/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  JPEG JFIF Driver
 * Purpose:  Implement GDAL JPEG Support based on IJG libjpeg.
 * Author:   Frank Warmerdam, warmerdam@pobox.com
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2000, Frank Warmerdam
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2014, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) Her majesty the Queen in right of Canada as
 * represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2006.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "cpl_port.h"
#include "jpgdataset.h"

#include <cerrno>
#include <climits>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <limits>
#include <setjmp.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <string>

#include "gdalorienteddataset.h"

#include "cpl_conv.h"
#include "cpl_error.h"
#include "cpl_md5.h"
#include "cpl_minixml.h"
#include "quant_table_md5sum.h"
#include "quant_table_md5sum_jpeg9e.h"
#include "cpl_progress.h"
#include "cpl_string.h"
#include "cpl_time.h"
#include "cpl_vsi.h"
#include "gdal.h"
#include "gdal_frmts.h"
#include "gdal_pam.h"
#include "gdal_priv.h"
#include "gdalexif.h"
CPL_C_START
#ifdef LIBJPEG_12_PATH
#include LIBJPEG_12_PATH
#else
#include "jpeglib.h"
#endif
CPL_C_END
#include "memdataset.h"
#include "rawdataset.h"
#include "vsidataio.h"
#include "vrt/vrtdataset.h"
#include "jpegdrivercore.h"

#if defined(EXPECTED_JPEG_LIB_VERSION) && !defined(LIBJPEG_12_PATH)
#if EXPECTED_JPEG_LIB_VERSION != JPEG_LIB_VERSION
#error EXPECTED_JPEG_LIB_VERSION != JPEG_LIB_VERSION
#endif
#endif

constexpr int TIFF_VERSION = 42;

constexpr int TIFF_BIGENDIAN = 0x4d4d;
constexpr int TIFF_LITTLEENDIAN = 0x4949;

constexpr int JPEG_TIFF_IMAGEWIDTH = 0x100;
constexpr int JPEG_TIFF_IMAGEHEIGHT = 0x101;
constexpr int JPEG_TIFF_COMPRESSION = 0x103;
constexpr int JPEG_EXIF_JPEGIFOFSET = 0x201;
constexpr int JPEG_EXIF_JPEGIFBYTECOUNT = 0x202;

// Ok to use setjmp().
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma warning(disable : 4611)
#endif

// Do we want to do special processing suitable for when JSAMPLE is a
// 16bit value?

/* HAVE_JPEGTURBO_DUAL_MODE_8_12 is defined for libjpeg-turbo >= 2.2 which
 * adds a dual-mode 8/12 bit API in the same library.
 */

#if defined(HAVE_JPEGTURBO_DUAL_MODE_8_12)
/* Start by undefining BITS_IN_JSAMPLE which is always set to 8 in libjpeg-turbo
 * >= 2.2 Cf
 * https://github.com/libjpeg-turbo/libjpeg-turbo/commit/8b9bc4b9635a2a047fb23ebe70c9acd728d3f99b
 */
#undef BITS_IN_JSAMPLE
/* libjpeg-turbo >= 2.2 adds J12xxxx datatypes for the 12-bit mode. */
#if defined(JPGDataset)
#define BITS_IN_JSAMPLE 12
#define GDAL_JSAMPLE J12SAMPLE
#else
#define BITS_IN_JSAMPLE 8
#define GDAL_JSAMPLE JSAMPLE
#endif
#else
#define GDAL_JSAMPLE JSAMPLE
#endif

#if defined(JPEG_LIB_MK1)
#define JPEG_LIB_MK1_OR_12BIT 1
#elif BITS_IN_JSAMPLE == 12
#define JPEG_LIB_MK1_OR_12BIT 1
#endif

/************************************************************************/
/*                     SetMaxMemoryToUse()                              */
/************************************************************************/

static void SetMaxMemoryToUse(struct jpeg_decompress_struct *psDInfo)
{
    // This is to address bug related in ticket #1795.
    if (CPLGetConfigOption("JPEGMEM", nullptr) == nullptr)
    {
        // If the user doesn't provide a value for JPEGMEM, we want to be sure
        // that at least 500 MB will be used before creating the temporary file.
        const long nMinMemory = 500 * 1024 * 1024;
        psDInfo->mem->max_memory_to_use =
            std::max(psDInfo->mem->max_memory_to_use, nMinMemory);
    }
}

#if !defined(JPGDataset)

/************************************************************************/
/*                     ReadImageStructureMetadata()                     */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDatasetCommon::ReadImageStructureMetadata()
{
    if (bHasReadImageStructureMetadata)
        return;

    bHasReadImageStructureMetadata = true;
    if (GetDataPrecision() != 8)
        return;  // quality guessing not implemented for 12-bit JPEG for now

    // Save current position to avoid disturbing JPEG stream decoding.
    const vsi_l_offset nCurOffset = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);

    GByte abyChunkHeader[4];
    int nChunkLoc = 2;
    constexpr GByte MARKER_QUANT_TABLE = 0xDB;
    struct CPLMD5Context context;
    CPLMD5Init(&context);

    while (true)
    {
        if (VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nChunkLoc, SEEK_SET) != 0)
            break;

        if (VSIFReadL(abyChunkHeader, sizeof(abyChunkHeader), 1, m_fpImage) !=
            1)
            break;

        const int nChunkLength = abyChunkHeader[2] * 256 + abyChunkHeader[3];
        if (abyChunkHeader[0] == 0xFF &&
            abyChunkHeader[1] == MARKER_QUANT_TABLE && nChunkLength > 2)
        {
            std::vector<GByte> abyTable(nChunkLength);
            abyTable[0] = abyChunkHeader[2];
            abyTable[1] = abyChunkHeader[3];
            if (VSIFReadL(&abyTable[2], nChunkLength - 2, 1, m_fpImage) == 1)
            {
                CPLMD5Update(&context, &abyTable[0], nChunkLength);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (abyChunkHeader[0] != 0xFF || (abyChunkHeader[1] & 0xf0) != 0xe0)
                break;  // Not an APP chunk.
        }

        nChunkLoc += 2 + nChunkLength;
    }

    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nCurOffset, SEEK_SET);

    GByte digest[16];
    CPLMD5Final(digest, &context);

    const bool bIsYCbCr = nBands == 3 && GetJPEGColorSpace() == JCS_YCbCr;
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
    {
        if ((bIsYCbCr &&
             (memcmp(md5JPEGQuantTable_3_YCBCR_8bit[i], digest, 16) == 0 ||
              memcmp(md5JPEGQuantTable_3_YCBCR_8bit_jpeg9e[i], digest, 16) ==
                  0)) ||
            (!bIsYCbCr &&
             memcmp(md5JPEGQuantTable_generic_8bit[i], digest, 16) == 0))
        {
            GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
                "JPEG_QUALITY", CPLSPrintf("%d", i + 1), "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
            break;
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       ReadEXIFMetadata()                             */
/************************************************************************/
void JPGDatasetCommon::ReadEXIFMetadata()
{
    if (bHasReadEXIFMetadata)
        return;

    CPLAssert(papszMetadata == nullptr);

    // Save current position to avoid disturbing JPEG stream decoding.
    const vsi_l_offset nCurOffset = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);

    if (EXIFInit(m_fpImage))
    {
        EXIFExtractMetadata(papszMetadata, m_fpImage, nTiffDirStart, bSwabflag,
                            nTIFFHEADER, nExifOffset, nInterOffset, nGPSOffset);

        if (nExifOffset > 0)
        {
            EXIFExtractMetadata(papszMetadata, m_fpImage, nExifOffset,
                                bSwabflag, nTIFFHEADER, nExifOffset,
                                nInterOffset, nGPSOffset);
        }
        if (nInterOffset > 0)
        {
            EXIFExtractMetadata(papszMetadata, m_fpImage, nInterOffset,
                                bSwabflag, nTIFFHEADER, nExifOffset,
                                nInterOffset, nGPSOffset);
        }
        if (nGPSOffset > 0)
        {
            EXIFExtractMetadata(papszMetadata, m_fpImage, nGPSOffset, bSwabflag,
                                nTIFFHEADER, nExifOffset, nInterOffset,
                                nGPSOffset);
        }

        // Pix4D Mapper files have both DNG_CameraSerialNumber and EXIF_BodySerialNumber
        // set at the same value. Only expose the later in that situation.
        if (const char *pszDNG_CameraSerialNumber =
                CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "DNG_CameraSerialNumber"))
        {
            const char *pszEXIF_BodySerialNumber =
                CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "EXIF_BodySerialNumber");
            if (pszEXIF_BodySerialNumber &&
                EQUAL(pszDNG_CameraSerialNumber, pszEXIF_BodySerialNumber))
            {
                CPLDebug("JPEG", "Unsetting DNG_CameraSerialNumber as it has "
                                 "the same value as EXIF_BodySerialNumber");
                papszMetadata = CSLSetNameValue(
                    papszMetadata, "DNG_CameraSerialNumber", nullptr);
            }
        }

        // Pix4D Mapper files have both DNG_UniqueCameraModel and EXIF_Model
        // set at the same value. Only expose the later in that situation.
        if (const char *pszDNG_UniqueCameraModel =
                CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "DNG_UniqueCameraModel"))
        {
            const char *pszEXIF_Model =
                CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "EXIF_Model");
            if (pszEXIF_Model && EQUAL(pszDNG_UniqueCameraModel, pszEXIF_Model))
            {
                CPLDebug("JPEG", "Unsetting DNG_UniqueCameraModel as it has "
                                 "the same value as EXIF_Model");
                papszMetadata = CSLSetNameValue(
                    papszMetadata, "DNG_UniqueCameraModel", nullptr);
            }
        }

        // Avoid setting the PAM dirty bit just for that.
        const int nOldPamFlags = nPamFlags;

        // Append metadata from PAM after EXIF metadata.
        papszMetadata = CSLMerge(papszMetadata, GDALPamDataset::GetMetadata());

        // Expose XMP in EXIF in xml:XMP metadata domain
        if (GDALDataset::GetMetadata("xml:XMP") == nullptr)
        {
            const char *pszXMP =
                CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "EXIF_XmlPacket");
            if (pszXMP)
            {
                CPLDebug("JPEG", "Read XMP metadata from EXIF tag");
                const char *const apszMDList[2] = {pszXMP, nullptr};
                SetMetadata(const_cast<char **>(apszMDList), "xml:XMP");

                papszMetadata =
                    CSLSetNameValue(papszMetadata, "EXIF_XmlPacket", nullptr);
            }
        }

        if (papszMetadata)
            SetMetadata(papszMetadata);

        nPamFlags = nOldPamFlags;
    }

    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nCurOffset, SEEK_SET);

    bHasReadEXIFMetadata = true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ReadXMPMetadata()                             */
/************************************************************************/

// See §2.1.3 of
// http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMPSpecificationPart3.pdf

void JPGDatasetCommon::ReadXMPMetadata()
{
    if (bHasReadXMPMetadata)
        return;

    // Save current position to avoid disturbing JPEG stream decoding.
    const vsi_l_offset nCurOffset = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);

    // Search for APP1 chunk.
    constexpr int APP1_BYTE = 0xe1;
    constexpr int JFIF_MARKER_SIZE = 2 + 2;  // ID + size
    constexpr const char APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE[] = "http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/";
    constexpr int APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE_LEN =
        static_cast<int>(sizeof(APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE));
    GByte abyChunkHeader[JFIF_MARKER_SIZE + APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE_LEN] = {};
    int nChunkLoc = 2;
    bool bFoundXMP = false;

    while (true)
    {
        if (VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nChunkLoc, SEEK_SET) != 0)
            break;

        if (VSIFReadL(abyChunkHeader, sizeof(abyChunkHeader), 1, m_fpImage) !=
            1)
            break;

        nChunkLoc += 2 + abyChunkHeader[2] * 256 + abyChunkHeader[3];

        // Not a marker
        if (abyChunkHeader[0] != 0xFF)
            break;

        // Stop on Start of Scan
        if (abyChunkHeader[1] == 0xDA)
            break;

        if (abyChunkHeader[1] == APP1_BYTE &&
            memcmp(reinterpret_cast<char *>(abyChunkHeader) + JFIF_MARKER_SIZE,
                   APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE, APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE_LEN) == 0)
        {
            bFoundXMP = true;
            break;  // APP1 - XMP.
        }
    }

    if (bFoundXMP)
    {
        const int nXMPLength = abyChunkHeader[2] * 256 + abyChunkHeader[3] - 2 -
                               APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE_LEN;
        if (nXMPLength > 0)
        {
            char *pszXMP = static_cast<char *>(VSIMalloc(nXMPLength + 1));
            if (pszXMP)
            {
                if (VSIFReadL(pszXMP, nXMPLength, 1, m_fpImage) == 1)
                {
                    pszXMP[nXMPLength] = '\0';

                    // Avoid setting the PAM dirty bit just for that.
                    const int nOldPamFlags = nPamFlags;

                    char *apszMDList[2] = {pszXMP, nullptr};
                    SetMetadata(apszMDList, "xml:XMP");

                    // cppcheck-suppress redundantAssignment
                    nPamFlags = nOldPamFlags;
                }
                VSIFree(pszXMP);
            }
        }
    }

    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nCurOffset, SEEK_SET);

    bHasReadXMPMetadata = true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ReadThermalMetadata()                         */
/************************************************************************/
void JPGDatasetCommon::ReadThermalMetadata()
{
    ReadFLIRMetadata();
    ReadDJIMetadata();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ReadDJIMetadata()                             */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDatasetCommon::ReadDJIMetadata()
{
    if (bHasReadDJIMetadata)
        return;
    bHasReadDJIMetadata = true;

    if (!m_abyRawThermalImage.empty())
    {
        // If there is already FLIR data, do not overwrite with DJI.
        // That combination is not expected, but just in case.
        return;
    }

    const auto make = GetMetadataItem("EXIF_Make");
    const bool bMakerDJI = make && STRCASECMP(make, "DJI") == 0;
    if (!bMakerDJI)
        return;

    int nImageWidth = nRasterXSize;
    int nImageHeight = nRasterYSize;
    const size_t expectedSizeBytes = size_t(nImageHeight) * nImageWidth * 2;

    std::vector<GByte> abyDJI;

    const vsi_l_offset nCurOffset = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);

    int nChunkLoc = 2;
    // size of APP1 segment marker"
    GByte abyChunkHeader[4];

    while (true)
    {
        if (VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nChunkLoc, SEEK_SET) != 0)
            break;

        if (VSIFReadL(abyChunkHeader, sizeof(abyChunkHeader), 1, m_fpImage) !=
            1)
            break;

        const int nMarkerLength =
            abyChunkHeader[2] * 256 + abyChunkHeader[3] - 2;
        nChunkLoc += 4 + nMarkerLength;

