express-graphql/README.md

GraphQL HTTP Server Middleware
==============================

[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/graphql/express-graphql.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/graphql/express-graphql)
[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/graphql/express-graphql/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/graphql/express-graphql?branch=master)

Create a GraphQL HTTP server with any HTTP web framework that supports connect styled middleware, including [Connect](https://github.com/senchalabs/connect) itself, [Express](http://expressjs.com) and [Restify](http://restify.com/).

## Installation

```sh
npm install --save express-graphql
```


## Simple Setup

Just mount `express-graphql` as a route handler:

```js
const express = require('express');
const graphqlHTTP = require('express-graphql');

const app = express();

app.use('/graphql', graphqlHTTP({
  schema: MyGraphQLSchema,
  graphiql: true
}));

app.listen(4000);
```


## Setup with Restify

Use `.get` or `.post` (or both) rather than `.use` to configure your route handler. If you want to show GraphiQL in the browser, set `graphiql: true` on your `.get` handler.

```js
const restify = require('restify');
const graphqlHTTP = require('express-graphql');

const app = restify.createServer();

app.post('/graphql', graphqlHTTP({
  schema: MyGraphQLSchema,
  graphiql: false
}));

app.get('/graphql', graphqlHTTP({
  schema: MyGraphQLSchema,
  graphiql: true
}));

app.listen(4000);
```


## Options

The `graphqlHTTP` function accepts the following options:

  * **`schema`**: A `GraphQLSchema` instance from [`GraphQL.js`][].
    A `schema` *must* be provided.

  * **`graphiql`**: If `true`, presents [GraphiQL][] when the GraphQL endpoint is
    loaded in a browser. We recommend that you set
    `graphiql` to `true` when your app is in development, because it's
    quite useful. You may or may not want it in production.

  * **`rootValue`**: A value to pass as the `rootValue` to the `graphql()`
    function from [`GraphQL.js/src/execute.js`](https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/master/src/execution/execute.js#L119).

  * **`context`**: A value to pass as the `context` to the `graphql()`
    function from [`GraphQL.js/src/execute.js`](https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/master/src/execution/execute.js#L120). If `context` is not provided, the
    `request` object is passed as the context.

  * **`pretty`**: If `true`, any JSON response will be pretty-printed.

  * **`formatError`**: An optional function which will be used to format any
    errors produced by fulfilling a GraphQL operation. If no function is
    provided, GraphQL's default spec-compliant [`formatError`][] function will be used.

  * **`extensions`**: An optional function for adding additional metadata to the
    GraphQL response as a key-value object. The result will be added to
    `"extensions"` field in the resulting JSON. This is often a useful place to
    add development time metadata such as the runtime of a query or the amount
    of resources consumed. This may be an async function. The function is
    given one object as an argument: `{ document, variables, operationName, result, context }`.

  * **`validationRules`**: Optional additional validation rules queries must
    satisfy in addition to those defined by the GraphQL spec.

In addition to an object defining each option, options can also be provided as
a function (or async function) which returns this options object. This function
is provided the arguments `(request, response, graphQLParams)` and is called
after the request has been parsed.

The `graphQLParams` is provided as the object `{ query, variables, operationName, raw }`.

```js
app.use('/graphql', graphqlHTTP(async (request, response, graphQLParams) => ({
  schema: MyGraphQLSchema,
  rootValue: await someFunctionToGetRootValue(request),
  graphiql: true
})));
```


## HTTP Usage

Once installed at a path, `express-graphql` will accept requests with
the parameters:

  * **`query`**: A string GraphQL document to be executed.

  * **`variables`**: The runtime values to use for any GraphQL query variables
    as a JSON object.

  * **`operationName`**: If the provided `query` contains multiple named
    operations, this specifies which operation should be executed. If not
    provided, a 400 error will be returned if the `query` contains multiple
    named operations.

  * **`raw`**: If the `graphiql` option is enabled and the `raw` parameter is
    provided raw JSON will always be returned instead of GraphiQL even when
    loaded from a browser.

GraphQL will first look for each parameter in the URL's query-string:

```
/graphql?query=query+getUser($id:ID){user(id:$id){name}}&variables={"id":"4"}
```

If not found in the query-string, it will look in the POST request body.

If a previous middleware has already parsed the POST body, the `request.body`
value will be used. Use [`multer`][] or a similar middleware to add support
for `multipart/form-data` content, which may be useful for GraphQL mutations
involving uploading files. See an [example using multer](https://github.com/graphql/express-graphql/blob/304b24b993c8f16fffff8d23b0fa4088e690874b/src/__tests__/http-test.js#L674-L741).

