey = ++i;
          i += nKeysCount;

          // ikey2 is the position of last non-signature item in
          // the stack. Top stack item = 1. With
          // SCRIPT_VERIFY_NULLFAIL, this is used for cleanup if
          // operation fails.
          var ikey2 = nKeysCount + 2;

          if (this.stack.length < i) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }

          var nSigsCount = BN.fromScriptNumBuffer(this.stack[this.stack.length - i], fRequireMinimal).toNumber();
          if (nSigsCount < 0 || nSigsCount > nKeysCount) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_SIG_COUNT';
            return false;
          }
          // int isig = ++i;
          var isig = ++i;
          i += nSigsCount;
          if (this.stack.length < i) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }

          // Subset of script starting at the most recent codeseparator
          subscript = new Script().set({
            chunks: this.script.chunks.slice(this.pbegincodehash)
          });

          // Drop the signatures, since there's no way for a signature to sign itself
          for (var k = 0; k < nSigsCount; k++) {
            bufSig = this.stack[this.stack.length - isig - k];
            subscript.findAndDelete(new Script().add(bufSig));
          }

          fSuccess = true;
          while (fSuccess && nSigsCount > 0) {
            // valtype& vchSig  = stacktop(-isig);
            bufSig = this.stack[this.stack.length - isig];
            // valtype& vchPubKey = stacktop(-ikey);
            bufPubkey = this.stack[this.stack.length - ikey];

            if (!this.checkSignatureEncoding(bufSig) || !this.checkPubkeyEncoding(bufPubkey)) {
              return false;
            }

            var fOk;
            try {
              sig = Signature.fromTxFormat(bufSig);
              pubkey = PublicKey.fromBuffer(bufPubkey, false);
              fOk = this.tx.verifySignature(sig, pubkey, this.nin, subscript, this.sigversion, this.satoshis);
            } catch (e) {
              //invalid sig or pubkey
              fOk = false;
            }

            if (fOk) {
              isig++;
              nSigsCount--;
            }
            ikey++;
            nKeysCount--;

            // If there are more signatures left than keys left,
            // then too many signatures have failed
            if (nSigsCount > nKeysCount) {
              fSuccess = false;
            }
          }


          // Clean up stack of actual arguments
          while (i-- > 1) {
            if (!fSuccess && (this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_NULLFAIL) &&
              !ikey2 && this.stack[this.stack.length - 1].length) {

              this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_NULLFAIL';
              return false;
            }

            if (ikey2 > 0) {
              ikey2--;
            }

            this.stack.pop();
          }

          // A bug causes CHECKMULTISIG to consume one extra argument
          // whose contents were not checked in any way.
          //
          // Unfortunately this is a potential source of mutability,
          // so optionally verify it is exactly equal to zero prior
          // to removing it from the stack.
          if (this.stack.length < 1) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION';
            return false;
          }
          if ((this.flags & Interpreter.SCRIPT_VERIFY_NULLDUMMY) && this.stack[this.stack.length - 1].length) {
            this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_SIG_NULLDUMMY';
            return false;
          }
          this.stack.pop();

          this.stack.push(fSuccess ? Interpreter.true : Interpreter.false);

          if (opcodenum === Opcode.OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY) {
            if (fSuccess) {
              this.stack.pop();
            } else {
              this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY';
              return false;
            }
          }
        }
        break;

      default:
        this.errstr = 'SCRIPT_ERR_BAD_OPCODE';
        return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
};