        // Not a marker
        if (abyChunkHeader[0] != 0xFF)
            break;

        // Stop on Start of Scan
        if (abyChunkHeader[1] == 0xDA)
            break;

        if (abyChunkHeader[1] == 0xE3)
        {
            if (expectedSizeBytes > 10000 * 10000 * 2)
            {
                // In case there is very wrong exif for a thermal sensor, avoid memory problems.
                // Currently those sensors are 512x640
                abyDJI.clear();
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "DJI exif sizes are too big for thermal data");
                break;
            }
            const size_t nOldSize = abyDJI.size();
            if (nOldSize + nMarkerLength > expectedSizeBytes)
            {
                abyDJI.clear();
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "DJI thermal rawdata buffer bigger than expected");
                break;
            }
            abyDJI.resize(nOldSize + nMarkerLength);
            if (VSIFReadL(&abyDJI[nOldSize], nMarkerLength, 1, m_fpImage) != 1)
            {
                abyDJI.clear();
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    // Restore file pointer
    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nCurOffset, SEEK_SET);

    if (!abyDJI.empty())
    {
        if (abyDJI.size() != expectedSizeBytes)
        {
            if (abyDJI.size() == static_cast<size_t>(640 * 512 * 2))
            {
                // Some models, like M4T, have an JPEG image 1280x1024, but the raw thermal data is 640x512.
                // In case the raw bytes are exactly that many, allow it.
                // 640x512 is nowadays the nominal resolution of those sensors.
                nImageWidth = 640;
                nImageHeight = 512;
            }
            else
            {
                const auto size =
                    static_cast<long long unsigned int>(abyDJI.size());
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "DJI thermal sizes do not match. Bytes: %llu, "
                         "width: %d, height %d",
                         size, nImageWidth, nImageHeight);
                return;
            }
        }
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("RawThermalImageWidth",
                                     CPLSPrintf("%d", nImageWidth), "DJI");
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("RawThermalImageHeight",
                                     CPLSPrintf("%d", nImageHeight), "DJI");
        m_bRawThermalLittleEndian = true;  // Is that always?
        m_nRawThermalImageWidth = nImageWidth;
        m_nRawThermalImageHeight = nImageHeight;
        m_abyRawThermalImage.clear();
        m_abyRawThermalImage.insert(m_abyRawThermalImage.end(), abyDJI.begin(),
                                    abyDJI.end());

        if (!STARTS_WITH(GetDescription(), "JPEG:"))
        {
            m_nSubdatasetCount++;
            GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
                CPLSPrintf("SUBDATASET_%d_NAME", m_nSubdatasetCount),
                CPLSPrintf("JPEG:\"%s\":DJI_RAW_THERMAL_IMAGE",
                           GetDescription()),
                "SUBDATASETS");
            GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
                CPLSPrintf("SUBDATASET_%d_DESC", m_nSubdatasetCount),
                "DJI raw thermal image", "SUBDATASETS");
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ReadFLIRMetadata()                            */
/************************************************************************/

// See https://exiftool.org/TagNames/FLIR.html

void JPGDatasetCommon::ReadFLIRMetadata()
{
    if (bHasReadFLIRMetadata)
        return;
    bHasReadFLIRMetadata = true;

    // Save current position to avoid disturbing JPEG stream decoding.
    const vsi_l_offset nCurOffset = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);

    int nChunkLoc = 2;
    // size of APP1 segment marker + size of "FLIR\0"
    GByte abyChunkHeader[4 + 5];
    std::vector<GByte> abyFLIR;

    while (true)
    {
        if (VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nChunkLoc, SEEK_SET) != 0)
            break;

        if (VSIFReadL(abyChunkHeader, sizeof(abyChunkHeader), 1, m_fpImage) !=
            1)
            break;

        const int nMarkerLength =
            abyChunkHeader[2] * 256 + abyChunkHeader[3] - 2;
        nChunkLoc += 4 + nMarkerLength;

        // Not a marker
        if (abyChunkHeader[0] != 0xFF)
            break;

        // Stop on Start of Scan
        if (abyChunkHeader[1] == 0xDA)
            break;

        if (abyChunkHeader[1] == 0xe1 &&
            memcmp(abyChunkHeader + 4, "FLIR\0", 5) == 0)
        {
            // Somewhat arbitrary limit
            if (abyFLIR.size() > 10 * 1024 * 1024)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Too large FLIR data compared to hardcoded limit");
                abyFLIR.clear();
                break;
            }

            // 8 = sizeof("FLIR\0") + '\1' + chunk_idx + chunk_count
            if (nMarkerLength < 8)
            {
                abyFLIR.clear();
                break;
            }
            size_t nOldSize = abyFLIR.size();
            abyFLIR.resize(nOldSize + nMarkerLength - 8);
            GByte abyIgnored[3];  // skip '\1' + chunk_idx + chunk_count
            if (VSIFReadL(abyIgnored, 3, 1, m_fpImage) != 1 ||
                VSIFReadL(&abyFLIR[nOldSize], nMarkerLength - 8, 1,
                          m_fpImage) != 1)
            {
                abyFLIR.clear();
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    // Restore file pointer
    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nCurOffset, SEEK_SET);

    constexpr size_t FLIR_HEADER_SIZE = 64;
    if (abyFLIR.size() < FLIR_HEADER_SIZE)
        return;
    if (memcmp(&abyFLIR[0], "FFF\0", 4) != 0)
        return;

    const auto ReadString = [&abyFLIR](size_t nOffset, size_t nLen)
    {
        std::string osStr(
            reinterpret_cast<const char *>(abyFLIR.data()) + nOffset, nLen);
        osStr.resize(strlen(osStr.c_str()));
        return osStr;
    };

    bool bLittleEndian = false;

    const auto ReadUInt16 = [&abyFLIR, &bLittleEndian](size_t nOffset)
    {
        std::uint16_t nVal;
        memcpy(&nVal, &abyFLIR[nOffset], sizeof(nVal));
        if (bLittleEndian)
            CPL_LSBPTR16(&nVal);
        else
            CPL_MSBPTR16(&nVal);
        return nVal;
    };

    const auto ReadInt16 = [&abyFLIR, &bLittleEndian](size_t nOffset)
    {
        std::int16_t nVal;
        memcpy(&nVal, &abyFLIR[nOffset], sizeof(nVal));
        if (bLittleEndian)
            CPL_LSBPTR16(&nVal);
        else
            CPL_MSBPTR16(&nVal);
        return nVal;
    };

    const auto ReadUInt32 = [&abyFLIR, &bLittleEndian](size_t nOffset)
    {
        std::uint32_t nVal;
        memcpy(&nVal, &abyFLIR[nOffset], sizeof(nVal));
        if (bLittleEndian)
            CPL_LSBPTR32(&nVal);
        else
            CPL_MSBPTR32(&nVal);
        return nVal;
    };

    const auto ReadInt32 = [&abyFLIR, &bLittleEndian](size_t nOffset)
    {
        std::int32_t nVal;
        memcpy(&nVal, &abyFLIR[nOffset], sizeof(nVal));
        if (bLittleEndian)
            CPL_LSBPTR32(&nVal);
        else
            CPL_MSBPTR32(&nVal);
        return nVal;
    };

    const auto ReadFloat32 = [&abyFLIR, &bLittleEndian](size_t nOffset)
    {
        float fVal;
        memcpy(&fVal, &abyFLIR[nOffset], sizeof(fVal));
        if (bLittleEndian)
            CPL_LSBPTR32(&fVal);
        else
            CPL_MSBPTR32(&fVal);
        return fVal;
    };

    const auto ReadFloat64 = [&abyFLIR, &bLittleEndian](size_t nOffset)
    {
        double fVal;
        memcpy(&fVal, &abyFLIR[nOffset], sizeof(fVal));
        if (bLittleEndian)
            CPL_LSBPTR64(&fVal);
        else
            CPL_MSBPTR64(&fVal);
        return fVal;
    };

    // Avoid setting the PAM dirty bit just for that.
    struct PamFlagKeeper
    {
        int &m_nPamFlagsRef;
        int m_nOldPamFlags;

        explicit PamFlagKeeper(int &nPamFlagsRef)
            : m_nPamFlagsRef(nPamFlagsRef), m_nOldPamFlags(nPamFlagsRef)
        {
        }

        ~PamFlagKeeper()
        {
            m_nPamFlagsRef = m_nOldPamFlags;
        }
    };

    PamFlagKeeper oKeeper(nPamFlags);

    const auto SetStringIfNotEmpty =
        [&](const char *pszItemName, int nOffset, int nLength)
    {
        const auto str = ReadString(nOffset, nLength);
        if (!str.empty())
            SetMetadataItem(pszItemName, str.c_str(), "FLIR");
    };
    SetStringIfNotEmpty("CreatorSoftware", 4, 16);

    // Check file format version (big endian most of the time)
    const auto nFileFormatVersion = ReadUInt32(20);
    if (!(nFileFormatVersion >= 100 && nFileFormatVersion < 200))
    {
        bLittleEndian = true;  // retry with little-endian
        const auto nFileFormatVersionOtherEndianness = ReadUInt32(20);
        if (!(nFileFormatVersionOtherEndianness >= 100 &&
              nFileFormatVersionOtherEndianness < 200))
        {
            CPLDebug("JPEG", "FLIR: Unknown file format version: %u",
                     nFileFormatVersion);
            return;
        }
    }

    const auto nOffsetRecordDirectory = ReadUInt32(24);
    const auto nEntryCountRecordDirectory = ReadUInt32(28);

    CPLDebugOnly("JPEG", "FLIR: record offset %u, entry count %u",
                 nOffsetRecordDirectory, nEntryCountRecordDirectory);
    constexpr size_t SIZE_RECORD_DIRECTORY = 32;
    if (nOffsetRecordDirectory < FLIR_HEADER_SIZE ||
        nOffsetRecordDirectory +
                SIZE_RECORD_DIRECTORY * nEntryCountRecordDirectory >
            abyFLIR.size())
    {
        CPLDebug("JPEG", "Invalid FLIR FFF directory");
        return;
    }

    // Read the RawData record
    const auto ReadRawData =
        [&](std::uint32_t nRecOffset, std::uint32_t nRecLength)
    {
        if (!(nRecLength >= 32 && nRecOffset + nRecLength <= abyFLIR.size()))
            return;

        const int nByteOrder = ReadUInt16(nRecOffset);
        if (nByteOrder == 512)
            bLittleEndian = !bLittleEndian;
        else if (nByteOrder != 2)
            return;
        const auto nImageWidth = ReadUInt16(nRecOffset + 2);
        SetMetadataItem("RawThermalImageWidth", CPLSPrintf("%d", nImageWidth),
                        "FLIR");
        const auto nImageHeight = ReadUInt16(nRecOffset + 4);
        SetMetadataItem("RawThermalImageHeight", CPLSPrintf("%d", nImageHeight),
                        "FLIR");
        m_bRawThermalLittleEndian = bLittleEndian;
        m_nRawThermalImageWidth = nImageWidth;
        m_nRawThermalImageHeight = nImageHeight;
        m_abyRawThermalImage.clear();
        m_abyRawThermalImage.insert(m_abyRawThermalImage.end(),
                                    abyFLIR.begin() + nRecOffset + 32,
                                    abyFLIR.begin() + nRecOffset + nRecLength);

        if (!STARTS_WITH(GetDescription(), "JPEG:"))
        {
            m_nSubdatasetCount++;
            SetMetadataItem(
                CPLSPrintf("SUBDATASET_%d_NAME", m_nSubdatasetCount),
                CPLSPrintf("JPEG:\"%s\":FLIR_RAW_THERMAL_IMAGE",
                           GetDescription()),
                "SUBDATASETS");
            SetMetadataItem(
                CPLSPrintf("SUBDATASET_%d_DESC", m_nSubdatasetCount),
                "FLIR raw thermal image", "SUBDATASETS");
        }
    };

    // Read the Camera Info record
    const auto ReadCameraInfo =
        [&](std::uint32_t nRecOffset, std::uint32_t nRecLength)
    {
        if (!(nRecLength >= 1126 && nRecOffset + nRecLength <= abyFLIR.size()))
            return;

        const int nByteOrder = ReadUInt16(nRecOffset);
        if (nByteOrder == 512)
            bLittleEndian = !bLittleEndian;
        else if (nByteOrder != 2)
            return;

        const auto ReadFloat32FromKelvin = [=](std::uint32_t nOffset)
        {
            constexpr float ZERO_CELCIUS_IN_KELVIN = 273.15f;
            return ReadFloat32(nOffset) - ZERO_CELCIUS_IN_KELVIN;
        };
        SetMetadataItem("Emissivity",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 32)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("ObjectDistance",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f m", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 36)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "ReflectedApparentTemperature",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 40)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "AtmosphericTemperature",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 44)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "IRWindowTemperature",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 48)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("IRWindowTransmission",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 52)), "FLIR");
        auto fRelativeHumidity = ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 60);
        if (fRelativeHumidity > 2)
            fRelativeHumidity /= 100.0f;  // Sometimes expressed in percentage
        SetMetadataItem("RelativeHumidity",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f %%", 100.0f * fRelativeHumidity),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("PlanckR1",
                        CPLSPrintf("%.8g", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 88)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("PlanckB",
                        CPLSPrintf("%.8g", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 92)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("PlanckF",
                        CPLSPrintf("%.8g", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 96)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("AtmosphericTransAlpha1",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 112)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("AtmosphericTransAlpha2",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 116)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("AtmosphericTransBeta1",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 120)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("AtmosphericTransBeta2",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 124)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("AtmosphericTransX",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 128)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "CameraTemperatureRangeMax",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 144)),
            "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "CameraTemperatureRangeMin",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 148)),
            "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "CameraTemperatureMaxClip",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 152)),
            "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "CameraTemperatureMinClip",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 156)),
            "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "CameraTemperatureMaxWarn",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 160)),
            "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "CameraTemperatureMinWarn",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 164)),
            "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "CameraTemperatureMaxSaturated",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 168)),
            "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem(
            "CameraTemperatureMinSaturated",
            CPLSPrintf("%f C", ReadFloat32FromKelvin(nRecOffset + 172)),
            "FLIR");

