# derived from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-SAMPA

# X-SAMPA	IPA	IPA image	Description	Examples
a	a		open front unrounded vowel	French d a me [dam]
b	b		voiced bilabial plosive	English b ed [bEd] , French b on [bO~]
b_<	ɓ		voiced bilabial implosive	Sindhi ɓarʊ [ b_<arU ]
c	c		voiceless palatal plosive	"Hungarian la ty ak [\"lQcQk]"
d	d		voiced alveolar plosive	English d ig [dIg] , French d oigt [dwa]
d`	ɖ		voiced retroflex plosive	Swedish ho rd  [hu:d`]
d_<	ɗ		voiced alveolar implosive	Sindhi ɗarʊ [ d_<arU ]
e	e		close-mid front unrounded vowel	French bl é  [ble]
f	f		voiceless labiodental fricative	English f ive [faIv] , French f emme [fam]
g	ɡ		voiced velar plosive	English g ame [geIm] , French lon gu e [lO~g]
g_<	ɠ		voiced velar implosive	Sindhi ɠəro [ g_<@ro ]
h	h		voiceless glottal fricative	English h ouse [haUs]
h\	ɦ		voiced glottal fricative	Czech hrad [h\rat]
i	i		close front unrounded vowel	English b e  [bi:] , French ou i  [wi] , Spanish s i  [si]
j	j		palatal approximant	English y es [jEs] , French y eux [j2]
j\	ʝ		voiced palatal fricative	Greek γ ειά [j\a]
k	k		voiceless velar plosive	"English s c at [sk{t] , Spanish c arro [\"karo]"
l	l		alveolar lateral approximant	English l ay [leI] , French ma l  [mal]
l`	ɭ		retroflex lateral approximant	Svealand Swedish so rl  [so:l`]
l\	ɺ		alveolar lateral flap	Wayuu püü l ükü [pM:l\MkM]
m	m		bilabial nasal	English m ouse [maUs] , French ho mm e [Om]
n	n		alveolar nasal	English n ap [n{p] , French n on [nO~]
n`	ɳ		retroflex nasal	Swedish hö rn  [h2:n`]
o	o		close-mid back rounded vowel	French v eau  [vo]
p	p		voiceless bilabial plosive	"English s p eak [spik] , French p ose [poz] , Spanish p erro [\"pero]"
p\	ɸ		voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanese f uku [p\M_0kM]
q	q		voiceless uvular plosive	"Arabic q asbah [\"qQs_Gba]"
r	r		alveolar trill	"Spanish pe rr o [\"pero]"
r`	ɽ		retroflex flap	Bengali ga r i [gar`i:]
r\	ɹ		alveolar approximant	English r ed [r\Ed]
r\`	ɻ		retroflex approximant	"Malayalam വഴി [\"v@r\`i]"
s	s		voiceless alveolar fricative	"English s eem [si:m] , French s e ss ion [sE\"sjO~]"
s`	ʂ		voiceless retroflex fricative	Swedish ma rs  [mas`]
s\	ɕ		voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish ś wierszcz [s\v'ers`ts`]
t	t		voiceless alveolar plosive	"English s t ew [stju:] , French ra t é [Ra\"te]"
t`	ʈ		voiceless retroflex plosive	Swedish mö rt  [m2t`]
u	u		close back rounded vowel	English b oo m [bu:m] , Spanish s u  [su]
v	v		voiced labiodental fricative	English v est [vEst] , French v oix [vwa]
v\ (or P )	ʋ		labiodental approximant	Dutch w est [v\Est] / [PEst]
w	w		labial-velar approximant	English w est [wEst] , French ou i [wi]
x	x		voiceless velar fricative	Scots lo ch  [lOx] or [5Ox] ; German Bu ch , Da ch ; Spanish ca j a, g estión
x\	ɧ		voiceless palatal-velar fricative	Swedish sj al [x\A:l]
y	y		close front rounded vowel	"French t u  [ty] German ü ber [\"y:b6]"
z	z		voiced alveolar fricative	"English z oo [zu:] , French a z ote [a\"zOt]"
z`	ʐ		voiced retroflex fricative	Mandarin Chinese r ang [z`aN]
z\	ʑ		voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	"Polish ź rebak [\"z\rEbak]"
A	ɑ		open back unrounded vowel	"English f a ther [ \"fA:D@ ( r\ )] (RP and Gen.Am.)"
B	β		voiced bilabial fricative	"Spanish la v ar [la\"Ba4]"
B\	ʙ		bilabial trill	"Reminiscent of shivering (\"brrr\")"
C	ç		voiceless palatal fricative	"German i ch  [IC] , English h uman [\"Cjum@n] (broad transcription uses [ hj -])"
D	ð		voiced dental fricative	English th en [DEn]
E	ɛ		open-mid front unrounded vowel	French m ê me [mE:m] , English m e t [mEt] (RP and Gen.Am.)