If the POST body has not yet been parsed, express-graphql will interpret it
depending on the provided *Content-Type* header.

  * **`application/json`**: the POST body will be parsed as a JSON
    object of parameters.

  * **`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`**: this POST body will be
    parsed as a url-encoded string of key-value pairs.

  * **`application/graphql`**: The POST body will be parsed as GraphQL
    query string, which provides the `query` parameter.


## Combining with Other Express Middleware

By default, the express request is passed as the GraphQL `context`.
Since most express middleware operates by adding extra data to the
request object, this means you can use most express middleware just by inserting it before `graphqlHTTP` is mounted. This covers scenarios such as authenticating the user, handling file uploads, or mounting GraphQL on a dynamic endpoint.

This example uses [`express-session`][] to provide GraphQL with the currently logged-in session.

```js
const session = require('express-session');
const graphqlHTTP = require('express-graphql');

const app = express();

app.use(session({ secret: 'keyboard cat', cookie: { maxAge: 60000 }}));

app.use('/graphql', graphqlHTTP({
  schema: MySessionAwareGraphQLSchema,
  graphiql: true
}));
```

Then in your type definitions, you can access the request via the third "context" argument in your `resolve` function:

```js
new GraphQLObjectType({
  name: 'MyType',
  fields: {
    myField: {
      type: GraphQLString,
      resolve(parentValue, args, request) {
        // use `request.session` here
      }
    }
  }
});
```


## Providing Extensions

The GraphQL response allows for adding additional information in a response to
a GraphQL query via a field in the response called `"extensions"`. This is added
by providing an `extensions` function when using `graphqlHTTP`. The function
must return a JSON-serializable Object.

When called, this is provided an argument which you can use to get information
about the GraphQL request:

`{ document, variables, operationName, result, context }`

This example illustrates adding the amount of time consumed by running the
provided query, which could perhaps be used by your development tools.

```js
const graphqlHTTP = require('express-graphql');

const app = express();

app.use(session({ secret: 'keyboard cat', cookie: { maxAge: 60000 }}));

const extensions = ({ document, variables, operationName, result, context }) => {
  return {
    runTime: Date.now() - context.startTime
  }
}

app.use('/graphql', graphqlHTTP(request => {
  return {
    schema: MyGraphQLSchema,
    context: { startTime: Date.now() },
    graphiql: true,
    extensions
  };
}));
```

When querying this endpoint, it would include this information in the result,
for example:

```js
{
  "data": { ... }
  "extensions": {
    "runTime": 135
  }
}
```


## Additional Validation Rules

GraphQL's [validation phase](https://facebook.github.io/graphql/#sec-Validation) checks the query to ensure that it can be successfully executed against the schema. The `validationRules` option allows for additional rules to be run during this phase. Rules are applied to each node in an AST representing the query using the Visitor pattern.

A validation rule is a function which returns a visitor for one or more node Types. Below is an example of a validation preventing the specific fieldname `metadata` from being queried. For more examples see the [`specifiedRules`](https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/tree/master/src/validation/rules) in the [graphql-js](https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js) package.

```js
import { GraphQLError } from 'graphql';

export function DisallowMetadataQueries(context) {
  return {
    Field(node) {
      const fieldName = node.name.value;

      if (fieldName === "metadata") {
        context.reportError(
          new GraphQLError(
            `Validation: Requesting the field ${fieldName} is not allowed`,
          ),
        );
      }
    }
  };
}
```

## Other Exports

**`getGraphQLParams(request: Request): Promise<GraphQLParams>`**

Given an HTTP Request, this returns a Promise for the parameters relevant to
running a GraphQL request. This function is used internally to handle the
incoming request, you may use it directly for building other similar services.

```js
const graphqlHTTP = require('express-graphql');

graphqlHTTP.getGraphQLParams(request).then(params => {
  // do something...
})
```


## Debugging Tips

During development, it's useful to get more information from errors, such as
stack traces. Providing a function to `formatError` enables this:

```js
formatError: error => ({
  message: error.message,
  locations: error.locations,
  stack: error.stack ? error.stack.split('\n') : [],
  path: error.path
})
```


[`GraphQL.js`]: https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js
[`formatError`]: https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/master/src/error/formatError.js
[GraphiQL]: https://github.com/graphql/graphiql
[`multer`]: https://github.com/expressjs/multer
[`express-session`]: https://github.com/expressjs/session