        SetStringIfNotEmpty("CameraModel", nRecOffset + 212, 32);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("CameraPartNumber", nRecOffset + 244, 16);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("CameraSerialNumber", nRecOffset + 260, 16);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("CameraSoftware", nRecOffset + 276, 16);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("LensModel", nRecOffset + 368, 32);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("LensPartNumber", nRecOffset + 400, 16);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("LensSerialNumber", nRecOffset + 416, 16);
        SetMetadataItem("FieldOfView",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f deg", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 436)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("FilterModel", nRecOffset + 492, 16);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("FilterPartNumber", nRecOffset + 508, 32);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("FilterSerialNumber", nRecOffset + 540, 32);
        SetMetadataItem("PlanckO",
                        CPLSPrintf("%d", ReadInt32(nRecOffset + 776)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("PlanckR2",
                        CPLSPrintf("%.8g", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 780)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("RawValueRangeMin",
                        CPLSPrintf("%d", ReadUInt16(nRecOffset + 784)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("RawValueRangeMax",
                        CPLSPrintf("%d", ReadUInt16(nRecOffset + 786)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("RawValueMedian",
                        CPLSPrintf("%d", ReadUInt16(nRecOffset + 824)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("RawValueRange",
                        CPLSPrintf("%d", ReadUInt16(nRecOffset + 828)), "FLIR");
        const auto nUnixTime = ReadUInt32(nRecOffset + 900);
        const auto nSS = ReadUInt32(nRecOffset + 904) & 0xffff;
        const auto nTZ = ReadInt16(nRecOffset + 908);
        struct tm brokenDown;
        CPLUnixTimeToYMDHMS(static_cast<GIntBig>(nUnixTime) - nTZ * 60,
                            &brokenDown);
        std::string osDateTime(CPLSPrintf(
            "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d.%03d", brokenDown.tm_year + 1900,
            brokenDown.tm_mon + 1, brokenDown.tm_mday, brokenDown.tm_hour,
            brokenDown.tm_min, brokenDown.tm_sec, nSS));
        if (nTZ <= 0)
            osDateTime += CPLSPrintf("+%02d:%02d", (-nTZ) / 60, (-nTZ) % 60);
        else
            osDateTime += CPLSPrintf("-%02d:%02d", nTZ / 60, nTZ % 60);
        SetMetadataItem("DateTimeOriginal", osDateTime.c_str(), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("FocusStepCount",
                        CPLSPrintf("%d", ReadUInt16(nRecOffset + 912)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("FocusDistance",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f m", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 1116)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("FrameRate",
                        CPLSPrintf("%d", ReadUInt16(nRecOffset + 1124)),
                        "FLIR");
    };

    // Read the Palette Info record
    const auto ReadPaletteInfo =
        [&](std::uint32_t nRecOffset, std::uint32_t nRecLength)
    {
        if (!(nRecLength >= 112 && nRecOffset + nRecLength <= abyFLIR.size()))
            return;
        const int nPaletteColors = abyFLIR[nRecOffset];
        SetMetadataItem("PaletteColors", CPLSPrintf("%d", nPaletteColors),
                        "FLIR");

        const auto SetColorItem =
            [this, &abyFLIR](const char *pszItem, std::uint32_t nOffset)
        {
            SetMetadataItem(pszItem,
                            CPLSPrintf("%d %d %d", abyFLIR[nOffset],
                                       abyFLIR[nOffset + 1],
                                       abyFLIR[nOffset + 2]),
                            "FLIR");
        };
        SetColorItem("AboveColor", nRecOffset + 6);
        SetColorItem("BelowColor", nRecOffset + 9);
        SetColorItem("OverflowColor", nRecOffset + 12);
        SetColorItem("UnderflowColor", nRecOffset + 15);
        SetColorItem("Isotherm1Color", nRecOffset + 18);
        SetColorItem("Isotherm2Color", nRecOffset + 21);
        SetMetadataItem("PaletteMethod",
                        CPLSPrintf("%d", abyFLIR[nRecOffset + 26]), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("PaletteStretch",
                        CPLSPrintf("%d", abyFLIR[nRecOffset + 27]), "FLIR");
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("PaletteFileName", nRecOffset + 48, 32);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("PaletteName", nRecOffset + 80, 32);
        if (nRecLength < static_cast<std::uint32_t>(112 + nPaletteColors * 3))
            return;
        std::string osPalette;
        for (int i = 0; i < nPaletteColors; i++)
        {
            if (!osPalette.empty())
                osPalette += ", ";
            osPalette +=
                CPLSPrintf("(%d %d %d)", abyFLIR[nRecOffset + 112 + 3 * i + 0],
                           abyFLIR[nRecOffset + 112 + 3 * i + 1],
                           abyFLIR[nRecOffset + 112 + 3 * i + 2]);
        }
        SetMetadataItem("Palette", osPalette.c_str(), "FLIR");
    };

    // Read the GPS Info record
    const auto ReadGPSInfo =
        [&](std::uint32_t nRecOffset, std::uint32_t nRecLength)
    {
        if (!(nRecLength >= 104 && nRecOffset + nRecLength <= abyFLIR.size()))
            return;
        auto nGPSValid = ReadUInt32(nRecOffset);
        if (nGPSValid == 0x01000000)
        {
            bLittleEndian = !bLittleEndian;
            nGPSValid = 1;
        }
        if (nGPSValid != 1)
            return;
        SetMetadataItem("GPSVersionID",
                        CPLSPrintf("%c%c%c%c", abyFLIR[nRecOffset + 4],
                                   abyFLIR[nRecOffset + 5],
                                   abyFLIR[nRecOffset + 6],
                                   abyFLIR[nRecOffset + 7]),
                        "FLIR");
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("GPSLatitudeRef", nRecOffset + 8, 1);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("GPSLongitudeRef", nRecOffset + 10, 1);
        SetMetadataItem("GPSLatitude",
                        CPLSPrintf("%.10f", ReadFloat64(nRecOffset + 16)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("GPSLongitude",
                        CPLSPrintf("%.10f", ReadFloat64(nRecOffset + 24)),
                        "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("GPSAltitude",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 32)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("GPSDOP",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 64)), "FLIR");
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("GPSSpeedRef", nRecOffset + 68, 1);
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("GPSTrackRef", nRecOffset + 70, 1);
        SetMetadataItem("GPSSpeed",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 76)), "FLIR");
        SetMetadataItem("GPSTrack",
                        CPLSPrintf("%f", ReadFloat32(nRecOffset + 80)), "FLIR");
        SetStringIfNotEmpty("GPSMapDatum", nRecOffset + 88, 16);
    };

    size_t nOffsetDirEntry = nOffsetRecordDirectory;

    enum FLIRRecordType
    {
        FLIR_REC_FREE = 0,
        FLIR_REC_RAWDATA = 1,
        FLIR_REC_CAMERA_INFO = 32,
        FLIR_REC_PALETTE_INFO = 34,
        FLIR_REC_GPS_INFO = 43,
    };

    // Iterate over records
    for (std::uint32_t iRec = 0; iRec < nEntryCountRecordDirectory; iRec++)
    {
        const auto nRecType = ReadUInt16(nOffsetDirEntry);
        const auto nRecOffset = ReadUInt32(nOffsetDirEntry + 12);
        const auto nRecLength = ReadUInt32(nOffsetDirEntry + 16);
        nOffsetDirEntry += SIZE_RECORD_DIRECTORY;

        if (nRecType == FLIR_REC_FREE && nRecLength == 0)
            continue;  // silently keep empty records of type 0
        CPLDebugOnly("JPEG", "FLIR: record %u, type %u, offset %u, length %u",
                     iRec, nRecType, nRecOffset, nRecLength);
        if (nRecOffset + nRecLength > abyFLIR.size())
        {
            CPLDebug("JPEG",
                     "Invalid record %u, type %u, offset %u, length %u "
                     "w.r.t total FLIR segment size (%u)",
                     iRec, nRecType, nRecOffset, nRecLength,
                     static_cast<unsigned>(abyFLIR.size()));
            continue;
        }
        switch (nRecType)
        {
            case FLIR_REC_RAWDATA:
            {
                const auto bLittleEndianBackup = bLittleEndian;
                ReadRawData(nRecOffset, nRecLength);
                bLittleEndian = bLittleEndianBackup;
                break;
            }
            case FLIR_REC_CAMERA_INFO:
            {
                const auto bLittleEndianBackup = bLittleEndian;
                ReadCameraInfo(nRecOffset, nRecLength);
                bLittleEndian = bLittleEndianBackup;
                break;
            }
            case FLIR_REC_PALETTE_INFO:
            {
                ReadPaletteInfo(nRecOffset, nRecLength);
                break;
            }
            case FLIR_REC_GPS_INFO:
            {
                const auto bLittleEndianBackup = bLittleEndian;
                ReadGPSInfo(nRecOffset, nRecLength);
                bLittleEndian = bLittleEndianBackup;
                break;
            }
            default:
            {
                CPLDebugOnly("JPEG", "FLIR record ignored");
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    CPLDebug("JPEG", "FLIR metadata read");
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GetMetadataDomainList()                         */
/************************************************************************/

char **JPGDatasetCommon::GetMetadataDomainList()
{
    ReadEXIFMetadata();
    ReadXMPMetadata();
    ReadICCProfile();
    ReadThermalMetadata();
    return GDALPamDataset::GetMetadataDomainList();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        LoadForMetadataDomain()                       */
/************************************************************************/
void JPGDatasetCommon::LoadForMetadataDomain(const char *pszDomain)
{
    // NOTE: if adding a new metadata domain here, also update GetMetadataDomainList()

    if (m_fpImage == nullptr)
        return;
    if (eAccess == GA_ReadOnly && !bHasReadEXIFMetadata &&
        (pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, "")))
        ReadEXIFMetadata();
    if (eAccess == GA_ReadOnly && !bHasReadImageStructureMetadata &&
        pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "IMAGE_STRUCTURE"))
        ReadImageStructureMetadata();
    if (eAccess == GA_ReadOnly && pszDomain != nullptr &&
        EQUAL(pszDomain, "xml:XMP"))
    {
        if (!bHasReadXMPMetadata)
        {
            ReadXMPMetadata();
        }
        if (!bHasReadEXIFMetadata &&
            GDALPamDataset::GetMetadata("xml:XMP") == nullptr)
        {
            // XMP can sometimes be embedded in a EXIF TIFF tag
            ReadEXIFMetadata();
        }
    }
    if (eAccess == GA_ReadOnly && !bHasReadICCMetadata &&
        pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "COLOR_PROFILE"))
        ReadICCProfile();
    if (eAccess == GA_ReadOnly && !bHasReadFLIRMetadata &&
        pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "FLIR"))
        ReadFLIRMetadata();
    if (eAccess == GA_ReadOnly && !bHasReadDJIMetadata &&
        pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "DJI"))
        ReadDJIMetadata();
    if (pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "SUBDATASETS"))
        ReadThermalMetadata();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetMetadata()                              */
/************************************************************************/
char **JPGDatasetCommon::GetMetadata(const char *pszDomain)
{
    LoadForMetadataDomain(pszDomain);
    return GDALPamDataset::GetMetadata(pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GetMetadataItem()                              */
/************************************************************************/
const char *JPGDatasetCommon::GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                              const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "IMAGE_STRUCTURE"))
    {
        if (EQUAL(pszName, "JPEG_QUALITY"))
            LoadForMetadataDomain(pszDomain);
    }
    else
    {
        LoadForMetadataDomain(pszDomain);
    }
    return GDALPamDataset::GetMetadataItem(pszName, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ReadICCProfile()                              */
/*                                                                      */
/*                 Read ICC Profile from APP2 data                      */
/************************************************************************/
void JPGDatasetCommon::ReadICCProfile()
{
    if (bHasReadICCMetadata)
        return;
    bHasReadICCMetadata = true;

    const vsi_l_offset nCurOffset = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);

    int nChunkCount = -1;
    int anChunkSize[256] = {};
    char *apChunk[256] = {};

    // Search for APP2 chunk.
    GByte abyChunkHeader[18] = {};
    int nChunkLoc = 2;
    bool bOk = true;

    while (true)
    {
        if (VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nChunkLoc, SEEK_SET) != 0)
            break;

        if (VSIFReadL(abyChunkHeader, sizeof(abyChunkHeader), 1, m_fpImage) !=
            1)
            break;

        if (abyChunkHeader[0] != 0xFF)
            break;  // Not a valid tag

        if (abyChunkHeader[1] == 0xD9)
            break;  // End of image

        if ((abyChunkHeader[1] >= 0xD0) && (abyChunkHeader[1] <= 0xD8))
        {
            // Restart tags have no length
            nChunkLoc += 2;
            continue;
        }

        const int nChunkLength = abyChunkHeader[2] * 256 + abyChunkHeader[3];

        if (abyChunkHeader[1] == 0xe2 &&
            memcmp(reinterpret_cast<char *>(abyChunkHeader) + 4,
                   "ICC_PROFILE\0", 12) == 0)
        {
            // Get length and segment ID
            // Header:
            // APP2 tag: 2 bytes
            // App Length: 2 bytes
            // ICC_PROFILE\0 tag: 12 bytes
            // Segment index: 1 bytes
            // Total segments: 1 bytes
            const int nICCChunkLength = nChunkLength - 16;
            if (nICCChunkLength < 0)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                         "nICCChunkLength unreasonable: %d", nICCChunkLength);
                bOk = false;
                break;
            }
            const int nICCChunkID = abyChunkHeader[16];
            const int nICCMaxChunkID = abyChunkHeader[17];

            if (nChunkCount == -1)
                nChunkCount = nICCMaxChunkID;

            // Check that all max segment counts are the same.
            if (nICCMaxChunkID != nChunkCount)
            {
                bOk = false;
                break;
            }

            // Check that no segment ID is larger than the total segment count.
            if ((nICCChunkID > nChunkCount) || (nICCChunkID == 0) ||
                (nChunkCount == 0))
            {
                bOk = false;
                break;
            }

            // Check if ICC segment already loaded.
            if (apChunk[nICCChunkID - 1] != nullptr)
            {
                bOk = false;
                break;
            }

            // Load it.
            apChunk[nICCChunkID - 1] =
                static_cast<char *>(VSIMalloc(nICCChunkLength));
            if (apChunk[nICCChunkID - 1] == nullptr)
            {
                bOk = false;
                break;
            }
            anChunkSize[nICCChunkID - 1] = nICCChunkLength;

            if (VSIFReadL(apChunk[nICCChunkID - 1], nICCChunkLength, 1,
                          m_fpImage) != 1)
            {
                bOk = false;
                break;
            }
        }

        nChunkLoc += 2 + nChunkLength;
    }

    int nTotalSize = 0;

    // Get total size and verify that there are no missing segments.
    if (bOk)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < nChunkCount; i++)
        {
            if (apChunk[i] == nullptr)
            {
                // Missing segment - abort.
                bOk = false;
                break;
            }
            const int nSize = anChunkSize[i];
            if (nSize < 0 ||
                nTotalSize > std::numeric_limits<int>::max() - nSize)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "nTotalSize nonsensical");
                bOk = false;
                break;
            }
            nTotalSize += anChunkSize[i];
        }
    }