F	ɱ		labiodental nasal	"English e m phasis [\"EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [ Emf -])"
G	ɣ		voiced velar fricative	"Greek γ ωνία [Go\"nia]"
G\	ɢ		voiced uvular plosive	Inuktitut ni r ivvik [niG\ivvik]
G\_<	ʛ		voiced uvular implosive	Mam ʛa [ G\_<a ]
H	ɥ		labial-palatal approximant	ce h u it [Hit]
H\	ʜ		voiceless epiglottal fricative	Agul ме хӀ  [mEH\]
I	ɪ		near-close front unrounded vowel	English k i t [kIt]
I\	ᵻ		near-close central unrounded vowel (non-IPA)	Polish r y ba [rI\bA]
J	ɲ		palatal nasal	"Spanish a ñ o [\"aJo] , English ca ny on [\"k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [- nj -])"
J\	ɟ		voiced palatal plosive	Hungarian e gy  [EJ\]
J\_<	ʄ		voiced palatal implosive	Sindhi ʄaro [ J\_<aro ]
K	ɬ		voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Welsh ll aw [KaU]
K\	ɮ		voiced alveolar lateral fricative	Mongolian до л оо [tOK\O:]
L	ʎ		palatal lateral approximant	"Italian fami gli a [fa\"miLLa] , Castilian ll amar [La\"mar]"
L\	ʟ		velar lateral approximant	Korean 달 구지 [t6L\gudz\i]
M	ɯ		close back unrounded vowel	Korean 음 식 [M:ms\_hik_}]
M\	ɰ		velar approximant	"Spanish fue g o [\"fweM\o]"
N	ŋ		velar nasal	English thi ng  [TIN]
N\	ɴ		uvular nasal	Japanese sa n  [saN\]
O	ɔ		open-mid back rounded vowel	American English o ff [O:f]
O\	ʘ		bilabial click	
P	ʋ		labiodental approximant	Dutch w est [PEst] / [v\Est] , allophone of English phoneme /r\/
v\	ʋ		labiodental approximant	Dutch w est [PEst] / [v\Est] , allophone of English phoneme /r\/
Q	ɒ		open back rounded vowel	RP l o t [lQt]
R	ʁ		voiced uvular fricative	German r ein [RaIn]
R\	ʀ		uvular trill	French r oi [R\wa]
S	ʃ		voiceless postalveolar fricative	English sh ip [SIp]
T	θ		voiceless dental fricative	English th in [TIn]
U	ʊ		near-close back rounded vowel	English f oo t [fUt]
U\	ᵿ		near-close central rounded vowel (non-IPA)	"English  e u phoria [jU\\"fO@r\i@]"
V	ʌ		open-mid back unrounded vowel	Scottish English str u t [str\Vt]
W	ʍ		voiceless labial-velar fricative	Scots wh en [WEn]
X	χ		voiceless uvular fricative	Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ  [sXa?q_wa?]
X\	ħ		voiceless pharyngeal fricative	Arabic <ح> h a’ [X\A:]
Y	ʏ		near-close front rounded vowel	German h ü bsch [hYpS]
Z	ʒ		voiced postalveolar fricative	"English vi s ion [\"vIZ@n]"
.	.		syllable break
"\""	ˈ		primary stress
%	ˌ		secondary stress	"American English pro nun ciation [pr\@%nVn.si.\"eI.S@n]"
'	ʲ		palatalized	"Russian Земля (Earth) [z'I\"ml'a] or [z_jI\"ml_ja]"
_j	ʲ		palatalized	"Russian Земля (Earth) [z'I\"ml'a] or [z_jI\"ml_ja]"
:	ː		long
:\	ˑ		half long	Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
-			separator	Polish trz y [t-S1] vs. cz y [tS1] (affricate)
@	ə		schwa	"English a ren a  [@\"r\i:n@]"
@\	ɘ		close-mid central unrounded vowel	Paicĩ kɘ̄ɾɘ  [k@\_M4@\_M]
@`	ɚ		r-coloured schwa	"American English col or  [\"kVl@`]"
{	æ		near-open front unrounded vowel	English tr a p [tr\{p]
}	ʉ		close central rounded vowel	Swedish sj u  [x\}:] ; AuE/NZE b oo t [b}:t]
1	ɨ		close central unrounded vowel	"Welsh t u  [t1] , American English ros e' s [\"r\oUz1z]"
2	ø		close-mid front rounded vowel	"Danish købe [\"k2:b@] , French d eu x [d2]"
3	ɜ		open-mid central unrounded vowel	English n ur se [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
3`	ɝ		rhotic open-mid central unrounded vowel	English [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
3\	ɞ		open-mid central rounded vowel	Irish t omha il [t3\:l']
4	ɾ		alveolar flap	"Spanish pe r o [\"pe4o] , American English be tt er [\"bE4@`]"
5	ɫ		velarized alveolar lateral approximant ; also see _e	"English mi l k [mI5k] , Portuguese l ivro [\"5iv4u]"
6	ɐ		near-open central vowel	"German bess er  [\"bEs6] , Australian English m u d [m6d]"
7	ɤ		close-mid back unrounded vowel	Estonian k õ ik [k7ik] , Vietnamese m ơ  [m7_M]
8	ɵ		close-mid central rounded vowel	Swedish b u ss [b8s]
9	œ		open-mid front rounded vowel	French n eu f [n9f] , Danish dr ø mme [dR9m@]
&	ɶ		open front rounded vowel	Swedish sk ö rd [x\&d`]
?	ʔ		glottal stop	"Cockney English bo tt le [\"bQ?o]"
?\	ʕ		voiced pharyngeal fricative	Arabic  ع (`ayn) [?\Ajn]
*			"undefined escape character, SAMPA's \"conjunctor\""
/			indeterminacy in French vowels
<			begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA )
<\	ʢ		voiced epiglottal fricative	Siwi arˤbˤə ʢ a (four) [ar_?\b_?\@<\a]
>			end nonsegmental notation
>\	ʡ		epiglottal plosive	Archi гӀарз (complaint) [>\arz]
^	ꜛ		upstep
!	ꜜ		downstep
!\	ǃ		postalveolar click	Zulu i q a q a (polecat) [i:!\a:\a]
|	|		minor (foot) group
|\	ǀ		dental click	Zulu i c i c i (earring) [i:|\i:|\i]
||	‖		major (intonation) group
|\|\	ǁ		alveolar lateral click	Zulu x o x a (to converse) [|\|O:|\|a]
=\	ǂ		palatal click
-\	‿		linking mark