    // TODO(schwehr): Can we know what the maximum reasonable size is?
    if (nTotalSize > 2 << 28)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "nTotalSize unreasonable: %d",
                 nTotalSize);
        bOk = false;
    }

    // Merge all segments together and set metadata.
    if (bOk && nChunkCount > 0)
    {
        char *pBuffer = static_cast<char *>(VSIMalloc(nTotalSize));
        if (pBuffer == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory,
                     "ICCProfile too large.  nTotalSize: %d", nTotalSize);
        }
        else
        {
            char *pBufferPtr = pBuffer;
            for (int i = 0; i < nChunkCount; i++)
            {
                memcpy(pBufferPtr, apChunk[i], anChunkSize[i]);
                pBufferPtr += anChunkSize[i];
            }

            // Escape the profile.
            char *pszBase64Profile =
                CPLBase64Encode(nTotalSize, reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(pBuffer));

            // Avoid setting the PAM dirty bit just for that.
            const int nOldPamFlags = nPamFlags;

            // Set ICC profile metadata.
            SetMetadataItem("SOURCE_ICC_PROFILE", pszBase64Profile,
                            "COLOR_PROFILE");

            nPamFlags = nOldPamFlags;

            VSIFree(pBuffer);
            CPLFree(pszBase64Profile);
        }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < nChunkCount; i++)
    {
        if (apChunk[i] != nullptr)
            VSIFree(apChunk[i]);
    }

    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nCurOffset, SEEK_SET);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        EXIFInit()                                    */
/*                                                                      */
/*           Create Metadata from Information file directory APP1       */
/************************************************************************/
bool JPGDatasetCommon::EXIFInit(VSILFILE *fp)
{
    if (nTiffDirStart == 0)
        return false;
    if (nTiffDirStart > 0)
        return true;
    nTiffDirStart = 0;

#ifdef CPL_MSB
    constexpr bool bigendian = true;
#else
    constexpr bool bigendian = false;
#endif

    // Search for APP1 chunk.
    GByte abyChunkHeader[10] = {};
    int nChunkLoc = 2;

    while (true)
    {
        if (VSIFSeekL(fp, nChunkLoc, SEEK_SET) != 0)
            return false;

        if (VSIFReadL(abyChunkHeader, sizeof(abyChunkHeader), 1, fp) != 1)
            return false;

        const int nChunkLength = abyChunkHeader[2] * 256 + abyChunkHeader[3];
        // COM marker
        if (abyChunkHeader[0] == 0xFF && abyChunkHeader[1] == 0xFE &&
            nChunkLength >= 2)
        {
            char *pszComment =
                static_cast<char *>(CPLMalloc(nChunkLength - 2 + 1));
            if (nChunkLength > 2 &&
                VSIFSeekL(fp, nChunkLoc + 4, SEEK_SET) == 0 &&
                VSIFReadL(pszComment, nChunkLength - 2, 1, fp) == 1)
            {
                pszComment[nChunkLength - 2] = 0;
                // Avoid setting the PAM dirty bit just for that.
                const int nOldPamFlags = nPamFlags;
                // Set ICC profile metadata.
                SetMetadataItem("COMMENT", pszComment);
                nPamFlags = nOldPamFlags;
            }
            CPLFree(pszComment);
        }
        else
        {
            if (abyChunkHeader[0] != 0xFF || (abyChunkHeader[1] & 0xf0) != 0xe0)
                break;  // Not an APP chunk.

            if (abyChunkHeader[1] == 0xe1 &&
                STARTS_WITH(reinterpret_cast<char *>(abyChunkHeader) + 4,
                            "Exif"))
            {
                if (nTIFFHEADER < 0)
                {
                    nTIFFHEADER = nChunkLoc + 10;
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLDebug(
                        "JPEG",
                        "Another Exif directory found at offset %u. Ignoring "
                        "it and only taking into account the one at offset %u",
                        unsigned(nChunkLoc + 10), unsigned(nTIFFHEADER));
                }
            }
        }

        nChunkLoc += 2 + nChunkLength;
    }

    if (nTIFFHEADER < 0)
        return false;

    // Read TIFF header.
    TIFFHeader hdr = {0, 0, 0};

    VSIFSeekL(fp, nTIFFHEADER, SEEK_SET);
    if (VSIFReadL(&hdr, 1, sizeof(hdr), fp) != sizeof(hdr))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                 "Failed to read %d byte from image header.",
                 static_cast<int>(sizeof(hdr)));
        return false;
    }

    if (hdr.tiff_magic != TIFF_BIGENDIAN && hdr.tiff_magic != TIFF_LITTLEENDIAN)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Not a TIFF file, bad magic number %u (%#x)", hdr.tiff_magic,
                 hdr.tiff_magic);
        return false;
    }

    if (hdr.tiff_magic == TIFF_BIGENDIAN)
        bSwabflag = !bigendian;
    if (hdr.tiff_magic == TIFF_LITTLEENDIAN)
        bSwabflag = bigendian;

    if (bSwabflag)
    {
        CPL_SWAP16PTR(&hdr.tiff_version);
        CPL_SWAP32PTR(&hdr.tiff_diroff);
    }

    if (hdr.tiff_version != TIFF_VERSION)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Not a TIFF file, bad version number %u (%#x)",
                 hdr.tiff_version, hdr.tiff_version);
        return false;
    }
    nTiffDirStart = hdr.tiff_diroff;

    CPLDebug("JPEG", "Magic: %#x <%s-endian> Version: %#x\n", hdr.tiff_magic,
             hdr.tiff_magic == TIFF_BIGENDIAN ? "big" : "little",
             hdr.tiff_version);

    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            JPGMaskBand()                             */
/************************************************************************/

JPGMaskBand::JPGMaskBand(JPGDatasetCommon *poDSIn)

{
    poDS = poDSIn;
    nBand = 0;

    nRasterXSize = poDS->GetRasterXSize();
    nRasterYSize = poDS->GetRasterYSize();

    eDataType = GDT_Byte;
    nBlockXSize = nRasterXSize;
    nBlockYSize = 1;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IReadBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGMaskBand::IReadBlock(int /* nBlockX */, int nBlockY, void *pImage)
{
    JPGDatasetCommon *poJDS = cpl::down_cast<JPGDatasetCommon *>(poDS);

    // Make sure the mask is loaded and decompressed.
    poJDS->DecompressMask();
    if (poJDS->pabyBitMask == nullptr)
        return CE_Failure;

    // Set mask based on bitmask for this scanline.
    GUInt32 iBit =
        static_cast<GUInt32>(nBlockY) * static_cast<GUInt32>(nBlockXSize);

    GByte *const pbyImage = static_cast<GByte *>(pImage);
    if (poJDS->bMaskLSBOrder)
    {
        for (int iX = 0; iX < nBlockXSize; iX++)
        {
            if (poJDS->pabyBitMask[iBit >> 3] & (0x1 << (iBit & 7)))
                pbyImage[iX] = 255;
            else
                pbyImage[iX] = 0;
            iBit++;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        for (int iX = 0; iX < nBlockXSize; iX++)
        {
            if (poJDS->pabyBitMask[iBit >> 3] & (0x1 << (7 - (iBit & 7))))
                pbyImage[iX] = 255;
            else
                pbyImage[iX] = 0;
            iBit++;
        }
    }

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           JPGRasterBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

JPGRasterBand::JPGRasterBand(JPGDatasetCommon *poDSIn, int nBandIn)
    : poGDS(poDSIn)
{
    poDS = poDSIn;

    nBand = nBandIn;
    if (poDSIn->GetDataPrecision() == 12)
        eDataType = GDT_UInt16;
    else
        eDataType = GDT_Byte;

    nBlockXSize = poDSIn->nRasterXSize;
    nBlockYSize = 1;

    GDALMajorObject::SetMetadataItem("COMPRESSION", "JPEG", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
    if (eDataType == GDT_UInt16)
        GDALMajorObject::SetMetadataItem("NBITS", "12", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           JPGCreateBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

GDALRasterBand *JPGCreateBand(JPGDatasetCommon *poDS, int nBand)
{
    return new JPGRasterBand(poDS, nBand);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IReadBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGRasterBand::IReadBlock(int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff, void *pImage)

{
    CPLAssert(nBlockXOff == 0);

    const int nXSize = GetXSize();
    const int nWordSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
    if (poGDS->m_fpImage == nullptr)
    {
        memset(pImage, 0, cpl::fits_on<int>(nXSize * nWordSize));
        return CE_None;
    }

    // Load the desired scanline into the working buffer.
    CPLErr eErr = poGDS->LoadScanline(nBlockYOff);
    if (eErr != CE_None)
        return eErr;

    // Transfer between the working buffer the callers buffer.
    if (poGDS->GetRasterCount() == 1)
    {
#ifdef JPEG_LIB_MK1
        GDALCopyWords(poGDS->m_pabyScanline, GDT_UInt16, 2, pImage, eDataType,
                      nWordSize, nXSize);
#else
        memcpy(pImage, poGDS->m_pabyScanline,
               cpl::fits_on<int>(nXSize * nWordSize));
#endif
    }
    else
    {
#ifdef JPEG_LIB_MK1
        GDALCopyWords(poGDS->m_pabyScanline + (nBand - 1) * 2, GDT_UInt16, 6,
                      pImage, eDataType, nWordSize, nXSize);
#else
        if (poGDS->eGDALColorSpace == JCS_RGB &&
            poGDS->GetOutColorSpace() == JCS_CMYK && eDataType == GDT_Byte)
        {
            GByte *const pbyImage = static_cast<GByte *>(pImage);
            if (nBand == 1)
            {
                for (int i = 0; i < nXSize; i++)
                {
                    const int C = poGDS->m_pabyScanline[i * 4 + 0];
                    const int K = poGDS->m_pabyScanline[i * 4 + 3];
                    pbyImage[i] = static_cast<GByte>((C * K) / 255);
                }
            }
            else if (nBand == 2)
            {
                for (int i = 0; i < nXSize; i++)
                {
                    const int M = poGDS->m_pabyScanline[i * 4 + 1];
                    const int K = poGDS->m_pabyScanline[i * 4 + 3];
                    pbyImage[i] = static_cast<GByte>((M * K) / 255);
                }
            }
            else if (nBand == 3)
            {
                for (int i = 0; i < nXSize; i++)
                {
                    const int Y = poGDS->m_pabyScanline[i * 4 + 2];
                    const int K = poGDS->m_pabyScanline[i * 4 + 3];
                    pbyImage[i] = static_cast<GByte>((Y * K) / 255);
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            GDALCopyWords(poGDS->m_pabyScanline + (nBand - 1) * nWordSize,
                          eDataType, nWordSize * poGDS->GetRasterCount(),
                          pImage, eDataType, nWordSize, nXSize);
        }
#endif
    }

    // Forcibly load the other bands associated with this scanline.
    if (nBand == 1)
    {
        for (int iBand = 2; iBand <= poGDS->GetRasterCount(); iBand++)
        {
            GDALRasterBlock *const poBlock =
                poGDS->GetRasterBand(iBand)->GetLockedBlockRef(nBlockXOff,
                                                               nBlockYOff);
            if (poBlock != nullptr)
                poBlock->DropLock();
        }
    }

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GetColorInterpretation()                       */
/************************************************************************/

GDALColorInterp JPGRasterBand::GetColorInterpretation()

{
    if (poGDS->eGDALColorSpace == JCS_GRAYSCALE)
        return GCI_GrayIndex;

    else if (poGDS->eGDALColorSpace == JCS_RGB)
    {
        if (nBand == 1)
            return GCI_RedBand;
        else if (nBand == 2)
            return GCI_GreenBand;
        else
            return GCI_BlueBand;
    }
    else if (poGDS->eGDALColorSpace == JCS_CMYK)
    {
        if (nBand == 1)
            return GCI_CyanBand;
        else if (nBand == 2)
            return GCI_MagentaBand;
        else if (nBand == 3)
            return GCI_YellowBand;
        else
            return GCI_BlackBand;
    }
    else if (poGDS->eGDALColorSpace == JCS_YCbCr ||
             poGDS->eGDALColorSpace == JCS_YCCK)
    {
        if (nBand == 1)
            return GCI_YCbCr_YBand;
        else if (nBand == 2)
            return GCI_YCbCr_CbBand;
        else if (nBand == 3)
            return GCI_YCbCr_CrBand;
        else
            return GCI_BlackBand;
    }

    CPLAssert(false);
    return GCI_Undefined;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetMaskBand()                             */
/************************************************************************/

GDALRasterBand *JPGRasterBand::GetMaskBand()

{
    if (poGDS->nScaleFactor > 1)
        return GDALPamRasterBand::GetMaskBand();

    if (poGDS->m_fpImage == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    if (!poGDS->bHasCheckedForMask)
    {
        if (CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("JPEG_READ_MASK", "YES")))
            poGDS->CheckForMask();
        poGDS->bHasCheckedForMask = true;
    }
    if (poGDS->pabyCMask)
    {
        if (poGDS->poMaskBand == nullptr)
            poGDS->poMaskBand = new JPGMaskBand(poGDS);

        return poGDS->poMaskBand;
    }

    return GDALPamRasterBand::GetMaskBand();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetMaskFlags()                            */
/************************************************************************/

int JPGRasterBand::GetMaskFlags()

{
    if (poGDS->nScaleFactor > 1)
        return GDALPamRasterBand::GetMaskFlags();

    if (poGDS->m_fpImage == nullptr)
        return 0;

    GetMaskBand();
    if (poGDS->poMaskBand != nullptr)
        return GMF_PER_DATASET;

    return GDALPamRasterBand::GetMaskFlags();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetOverview()                             */
/************************************************************************/

GDALRasterBand *JPGRasterBand::GetOverview(int i)
{
    if (i < 0 || i >= GetOverviewCount())
        return nullptr;

    if (poGDS->nInternalOverviewsCurrent == 0)
        return GDALPamRasterBand::GetOverview(i);

    return poGDS->papoInternalOverviews[i]->GetRasterBand(nBand);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetOverviewCount()                           */
/************************************************************************/

int JPGRasterBand::GetOverviewCount()
{
    if (!poGDS->AreOverviewsEnabled())
        return 0;

    poGDS->InitInternalOverviews();

    if (poGDS->nInternalOverviewsCurrent == 0)
        return GDALPamRasterBand::GetOverviewCount();

    return poGDS->nInternalOverviewsCurrent;
}

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                             JPGDataset                               */
/* ==================================================================== */
/************************************************************************/

JPGDatasetCommon::JPGDatasetCommon() = default;

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ~JPGDataset()                              */
/************************************************************************/

JPGDatasetCommon::~JPGDatasetCommon()

{
    JPGDatasetCommon::Close();

    if (m_pabyScanline != nullptr)
        CPLFree(m_pabyScanline);
    if (papszMetadata != nullptr)
        CSLDestroy(papszMetadata);

    CPLFree(pabyBitMask);
    CPLFree(pabyCMask);
    delete poMaskBand;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                Close()                               */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGDatasetCommon::Close()
{
    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;

    if (nOpenFlags != OPEN_FLAGS_CLOSED)
    {
        JPGDatasetCommon::CloseDependentDatasets();

        if (m_fpImage != nullptr && VSIFCloseL(m_fpImage) != 0)
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        m_fpImage = nullptr;

        eErr = GDAL::Combine(eErr, GDALPamDataset::Close());
    }
    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       CloseDependentDatasets()                       */
/************************************************************************/

int JPGDatasetCommon::CloseDependentDatasets()
{
    int bRet = GDALPamDataset::CloseDependentDatasets();
    if (nInternalOverviewsToFree)
    {
        bRet = TRUE;
        for (int i = 0; i < nInternalOverviewsToFree; i++)
            delete papoInternalOverviews[i];
        nInternalOverviewsToFree = 0;
    }
    CPLFree(papoInternalOverviews);
    papoInternalOverviews = nullptr;

    return bRet;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          InitEXIFOverview()                          */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *JPGDatasetCommon::InitEXIFOverview()
{
    if (!EXIFInit(m_fpImage))
        return nullptr;

    // Read number of entry in directory.
    GUInt16 nEntryCount = 0;
    if (nTiffDirStart > (INT_MAX - nTIFFHEADER) ||
        VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nTiffDirStart + nTIFFHEADER, SEEK_SET) != 0 ||
        VSIFReadL(&nEntryCount, 1, sizeof(GUInt16), m_fpImage) !=
            sizeof(GUInt16))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Error reading EXIF Directory count at " CPL_FRMT_GUIB,
                 static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(nTiffDirStart) + nTIFFHEADER);
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (bSwabflag)
        CPL_SWAP16PTR(&nEntryCount);

    // Some files are corrupt, a large entry count is a sign of this.
    if (nEntryCount > 125)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Ignoring EXIF directory with unlikely entry count (%d).",
                 nEntryCount);
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Skip EXIF entries.
    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nEntryCount * sizeof(GDALEXIFTIFFDirEntry), SEEK_CUR);

    // Read offset of next directory (IFD1).
    GUInt32 nNextDirOff = 0;
    if (VSIFReadL(&nNextDirOff, 1, sizeof(GUInt32), m_fpImage) !=
        sizeof(GUInt32))
        return nullptr;
    if (bSwabflag)
        CPL_SWAP32PTR(&nNextDirOff);
    if (nNextDirOff == 0 || nNextDirOff > UINT_MAX - nTIFFHEADER)
        return nullptr;

    // Seek to IFD1.
    if (VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nTIFFHEADER + nNextDirOff, SEEK_SET) != 0 ||
        VSIFReadL(&nEntryCount, 1, sizeof(GUInt16), m_fpImage) !=
            sizeof(GUInt16))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Error reading IFD1 Directory count at %d.",
                 nTIFFHEADER + nNextDirOff);
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (bSwabflag)
        CPL_SWAP16PTR(&nEntryCount);
    if (nEntryCount > 125)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Ignoring IFD1 directory with unlikely entry count (%d).",
                 nEntryCount);
        return nullptr;
    }
#if DEBUG_VERBOSE
    CPLDebug("JPEG", "IFD1 entry count = %d", nEntryCount);
#endif

    int nImageWidth = 0;
    int nImageHeight = 0;
    int nCompression = 6;
    GUInt32 nJpegIFOffset = 0;
    GUInt32 nJpegIFByteCount = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < nEntryCount; i++)
    {
        GDALEXIFTIFFDirEntry sEntry;
        if (VSIFReadL(&sEntry, 1, sizeof(sEntry), m_fpImage) != sizeof(sEntry))
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Cannot read entry %d of IFD1", i);
            return nullptr;
        }
        if (bSwabflag)
        {
            CPL_SWAP16PTR(&sEntry.tdir_tag);
            CPL_SWAP16PTR(&sEntry.tdir_type);
            CPL_SWAP32PTR(&sEntry.tdir_count);
            CPL_SWAP32PTR(&sEntry.tdir_offset);
        }

#ifdef DEBUG_VERBOSE
        CPLDebug("JPEG", "tag = %d (0x%4X), type = %d, count = %d, offset = %d",
                 sEntry.tdir_tag, sEntry.tdir_tag, sEntry.tdir_type,
                 sEntry.tdir_count, sEntry.tdir_offset);
#endif

        if ((sEntry.tdir_type == TIFF_SHORT || sEntry.tdir_type == TIFF_LONG) &&
            sEntry.tdir_count == 1)
        {
            switch (sEntry.tdir_tag)
            {
                case JPEG_TIFF_IMAGEWIDTH:
                    nImageWidth = sEntry.tdir_offset;
                    break;
                case JPEG_TIFF_IMAGEHEIGHT:
                    nImageHeight = sEntry.tdir_offset;
                    break;
                case JPEG_TIFF_COMPRESSION:
                    nCompression = sEntry.tdir_offset;
                    break;
                case JPEG_EXIF_JPEGIFOFSET:
                    nJpegIFOffset = sEntry.tdir_offset;
                    break;
                case JPEG_EXIF_JPEGIFBYTECOUNT:
                    nJpegIFByteCount = sEntry.tdir_offset;
                    break;
                default:
                    break;
            }
        }
    }
    if (nCompression != 6 || nImageWidth >= nRasterXSize ||
        nImageHeight >= nRasterYSize || nJpegIFOffset == 0 ||
        nJpegIFOffset > UINT_MAX - nTIFFHEADER ||
        static_cast<int>(nJpegIFByteCount) <= 0)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    const char *pszSubfile =
        CPLSPrintf("JPEG_SUBFILE:%u,%d,%s", nTIFFHEADER + nJpegIFOffset,
                   nJpegIFByteCount, GetDescription());
    JPGDatasetOpenArgs sArgs;
    sArgs.pszFilename = pszSubfile;
    return JPGDataset::Open(&sArgs);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       InitInternalOverviews()                        */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDatasetCommon::InitInternalOverviews()
{
    if (bHasInitInternalOverviews)
        return;
    bHasInitInternalOverviews = true;

    // Instantiate on-the-fly overviews (if no external ones).
    if (nScaleFactor == 1 && GetRasterBand(1)->GetOverviewCount() == 0)
    {
        // EXIF overview.
        GDALDataset *poEXIFOverview = nullptr;
        if (nRasterXSize > 512 || nRasterYSize > 512)
        {
            const vsi_l_offset nCurOffset = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);
            poEXIFOverview = InitEXIFOverview();
            if (poEXIFOverview != nullptr)
            {
                if (poEXIFOverview->GetRasterCount() != nBands ||
                    poEXIFOverview->GetRasterXSize() >= nRasterXSize ||
                    poEXIFOverview->GetRasterYSize() >= nRasterYSize)
                {
                    GDALClose(poEXIFOverview);
                    poEXIFOverview = nullptr;
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLDebug("JPEG", "EXIF overview (%d x %d) detected",
                             poEXIFOverview->GetRasterXSize(),
                             poEXIFOverview->GetRasterYSize());
                }
            }
            VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nCurOffset, SEEK_SET);
        }

        // libjpeg-6b only supports 2, 4 and 8 scale denominators.
        // TODO: Later versions support more.

        int nImplicitOverviews = 0;

        // For the needs of the implicit JPEG-in-TIFF overview mechanism.
        if (CPLTestBool(
                CPLGetConfigOption("JPEG_FORCE_INTERNAL_OVERVIEWS", "NO")))
        {
            nImplicitOverviews = 3;
        }
        else
        {
            for (int i = 2; i >= 0; i--)
            {
                if (nRasterXSize >= (256 << i) || nRasterYSize >= (256 << i))
                {
                    nImplicitOverviews = i + 1;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        if (nImplicitOverviews > 0)
        {
            ppoActiveDS = &poActiveDS;
            papoInternalOverviews = static_cast<GDALDataset **>(
                CPLMalloc((nImplicitOverviews + (poEXIFOverview ? 1 : 0)) *
                          sizeof(GDALDataset *)));
            for (int i = 0; i < nImplicitOverviews; i++)
            {
                if (poEXIFOverview != nullptr &&
                    poEXIFOverview->GetRasterXSize() >= nRasterXSize >> (i + 1))
                {
                    break;
                }
                JPGDatasetOpenArgs sArgs;
                sArgs.pszFilename = GetDescription();
                sArgs.nScaleFactor = 1 << (i + 1);
                JPGDatasetCommon *poImplicitOverview = JPGDataset::Open(&sArgs);
                if (poImplicitOverview == nullptr)
                    break;
                poImplicitOverview->ppoActiveDS = &poActiveDS;
                papoInternalOverviews[nInternalOverviewsCurrent] =
                    poImplicitOverview;
                nInternalOverviewsCurrent++;
                nInternalOverviewsToFree++;
            }
            if (poEXIFOverview != nullptr)
            {
                papoInternalOverviews[nInternalOverviewsCurrent] =
                    poEXIFOverview;
                nInternalOverviewsCurrent++;
                nInternalOverviewsToFree++;
            }
        }
        else if (poEXIFOverview)
        {
            papoInternalOverviews =
                static_cast<GDALDataset **>(CPLMalloc(sizeof(GDALDataset *)));
            papoInternalOverviews[0] = poEXIFOverview;
            nInternalOverviewsCurrent++;
            nInternalOverviewsToFree++;
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          IBuildOverviews()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGDatasetCommon::IBuildOverviews(const char *pszResampling,
                                         int nOverviewsListCount,
                                         const int *panOverviewList,
                                         int nListBands, const int *panBandList,
                                         GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                         void *pProgressData,
                                         CSLConstList papszOptions)
{
    bHasInitInternalOverviews = true;
    nInternalOverviewsCurrent = 0;

    return GDALPamDataset::IBuildOverviews(
        pszResampling, nOverviewsListCount, panOverviewList, nListBands,
        panBandList, pfnProgress, pProgressData, papszOptions);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           FlushCache()                               */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGDatasetCommon::FlushCache(bool bAtClosing)

{
    CPLErr eErr = GDALPamDataset::FlushCache(bAtClosing);

    if (bHasDoneJpegStartDecompress)
    {
        Restart();
    }

    // For the needs of the implicit JPEG-in-TIFF overview mechanism.
    for (int i = 0; i < nInternalOverviewsCurrent; i++)
    {
        if (papoInternalOverviews[i]->FlushCache(bAtClosing) != CE_None)
            eErr = CE_Failure;
    }
    return eErr;
}

#endif  // !defined(JPGDataset)

/************************************************************************/
/*                            JPGDataset()                              */
/************************************************************************/

JPGDataset::JPGDataset()
{
    memset(&sDInfo, 0, sizeof(sDInfo));
    sDInfo.data_precision = 8;

    memset(&sJErr, 0, sizeof(sJErr));
    memset(&sJProgress, 0, sizeof(sJProgress));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ~JPGDataset()                            */
/************************************************************************/

JPGDataset::~JPGDataset()

{
    GDALPamDataset::FlushCache(true);
    JPGDataset::StopDecompress();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           StopDecompress()                           */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDataset::StopDecompress()
{
    if (bHasDoneJpegStartDecompress)
    {
        jpeg_abort_decompress(&sDInfo);
        bHasDoneJpegStartDecompress = false;
    }
    if (bHasDoneJpegCreateDecompress)
    {
        jpeg_destroy_decompress(&sDInfo);
        bHasDoneJpegCreateDecompress = false;
    }
    nLoadedScanline = INT_MAX;
    if (ppoActiveDS)
        *ppoActiveDS = nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      ErrorOutOnNonFatalError()                       */
/************************************************************************/

bool JPGDataset::ErrorOutOnNonFatalError()
{
    if (sUserData.bNonFatalErrorEncountered)
    {
        sUserData.bNonFatalErrorEncountered = false;
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          StartDecompress()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGDataset::StartDecompress()
{
    /* In some cases, libjpeg needs to allocate a lot of memory */
    /* http://www.libjpeg-turbo.org/pmwiki/uploads/About/TwoIssueswiththeJPEGStandard.pdf
     */
    if (jpeg_has_multiple_scans(&(sDInfo)))
    {
        /* In this case libjpeg will need to allocate memory or backing */
        /* store for all coefficients */
        /* See call to jinit_d_coef_controller() from master_selection() */
        /* in libjpeg */

        // 1 MB for regular libjpeg usage
        vsi_l_offset nRequiredMemory = 1024 * 1024;

        for (int ci = 0; ci < sDInfo.num_components; ci++)
        {
            const jpeg_component_info *compptr = &(sDInfo.comp_info[ci]);
            if (compptr->h_samp_factor <= 0 || compptr->v_samp_factor <= 0)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Invalid sampling factor(s)");
                return CE_Failure;
            }
            nRequiredMemory +=
                static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(DIV_ROUND_UP(
                    compptr->width_in_blocks, compptr->h_samp_factor)) *
                DIV_ROUND_UP(compptr->height_in_blocks,
                             compptr->v_samp_factor) *
                sizeof(JBLOCK);
        }

        if (nRequiredMemory > 10 * 1024 * 1024 && ppoActiveDS &&
            *ppoActiveDS != this)
        {
            // If another overview was active, stop it to limit memory
            // consumption
            if (*ppoActiveDS)
                (*ppoActiveDS)->StopDecompress();
            *ppoActiveDS = this;
        }

        if (sDInfo.mem->max_memory_to_use > 0 &&
            nRequiredMemory >
                static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(sDInfo.mem->max_memory_to_use) &&
            CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_ALLOW_LARGE_LIBJPEG_MEM_ALLOC", nullptr) ==
                nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                     "Reading this image would require libjpeg to allocate "
                     "at least " CPL_FRMT_GUIB " bytes. "
                     "This is disabled since above the " CPL_FRMT_GUIB
                     " threshold. "
                     "You may override this restriction by defining the "
                     "GDAL_ALLOW_LARGE_LIBJPEG_MEM_ALLOC environment variable, "
                     "or setting the JPEGMEM environment variable to a value "
                     "greater "
                     "or equal to '" CPL_FRMT_GUIB "M'",
                     static_cast<GUIntBig>(nRequiredMemory),
                     static_cast<GUIntBig>(sDInfo.mem->max_memory_to_use),
                     static_cast<GUIntBig>((nRequiredMemory + 1000000 - 1) /
                                           1000000));
            return CE_Failure;
        }
    }

    sDInfo.progress = &sJProgress;
    sJProgress.progress_monitor = JPGDataset::ProgressMonitor;
    jpeg_start_decompress(&sDInfo);
    bHasDoneJpegStartDecompress = true;

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            LoadScanline()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGDataset::LoadScanline(int iLine, GByte *outBuffer)

{
    if (nLoadedScanline == iLine)
        return CE_None;

    // code path triggered when an active reader has been stopped by another
    // one, in case of multiple scans datasets and overviews
    if (!bHasDoneJpegCreateDecompress && Restart() != CE_None)
        return CE_Failure;

    // setup to trap a fatal error.
    if (setjmp(sUserData.setjmp_buffer))
        return CE_Failure;

    if (!bHasDoneJpegStartDecompress && StartDecompress() != CE_None)
        return CE_Failure;

    if (outBuffer == nullptr && m_pabyScanline == nullptr)
    {
        int nJPEGBands = 0;
        switch (sDInfo.out_color_space)
        {
            case JCS_GRAYSCALE:
                nJPEGBands = 1;
                break;
            case JCS_RGB:
            case JCS_YCbCr:
                nJPEGBands = 3;
                break;
            case JCS_CMYK:
            case JCS_YCCK:
                nJPEGBands = 4;
                break;

            default:
                CPLAssert(false);
        }

        m_pabyScanline = static_cast<GByte *>(
            CPLMalloc(cpl::fits_on<int>(nJPEGBands * GetRasterXSize() * 2)));
    }

    if (iLine < nLoadedScanline)
    {
        if (Restart() != CE_None)
            return CE_Failure;
    }

    while (nLoadedScanline < iLine)
    {
        GDAL_JSAMPLE *ppSamples = reinterpret_cast<GDAL_JSAMPLE *>(
            outBuffer ? outBuffer : m_pabyScanline);
#if defined(HAVE_JPEGTURBO_DUAL_MODE_8_12) && BITS_IN_JSAMPLE == 12
        jpeg12_read_scanlines(&sDInfo, &ppSamples, 1);
#else
        jpeg_read_scanlines(&sDInfo, &ppSamples, 1);
#endif
        if (ErrorOutOnNonFatalError())
            return CE_Failure;
        nLoadedScanline++;
    }

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         LoadDefaultTables()                          */
/************************************************************************/

#if !defined(JPGDataset)

#define Q1table GDALJPEG_Q1table
#define Q2table GDALJPEG_Q2table
#define Q3table GDALJPEG_Q3table
#define Q4table GDALJPEG_Q4table
#define Q5table GDALJPEG_Q5table
#define AC_BITS GDALJPEG_AC_BITS
#define AC_HUFFVAL GDALJPEG_AC_HUFFVAL
#define DC_BITS GDALJPEG_DC_BITS
#define DC_HUFFVAL GDALJPEG_DC_HUFFVAL

constexpr GByte Q1table[64] = {
    8,   72,  72,  72,  72,  72,  72,  72,   // 0 - 7
    72,  72,  78,  74,  76,  74,  78,  89,   // 8 - 15
    81,  84,  84,  81,  89,  106, 93,  94,   // 16 - 23
    99,  94,  93,  106, 129, 111, 108, 116,  // 24 - 31
    116, 108, 111, 129, 135, 128, 136, 145,  // 32 - 39
    136, 128, 135, 155, 160, 177, 177, 160,  // 40 - 47
    155, 193, 213, 228, 213, 193, 255, 255,  // 48 - 55
    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255   // 56 - 63
};

constexpr GByte Q2table[64] = {
    8,   36, 36,  36,  36,  36,  36,  36,  36,  36,  39,  37,  38,
    37,  39, 45,  41,  42,  42,  41,  45,  53,  47,  47,  50,  47,
    47,  53, 65,  56,  54,  59,  59,  54,  56,  65,  68,  64,  69,
    73,  69, 64,  68,  78,  81,  89,  89,  81,  78,  98,  108, 115,
    108, 98, 130, 144, 144, 130, 178, 190, 178, 243, 243, 255};

constexpr GByte Q3table[64] = {
    8,  10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 10, 11, 10, 11, 13,
    11, 12, 12, 11, 13, 15, 13, 13, 14, 13, 13, 15, 18, 16, 15, 16,
    16, 15, 16, 18, 19, 18, 19, 21, 19, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 25, 23,
    22, 27, 30, 32, 30, 27, 36, 40, 40, 36, 50, 53, 50, 68, 68, 91};

constexpr GByte Q4table[64] = {
    8,  7,  7,  7,  7,  7,  7,  7,  7,  7,  8,  7,  8,  7,  8,  9,
    8,  8,  8,  8,  9,  11, 9,  9,  10, 9,  9,  11, 13, 11, 11, 12,
    12, 11, 11, 13, 14, 13, 14, 15, 14, 13, 14, 16, 16, 18, 18, 16,
    16, 20, 22, 23, 22, 20, 26, 29, 29, 26, 36, 38, 36, 49, 49, 65};

constexpr GByte Q5table[64] = {
    4, 4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  5,
    5, 5,  5,  5,  5,  6,  5,  5,  6,  5,  5,  6,  7,  6,  6,  6,
    6, 6,  6,  7,  8,  7,  8,  8,  8,  7,  8,  9,  9,  10, 10, 9,
    9, 11, 12, 13, 12, 11, 14, 16, 16, 14, 20, 21, 20, 27, 27, 36};

constexpr GByte AC_BITS[16] = {0, 2, 1, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3,
                               5, 5, 4, 4, 0, 0, 1, 125};

constexpr GByte AC_HUFFVAL[256] = {
    0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00, 0x04, 0x11, 0x05, 0x12, 0x21, 0x31, 0x41, 0x06,
    0x13, 0x51, 0x61, 0x07, 0x22, 0x71, 0x14, 0x32, 0x81, 0x91, 0xA1, 0x08,
    0x23, 0x42, 0xB1, 0xC1, 0x15, 0x52, 0xD1, 0xF0, 0x24, 0x33, 0x62, 0x72,
    0x82, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x19, 0x1A, 0x25, 0x26, 0x27, 0x28,
    0x29, 0x2A, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x3A, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45,
    0x46, 0x47, 0x48, 0x49, 0x4A, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57, 0x58, 0x59,
    0x5A, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66, 0x67, 0x68, 0x69, 0x6A, 0x73, 0x74, 0x75,
    0x76, 0x77, 0x78, 0x79, 0x7A, 0x83, 0x84, 0x85, 0x86, 0x87, 0x88, 0x89,
    0x8A, 0x92, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96, 0x97, 0x98, 0x99, 0x9A, 0xA2, 0xA3,
    0xA4, 0xA5, 0xA6, 0xA7, 0xA8, 0xA9, 0xAA, 0xB2, 0xB3, 0xB4, 0xB5, 0xB6,
    0xB7, 0xB8, 0xB9, 0xBA, 0xC2, 0xC3, 0xC4, 0xC5, 0xC6, 0xC7, 0xC8, 0xC9,
    0xCA, 0xD2, 0xD3, 0xD4, 0xD5, 0xD6, 0xD7, 0xD8, 0xD9, 0xDA, 0xE1, 0xE2,
    0xE3, 0xE4, 0xE5, 0xE6, 0xE7, 0xE8, 0xE9, 0xEA, 0xF1, 0xF2, 0xF3, 0xF4,
    0xF5, 0xF6, 0xF7, 0xF8, 0xF9, 0xFA, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};

constexpr GByte DC_BITS[16] = {0, 1, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};

constexpr GByte DC_HUFFVAL[256] = {0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05,
                                   0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B};

void JPGDataset::LoadDefaultTables(int n)
{
    if (nQLevel < 1)
        return;

    // Load quantization table.
    JQUANT_TBL *quant_ptr = nullptr;
    const GByte *pabyQTable = nullptr;

    if (nQLevel == 1)
        pabyQTable = Q1table;
    else if (nQLevel == 2)
        pabyQTable = Q2table;
    else if (nQLevel == 3)
        pabyQTable = Q3table;
    else if (nQLevel == 4)
        pabyQTable = Q4table;
    else if (nQLevel == 5)
        pabyQTable = Q5table;
    else
        return;

    if (sDInfo.quant_tbl_ptrs[n] == nullptr)
        sDInfo.quant_tbl_ptrs[n] =
            jpeg_alloc_quant_table(reinterpret_cast<j_common_ptr>(&sDInfo));

    quant_ptr = sDInfo.quant_tbl_ptrs[n];  // quant_ptr is JQUANT_TBL.
    for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
    {
        // Qtable[] is desired quantization table, in natural array order.
        quant_ptr->quantval[i] = pabyQTable[i];
    }

    // Load AC huffman table.
    if (sDInfo.ac_huff_tbl_ptrs[n] == nullptr)
        sDInfo.ac_huff_tbl_ptrs[n] =
            jpeg_alloc_huff_table(reinterpret_cast<j_common_ptr>(&sDInfo));

    // huff_ptr is JHUFF_TBL*.
    JHUFF_TBL *huff_ptr = sDInfo.ac_huff_tbl_ptrs[n];

    for (int i = 1; i <= 16; i++)
    {
        // counts[i] is number of Huffman codes of length i bits, i=1..16
        huff_ptr->bits[i] = AC_BITS[i - 1];
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
    {
        // symbols[] is the list of Huffman symbols, in code-length order.
        huff_ptr->huffval[i] = AC_HUFFVAL[i];
    }

    // Load DC huffman table.
    // TODO(schwehr): Revisit this "sideways" cast.
    if (sDInfo.dc_huff_tbl_ptrs[n] == nullptr)
        sDInfo.dc_huff_tbl_ptrs[n] =
            jpeg_alloc_huff_table(reinterpret_cast<j_common_ptr>(&sDInfo));

    huff_ptr = sDInfo.dc_huff_tbl_ptrs[n];  // huff_ptr is JHUFF_TBL*

    for (int i = 1; i <= 16; i++)
    {
        // counts[i] is number of Huffman codes of length i bits, i=1..16
        huff_ptr->bits[i] = DC_BITS[i - 1];
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
    {
        // symbols[] is the list of Huffman symbols, in code-length order.
        huff_ptr->huffval[i] = DC_HUFFVAL[i];
    }
}
#endif  // !defined(JPGDataset)

/************************************************************************/
/*                       SetScaleNumAndDenom()                          */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDataset::SetScaleNumAndDenom()
{
#if JPEG_LIB_VERSION > 62
    sDInfo.scale_num = 8 / nScaleFactor;
    sDInfo.scale_denom = 8;
#else
    sDInfo.scale_num = 1;
    sDInfo.scale_denom = nScaleFactor;
#endif
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              Restart()                               */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Restart compressor at the beginning of the file.                */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGDataset::Restart()

{
    if (ppoActiveDS && *ppoActiveDS != this && *ppoActiveDS != nullptr)
    {
        (*ppoActiveDS)->StopDecompress();
    }

    // Setup to trap a fatal error.
    if (setjmp(sUserData.setjmp_buffer))
        return CE_Failure;

    J_COLOR_SPACE colorSpace = sDInfo.out_color_space;
    J_COLOR_SPACE jpegColorSpace = sDInfo.jpeg_color_space;

    StopDecompress();
#if defined(__GNUC__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
#endif
    jpeg_create_decompress(&sDInfo);
#if defined(__GNUC__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
    bHasDoneJpegCreateDecompress = true;

    SetMaxMemoryToUse(&sDInfo);

#if !defined(JPGDataset)
    LoadDefaultTables(0);
    LoadDefaultTables(1);
    LoadDefaultTables(2);
    LoadDefaultTables(3);
#endif  // !defined(JPGDataset)

    // Restart IO.
    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nSubfileOffset, SEEK_SET);

    jpeg_vsiio_src(&sDInfo, m_fpImage);
    jpeg_read_header(&sDInfo, TRUE);

    sDInfo.out_color_space = colorSpace;
    nLoadedScanline = -1;
    SetScaleNumAndDenom();

    // The following errors could happen when "recycling" an existing dataset
    // particularly when triggered by the implicit overviews of JPEG-in-TIFF
    // with a corrupted TIFF file.
    if (nRasterXSize !=
            static_cast<int>(sDInfo.image_width + nScaleFactor - 1) /
                nScaleFactor ||
        nRasterYSize !=
            static_cast<int>(sDInfo.image_height + nScaleFactor - 1) /
                nScaleFactor)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Unexpected image dimension (%d x %d), "
                 "where as (%d x %d) was expected",
                 static_cast<int>(sDInfo.image_width + nScaleFactor - 1) /
                     nScaleFactor,
                 static_cast<int>(sDInfo.image_height + nScaleFactor - 1) /
                     nScaleFactor,
                 nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize);
        bHasDoneJpegStartDecompress = false;
    }
    else if (jpegColorSpace != sDInfo.jpeg_color_space)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Unexpected jpeg color space : %d", sDInfo.jpeg_color_space);
        bHasDoneJpegStartDecompress = false;
    }
    else
    {
        if (StartDecompress() != CE_None)
            return CE_Failure;
        if (ppoActiveDS)
            *ppoActiveDS = this;
    }

    return CE_None;
}

#if !defined(JPGDataset)

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGDatasetCommon::GetGeoTransform(GDALGeoTransform &gt) const

{
    CPLErr eErr = GDALPamDataset::GetGeoTransform(gt);
    if (eErr != CE_Failure)
        return eErr;

    const_cast<JPGDatasetCommon *>(this)->LoadWorldFileOrTab();

    if (bGeoTransformValid)
    {
        gt = m_gt;

        return CE_None;
    }

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetGCPCount()                             */
/************************************************************************/

int JPGDatasetCommon::GetGCPCount()

{
    const int nPAMGCPCount = GDALPamDataset::GetGCPCount();
    if (nPAMGCPCount != 0)
        return nPAMGCPCount;

    LoadWorldFileOrTab();

    return static_cast<int>(m_aoGCPs.size());
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetGCPSpatialRef()                          */
/************************************************************************/

const OGRSpatialReference *JPGDatasetCommon::GetGCPSpatialRef() const

{
    const int nPAMGCPCount =
        const_cast<JPGDatasetCommon *>(this)->GDALPamDataset::GetGCPCount();
    if (nPAMGCPCount != 0)
        return GDALPamDataset::GetGCPSpatialRef();

    const_cast<JPGDatasetCommon *>(this)->LoadWorldFileOrTab();

    if (!m_oSRS.IsEmpty() && !m_aoGCPs.empty())
        return &m_oSRS;

    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               GetGCPs()                              */
/************************************************************************/

const GDAL_GCP *JPGDatasetCommon::GetGCPs()

{
    const int nPAMGCPCount = GDALPamDataset::GetGCPCount();
    if (nPAMGCPCount != 0)
        return GDALPamDataset::GetGCPs();

    LoadWorldFileOrTab();

    return gdal::GCP::c_ptr(m_aoGCPs);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetSpatialRef()                            */
/************************************************************************/

const OGRSpatialReference *JPGDatasetCommon::GetSpatialRef() const

{
    const auto poSRS = GDALPamDataset::GetSpatialRef();
    if (poSRS)
        return poSRS;

    auto poThis = const_cast<JPGDatasetCommon *>(this);
    if (poThis->GetGCPCount() == 0)
    {
        if (!m_oSRS.IsEmpty())
            return &m_oSRS;

        if (!bHasReadXMPMetadata)
            poThis->ReadXMPMetadata();
        CSLConstList papszXMP = poThis->GetMetadata("xml:XMP");
        if (papszXMP && papszXMP[0])
        {
            CPLXMLTreeCloser poXML(CPLParseXMLString(papszXMP[0]));
            if (poXML)
            {
                const auto psRDF =
                    CPLGetXMLNode(poXML.get(), "=x:xmpmeta.rdf:RDF");
                if (psRDF)
                {
                    for (const CPLXMLNode *psIter = psRDF->psChild; psIter;
                         psIter = psIter->psNext)
                    {
                        if (psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                            EQUAL(psIter->pszValue, "rdf:Description") &&
                            EQUAL(CPLGetXMLValue(psIter, "xmlns:Camera", ""),
                                  "http://pix4d.com/camera/1.0/"))
                        {
                            if (const char *pszHorizCS = CPLGetXMLValue(
                                    psIter, "Camera:HorizCS", nullptr))
                            {
                                if (m_oSRS.SetFromUserInput(
                                        pszHorizCS,
                                        OGRSpatialReference::
                                            SET_FROM_USER_INPUT_LIMITATIONS_get()) ==
                                    OGRERR_NONE)
                                {
                                    if (const char *pszVertCS = CPLGetXMLValue(
                                            psIter, "Camera:VertCS", nullptr))
                                    {
                                        if (EQUAL(pszVertCS, "ellipsoidal"))
                                            m_oSRS.PromoteTo3D(nullptr);
                                        else
                                        {
                                            OGRSpatialReference oVertCRS;
                                            if (oVertCRS.SetFromUserInput(
                                                    pszVertCS,
                                                    OGRSpatialReference::
                                                        SET_FROM_USER_INPUT_LIMITATIONS_get()) ==
                                                OGRERR_NONE)
                                            {
                                                OGRSpatialReference oTmpCRS;
                                                oTmpCRS.SetCompoundCS(
                                                    std::string(
                                                        m_oSRS.GetName())
                                                        .append(" + ")
                                                        .append(
                                                            oVertCRS.GetName())
                                                        .c_str(),
                                                    &m_oSRS, &oVertCRS);
                                                m_oSRS = std::move(oTmpCRS);
                                            }
                                        }
                                    }
                                    m_oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(
                                        OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
                                    return &m_oSRS;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IRasterIO()                              */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Checks for what might be the most common read case              */
/*      (reading an entire 8bit, RGB JPEG), and                         */
/*      optimizes for that case                                         */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGDatasetCommon::IRasterIO(
    GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
    void *pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize, GDALDataType eBufType,
    int nBandCount, BANDMAP_TYPE panBandMap, GSpacing nPixelSpace,
    GSpacing nLineSpace, GSpacing nBandSpace, GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)

{
    // Coverity says that we cannot pass a nullptr to IRasterIO.
    if (panBandMap == nullptr)
    {
        return CE_Failure;
    }

#ifndef JPEG_LIB_MK1
    if ((eRWFlag == GF_Read) && (nBandCount == 3) && (nBands == 3) &&
        (nXOff == 0) && (nYOff == 0) && (nXSize == nBufXSize) &&
        (nXSize == nRasterXSize) && (nYSize == nBufYSize) &&
        (nYSize == nRasterYSize) && (eBufType == GDT_Byte) &&
        (GetDataPrecision() != 12) && (pData != nullptr) &&
        IsAllBands(nBandCount, panBandMap) &&
        // These color spaces need to be transformed to RGB.
        GetOutColorSpace() != JCS_YCCK && GetOutColorSpace() != JCS_CMYK)
    {
        Restart();
        GByte *const pabyData = static_cast<GByte *>(pData);

        // Pixel interleaved case.
        if (nBandSpace == 1)
        {
            for (int y = 0; y < nYSize; ++y)
            {
                if (nPixelSpace == 3)
                {
                    CPLErr tmpError =
                        LoadScanline(y, &(pabyData[(y * nLineSpace)]));
                    if (tmpError != CE_None)
                        return tmpError;
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLErr tmpError = LoadScanline(y);
                    if (tmpError != CE_None)
                        return tmpError;

                    for (int x = 0; x < nXSize; ++x)
                    {
                        memcpy(
                            &(pabyData[(y * nLineSpace) + (x * nPixelSpace)]),
                            &(m_pabyScanline[x * 3]), 3);
                    }
                }
            }
            nLoadedScanline = nRasterYSize;
        }
        else
        {
            for (int y = 0; y < nYSize; ++y)
            {
                CPLErr tmpError = LoadScanline(y);
                if (tmpError != CE_None)
                    return tmpError;
                for (int x = 0; x < nXSize; ++x)
                {
                    pabyData[(y * nLineSpace) + (x * nPixelSpace)] =
                        m_pabyScanline[x * 3];
                    pabyData[(y * nLineSpace) + (x * nPixelSpace) +
                             nBandSpace] = m_pabyScanline[x * 3 + 1];
                    pabyData[(y * nLineSpace) + (x * nPixelSpace) +
                             2 * nBandSpace] = m_pabyScanline[x * 3 + 2];
                }
            }
        }

        return CE_None;
    }
#endif

    return GDALPamDataset::IRasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                     pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType,
                                     nBandCount, panBandMap, nPixelSpace,
                                     nLineSpace, nBandSpace, psExtraArg);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                Open()                                */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *JPGDatasetCommon::Open(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)

{
#ifndef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
    // During fuzzing, do not use Identify to reject crazy content.
    if (!JPEGDriverIdentify(poOpenInfo))
        return nullptr;
#endif

    if (poOpenInfo->eAccess == GA_Update)
    {
        ReportUpdateNotSupportedByDriver("JPEG");
        return nullptr;
    }

    CPLString osFilename(poOpenInfo->pszFilename);
    bool bFLIRRawThermalImage = false;
    bool bDJIRawThermalImage = false;
    if (STARTS_WITH(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "JPEG:"))
    {
        CPLStringList aosTokens(CSLTokenizeString2(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, ":",
                                                   CSLT_HONOURSTRINGS));
        if (aosTokens.size() != 3)
            return nullptr;

        osFilename = aosTokens[1];
        if (std::string(aosTokens[2]) == "FLIR_RAW_THERMAL_IMAGE")
            bFLIRRawThermalImage = true;
        else if (std::string(aosTokens[2]) == "DJI_RAW_THERMAL_IMAGE")
            bDJIRawThermalImage = true;
        else
            return nullptr;
    }

    VSILFILE *fpL = poOpenInfo->fpL;
    poOpenInfo->fpL = nullptr;

    JPGDatasetOpenArgs sArgs;
    sArgs.pszFilename = osFilename.c_str();
    sArgs.fpLin = fpL;
    sArgs.papszSiblingFiles = poOpenInfo->GetSiblingFiles();
    sArgs.bDoPAMInitialize = true;
    sArgs.bUseInternalOverviews = CPLFetchBool(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions,
                                               "USE_INTERNAL_OVERVIEWS", true);
#ifdef D_LOSSLESS_SUPPORTED
    sArgs.bIsLossless = JPEGDatasetIsJPEGLS(poOpenInfo);
#endif

    auto poJPG_DS = JPGDataset::Open(&sArgs);
    auto poDS = std::unique_ptr<GDALDataset>(poJPG_DS);
    if (poDS == nullptr)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (bFLIRRawThermalImage || bDJIRawThermalImage)
    {
        poDS.reset(poJPG_DS->OpenRawThermalImage(poOpenInfo->pszFilename));
    }

    if (poDS &&
        CPLFetchBool(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "APPLY_ORIENTATION", false))
    {
        const char *pszOrientation = poDS->GetMetadataItem("EXIF_Orientation");
        if (pszOrientation && !EQUAL(pszOrientation, "1"))
        {
            int nOrientation = atoi(pszOrientation);
            if (nOrientation >= 2 && nOrientation <= 8)
            {
                auto poOrientedDS = std::make_unique<GDALOrientedDataset>(
                    std::move(poDS),
                    static_cast<GDALOrientedDataset::Origin>(nOrientation));
                poDS = std::move(poOrientedDS);
            }
        }
    }

    return poDS.release();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       OpenRawThermalImage()                          */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *
JPGDatasetCommon::OpenRawThermalImage(const char *pszConnectionString)
{
    ReadThermalMetadata();
    if (m_abyRawThermalImage.empty())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot find raw thermal image");
        return nullptr;
    }

    GByte *pabyData =
        static_cast<GByte *>(CPLMalloc(m_abyRawThermalImage.size()));
    const std::string osTmpFilename(
        VSIMemGenerateHiddenFilename("jpeg_thermal_raw"));
    memcpy(pabyData, m_abyRawThermalImage.data(), m_abyRawThermalImage.size());
    VSILFILE *fpRaw = VSIFileFromMemBuffer(osTmpFilename.c_str(), pabyData,
                                           m_abyRawThermalImage.size(), true);

    // Termal image as uncompressed data
    if (m_nRawThermalImageWidth * m_nRawThermalImageHeight * 2 ==
        static_cast<int>(m_abyRawThermalImage.size()))
    {
        CPLDebug("JPEG", "Raw thermal image");

        class JPEGRawDataset final : public RawDataset
        {
          public:
            JPEGRawDataset(int nXSizeIn, int nYSizeIn,
                           std::unique_ptr<GDALRasterBand> poBand,
                           const char *pszJPEGFilename)
            {
                nRasterXSize = nXSizeIn;
                nRasterYSize = nYSizeIn;

                SetBand(1, std::move(poBand));
                SetPhysicalFilename(pszJPEGFilename);
                SetSubdatasetName("RAW_THERMAL_IMAGE");
                TryLoadXML();
            }

            CPLErr Close() override
            {
                return GDALPamDataset::Close();
            }

            ~JPEGRawDataset() override
            {
                JPEGRawDataset::Close();
            }

            void SetBand(int nBand, std::unique_ptr<GDALRasterBand> &&poBand)
            {
                RawDataset::SetBand(nBand, std::move(poBand));
            }
        };

        auto poBand = RawRasterBand::Create(
            fpRaw,
            0,                            // image offset
            2,                            // pixel offset
            2 * m_nRawThermalImageWidth,  // line offset
            GDT_UInt16,
            m_bRawThermalLittleEndian
                ? RawRasterBand::ByteOrder::ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN
                : RawRasterBand::ByteOrder::ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN,
            m_nRawThermalImageWidth, m_nRawThermalImageHeight,
            RawRasterBand::OwnFP::YES);
        if (!poBand)
            return nullptr;

        auto poRawDS = new JPEGRawDataset(m_nRawThermalImageWidth,
                                          m_nRawThermalImageHeight,
                                          std::move(poBand), GetDescription());
        poRawDS->SetDescription(pszConnectionString);
        VSIUnlink(osTmpFilename.c_str());
        return poRawDS;
    }

    VSIFCloseL(fpRaw);

    // Termal image as PNG
    if (m_abyRawThermalImage.size() > 4 &&
        memcmp(m_abyRawThermalImage.data(), "\x89PNG", 4) == 0)
    {
        // FLIR 16-bit PNG have a wrong endianness.
        // Cf https://exiftool.org/TagNames/FLIR.html: "Note that most FLIR
        // cameras using the PNG format seem to write the 16-bit raw image data
        // in the wrong byte order."
        CPLStringList aosPNGOpenOptions;
        aosPNGOpenOptions.SetNameValue("@BYTE_ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN", "YES");
        aosPNGOpenOptions.SetNameValue("@PHYSICAL_FILENAME", GetDescription());
        aosPNGOpenOptions.SetNameValue("@SUBDATASET_NAME", "PNG_THERMAL_IMAGE");
        auto poRawDS =
            GDALDataset::Open(osTmpFilename.c_str(), GDAL_OF_RASTER, nullptr,
                              aosPNGOpenOptions.List(), nullptr);
        VSIUnlink(osTmpFilename.c_str());
        if (poRawDS == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid raw thermal image");
            return nullptr;
        }
        poRawDS->SetDescription(pszConnectionString);
        return poRawDS;
    }

    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
             "Unrecognized format for raw thermal image");
    VSIUnlink(osTmpFilename.c_str());
    return nullptr;
}

#endif  // !defined(JPGDataset)

/************************************************************************/
/*                                Open()                                */
/************************************************************************/

JPGDatasetCommon *JPGDataset::Open(JPGDatasetOpenArgs *psArgs)

{
    JPGDataset *poDS = new JPGDataset();
    return OpenStage2(psArgs, poDS);
}

JPGDatasetCommon *JPGDataset::OpenStage2(JPGDatasetOpenArgs *psArgs,
                                         JPGDataset *&poDS)
{
    // Will detect mismatch between compile-time and run-time libjpeg versions.
    if (setjmp(poDS->sUserData.setjmp_buffer))
    {
#if defined(JPEG_DUAL_MODE_8_12) && !defined(JPGDataset)

        if (poDS->sDInfo.data_precision == 12 && poDS->m_fpImage != nullptr)
        {
            VSILFILE *fpImage = poDS->m_fpImage;
            poDS->m_fpImage = nullptr;
            delete poDS;
            psArgs->fpLin = fpImage;
            return JPEGDataset12Open(psArgs);
        }
#endif
        delete poDS;
        return nullptr;
    }

    const char *pszFilename = psArgs->pszFilename;
    VSILFILE *fpLin = psArgs->fpLin;
    CSLConstList papszSiblingFiles = psArgs->papszSiblingFiles;
    const int nScaleFactor = psArgs->nScaleFactor;
    const bool bDoPAMInitialize = psArgs->bDoPAMInitialize;
    const bool bUseInternalOverviews = psArgs->bUseInternalOverviews;

    // If it is a subfile, read the JPEG header.
    bool bIsSubfile = false;
    GUIntBig subfile_offset = 0;
    GUIntBig subfile_size = 0;
    const char *real_filename = pszFilename;
    int nQLevel = -1;

    if (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszFilename, "JPEG_SUBFILE:"))
    {
        bool bScan = false;

        if (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszFilename, "JPEG_SUBFILE:Q"))
        {
            char **papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString2(pszFilename + 14, ",", 0);
            if (CSLCount(papszTokens) >= 3)
            {
                nQLevel = atoi(papszTokens[0]);
                subfile_offset = CPLScanUIntBig(
                    papszTokens[1], static_cast<int>(strlen(papszTokens[1])));
                subfile_size = CPLScanUIntBig(
                    papszTokens[2], static_cast<int>(strlen(papszTokens[2])));
                bScan = true;
            }
            CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
        }
        else
        {
            char **papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString2(pszFilename + 13, ",", 0);
            if (CSLCount(papszTokens) >= 2)
            {
                subfile_offset = CPLScanUIntBig(
                    papszTokens[0], static_cast<int>(strlen(papszTokens[0])));
                subfile_size = CPLScanUIntBig(
                    papszTokens[1], static_cast<int>(strlen(papszTokens[1])));
                bScan = true;
            }
            CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
        }

        if (!bScan)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed,
                     "Corrupt subfile definition: %s", pszFilename);
            delete poDS;
            return nullptr;
        }

        real_filename = strstr(pszFilename, ",");
        if (real_filename != nullptr)
            real_filename = strstr(real_filename + 1, ",");
        if (real_filename != nullptr && nQLevel != -1)
            real_filename = strstr(real_filename + 1, ",");
        if (real_filename != nullptr)
            real_filename++;
        else
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed,
                     "Could not find filename in subfile definition.");
            delete poDS;
            return nullptr;
        }

        CPLDebug("JPG",
                 "real_filename %s, offset=" CPL_FRMT_GUIB
                 ", size=" CPL_FRMT_GUIB "\n",
                 real_filename, subfile_offset, subfile_size);

        bIsSubfile = true;
    }

    // Open the file using the large file api if necessary.
    VSILFILE *fpImage = fpLin;

    if (!fpImage)
    {
        fpImage = VSIFOpenL(real_filename, "rb");

        if (fpImage == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed,
                     "VSIFOpenL(%s) failed unexpectedly in jpgdataset.cpp",
                     real_filename);
            delete poDS;
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    // Create a corresponding GDALDataset.
    poDS->nQLevel = nQLevel;
    poDS->m_fpImage = fpImage;

    // Move to the start of jpeg data.
    poDS->nSubfileOffset = subfile_offset;
    VSIFSeekL(poDS->m_fpImage, poDS->nSubfileOffset, SEEK_SET);

    poDS->eAccess = GA_ReadOnly;

    poDS->sDInfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&poDS->sJErr);
    poDS->sJErr.error_exit = JPGDataset::ErrorExit;
    poDS->sJErr.output_message = JPGDataset::OutputMessage;
    poDS->sUserData.p_previous_emit_message = poDS->sJErr.emit_message;
    poDS->sJErr.emit_message = JPGDataset::EmitMessage;
    poDS->sDInfo.client_data = &poDS->sUserData;

#if defined(__GNUC__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
#endif
    jpeg_create_decompress(&poDS->sDInfo);
#if defined(__GNUC__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif

    poDS->bHasDoneJpegCreateDecompress = true;

    SetMaxMemoryToUse(&poDS->sDInfo);

#if !defined(JPGDataset)
    // Preload default NITF JPEG quantization tables.
    poDS->LoadDefaultTables(0);
    poDS->LoadDefaultTables(1);
    poDS->LoadDefaultTables(2);
    poDS->LoadDefaultTables(3);
#endif  // !defined(JPGDataset)

    // Read pre-image data after ensuring the file is rewound.
    VSIFSeekL(poDS->m_fpImage, poDS->nSubfileOffset, SEEK_SET);

    jpeg_vsiio_src(&poDS->sDInfo, poDS->m_fpImage);
    jpeg_read_header(&poDS->sDInfo, TRUE);

    if (poDS->sDInfo.data_precision != 8 && poDS->sDInfo.data_precision != 12)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "GDAL JPEG Driver doesn't support files with precision of "
                 "other than 8 or 12 bits.");
        delete poDS;
        return nullptr;
    }

#if defined(JPEG_DUAL_MODE_8_12) && !defined(JPGDataset)
    if (poDS->sDInfo.data_precision == 12 && poDS->m_fpImage != nullptr)
    {
        poDS->m_fpImage = nullptr;
        delete poDS;
        psArgs->fpLin = fpImage;
        return JPEGDataset12Open(psArgs);
    }
#endif

    // Capture some information from the file that is of interest.

    poDS->nScaleFactor = nScaleFactor;
    poDS->SetScaleNumAndDenom();
    poDS->nRasterXSize = DIV_ROUND_UP(poDS->sDInfo.image_width, nScaleFactor);
    poDS->nRasterYSize = DIV_ROUND_UP(poDS->sDInfo.image_height, nScaleFactor);

    poDS->sDInfo.out_color_space = poDS->sDInfo.jpeg_color_space;
    poDS->eGDALColorSpace = poDS->sDInfo.jpeg_color_space;

    if (poDS->sDInfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_GRAYSCALE)
    {
        poDS->nBands = 1;
    }
    else if (poDS->sDInfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_RGB)
    {
        poDS->nBands = 3;
    }
    else if (poDS->sDInfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_YCbCr)
    {
        poDS->nBands = 3;
        if (CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_JPEG_TO_RGB", "YES")))
        {
            poDS->sDInfo.out_color_space = JCS_RGB;
            poDS->eGDALColorSpace = JCS_RGB;
            poDS->SetMetadataItem("SOURCE_COLOR_SPACE", "YCbCr",
                                  "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
        }
    }
    else if (poDS->sDInfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_CMYK)
    {
        if (poDS->sDInfo.data_precision == 8 &&
            CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_JPEG_TO_RGB", "YES")))
        {
            poDS->eGDALColorSpace = JCS_RGB;
            poDS->nBands = 3;
            poDS->SetMetadataItem("SOURCE_COLOR_SPACE", "CMYK",
                                  "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
        }
        else
        {
            poDS->nBands = 4;
        }
    }
    else if (poDS->sDInfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_YCCK)
    {
        if (poDS->sDInfo.data_precision == 8 &&
            CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_JPEG_TO_RGB", "YES")))
        {
            poDS->eGDALColorSpace = JCS_RGB;
            poDS->nBands = 3;
            poDS->SetMetadataItem("SOURCE_COLOR_SPACE", "YCbCrK",
                                  "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");

            // libjpeg does the translation from YCrCbK -> CMYK internally
            // and we'll do the translation to RGB in IReadBlock().
            poDS->sDInfo.out_color_space = JCS_CMYK;
        }
        else
        {
            poDS->nBands = 4;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Unrecognized jpeg_color_space value of %d.\n",
                 poDS->sDInfo.jpeg_color_space);
        delete poDS;
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Create band information objects.
    for (int iBand = 0; iBand < poDS->nBands; iBand++)
        poDS->SetBand(iBand + 1, JPGCreateBand(poDS, iBand + 1));

    // More metadata.
    if (poDS->nBands > 1)
    {
        poDS->SetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "PIXEL", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
        poDS->SetMetadataItem("COMPRESSION", "JPEG", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
    }

    if (psArgs->bIsLossless)
    {
        poDS->SetMetadataItem("COMPRESSION_REVERSIBILITY", "LOSSLESS",
                              "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
    }

    // Initialize any PAM information.
    poDS->SetDescription(pszFilename);

    if (nScaleFactor == 1 && bDoPAMInitialize)
    {
        if (!bIsSubfile)
            poDS->TryLoadXML(papszSiblingFiles);
        else
            poDS->nPamFlags |= GPF_NOSAVE;

        // Open (external) overviews.
        poDS->oOvManager.Initialize(poDS, real_filename, papszSiblingFiles);

        if (!bUseInternalOverviews)
            poDS->bHasInitInternalOverviews = true;

        // In the case of a file downloaded through the HTTP driver, this one
        // will unlink the temporary /vsimem file just after GDALOpen(), so
        // later VSIFOpenL() when reading internal overviews would fail.
        // Initialize them now.
        if (STARTS_WITH(real_filename, "/vsimem/") &&
            strstr(real_filename, "_gdal_http_"))
        {
            poDS->InitInternalOverviews();
        }
    }
    else
    {
        poDS->nPamFlags |= GPF_NOSAVE;
    }

    poDS->bIsSubfile = bIsSubfile;

    return poDS;
}

#if !defined(JPGDataset)

/************************************************************************/
/*                       LoadWorldFileOrTab()                           */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDatasetCommon::LoadWorldFileOrTab()
{
    if (bIsSubfile)
        return;
    if (bHasTriedLoadWorldFileOrTab)
        return;
    bHasTriedLoadWorldFileOrTab = true;

    char *pszWldFilename = nullptr;

    // TIROS3 JPEG files have a .wld extension, so don't look for .wld as
    // as worldfile.
    const bool bEndsWithWld =
        strlen(GetDescription()) > 4 &&
        EQUAL(GetDescription() + strlen(GetDescription()) - 4, ".wld");
    bGeoTransformValid =
        GDALReadWorldFile2(GetDescription(), nullptr, m_gt,
                           oOvManager.GetSiblingFiles(), &pszWldFilename) ||
        GDALReadWorldFile2(GetDescription(), ".jpw", m_gt,
                           oOvManager.GetSiblingFiles(), &pszWldFilename) ||
        (!bEndsWithWld &&
         GDALReadWorldFile2(GetDescription(), ".wld", m_gt,
                            oOvManager.GetSiblingFiles(), &pszWldFilename));

    if (!bGeoTransformValid)
    {
        char *pszProjection = nullptr;
        int nGCPCount = 0;
        GDAL_GCP *pasGCPList = nullptr;
        const bool bTabFileOK = CPL_TO_BOOL(GDALReadTabFile2(
            GetDescription(), m_gt.data(), &pszProjection, &nGCPCount,
            &pasGCPList, oOvManager.GetSiblingFiles(), &pszWldFilename));
        if (pszProjection)
            m_oSRS.importFromWkt(pszProjection);
        CPLFree(pszProjection);
        m_aoGCPs = gdal::GCP::fromC(pasGCPList, nGCPCount);
        GDALDeinitGCPs(nGCPCount, pasGCPList);
        CPLFree(pasGCPList);

        if (bTabFileOK && nGCPCount == 0)
            bGeoTransformValid = true;
    }

    if (pszWldFilename)
    {
        osWldFilename = pszWldFilename;
        CPLFree(pszWldFilename);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetFileList()                             */
/************************************************************************/

char **JPGDatasetCommon::GetFileList()

{
    char **papszFileList = GDALPamDataset::GetFileList();

    LoadWorldFileOrTab();

    if (!osWldFilename.empty() &&
        CSLFindString(papszFileList, osWldFilename) == -1)
    {
        papszFileList = CSLAddString(papszFileList, osWldFilename);
    }

    return papszFileList;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CheckForMask()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDatasetCommon::CheckForMask()

{
    // Save current position to avoid disturbing JPEG stream decoding.
    const vsi_l_offset nCurOffset = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);

    // Go to the end of the file, pull off four bytes, and see if
    // it is plausibly the size of the real image data.
    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, 0, SEEK_END);
    GIntBig nFileSize = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);
    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nFileSize - 4, SEEK_SET);

    GUInt32 nImageSize = 0;
    VSIFReadL(&nImageSize, 4, 1, m_fpImage);
    CPL_LSBPTR32(&nImageSize);

    GByte abyEOD[2] = {0, 0};

    if (nImageSize >= 2 && nImageSize >= nFileSize / 2 &&
        nImageSize <= nFileSize - 4)
    {
        // If that seems okay, seek back, and verify that just preceding
        // the bitmask is an apparent end-of-jpeg-data marker.
        VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nImageSize - 2, SEEK_SET);
        VSIFReadL(abyEOD, 2, 1, m_fpImage);
        if (abyEOD[0] == 0xff && abyEOD[1] == 0xd9)
        {
            // We seem to have a mask.  Read it in.
            nCMaskSize = static_cast<int>(nFileSize - nImageSize - 4);
            pabyCMask = static_cast<GByte *>(VSI_MALLOC_VERBOSE(nCMaskSize));
            if (pabyCMask)
            {
                VSIFReadL(pabyCMask, nCMaskSize, 1, m_fpImage);

                CPLDebug("JPEG", "Got %d byte compressed bitmask.", nCMaskSize);
            }
        }
    }

    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nCurOffset, SEEK_SET);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           DecompressMask()                           */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDatasetCommon::DecompressMask()

{
    if (pabyCMask == nullptr || pabyBitMask != nullptr)
        return;

    // Allocate 1bit buffer - may be slightly larger than needed.
    const int nBufSize = nRasterYSize * ((nRasterXSize + 7) / 8);
    pabyBitMask = static_cast<GByte *>(VSI_MALLOC_VERBOSE(nBufSize));
    if (pabyBitMask == nullptr)
    {
        CPLFree(pabyCMask);
        pabyCMask = nullptr;
        return;
    }

    // Decompress.
    void *pOut =
        CPLZLibInflate(pabyCMask, nCMaskSize, pabyBitMask, nBufSize, nullptr);

    // Cleanup if an error occurs.
    if (pOut == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Failure decoding JPEG validity bitmask.");
        CPLFree(pabyCMask);
        pabyCMask = nullptr;

        CPLFree(pabyBitMask);
        pabyBitMask = nullptr;

        return;
    }

    const char *pszJPEGMaskBitOrder =
        CPLGetConfigOption("JPEG_MASK_BIT_ORDER", "AUTO");
    if (EQUAL(pszJPEGMaskBitOrder, "LSB"))
        bMaskLSBOrder = true;
    else if (EQUAL(pszJPEGMaskBitOrder, "MSB"))
        bMaskLSBOrder = false;
    else if (nRasterXSize > 8 && nRasterYSize > 1)
    {
        // Test MSB ordering hypothesis in a very restrictive case where it is
        // *obviously* ordered as MSB ! (unless someone coded something
        // specifically to defeat the below logic)
        // The case considered here is dop_465_6100.jpg from #5102.
        // The mask is identical for each line, starting with 1's and ending
        // with 0's (or starting with 0's and ending with 1's), and no other
        // intermediate change.
        // We can detect the MSB ordering since the lsb bits at the end of the
        // first line will be set with the 1's of the beginning of the second
        // line.
        // We can only be sure of this heuristics if the change of value occurs
        // in the middle of a byte, or if the raster width is not a multiple of
        // 8.
        //
        // TODO(schwehr): Check logic in this section that was added in r26063.
        int nPrevValBit = 0;
        int nChangedValBit = 0;
        int iX = 0;  // Used after for.
        for (; iX < nRasterXSize; iX++)
        {
            const int nValBit =
                (pabyBitMask[iX >> 3] & (0x1 << (7 - (iX & 7)))) != 0;
            if (iX == 0)
                nPrevValBit = nValBit;
            else if (nValBit != nPrevValBit)
            {
                nPrevValBit = nValBit;
                nChangedValBit++;
                if (nChangedValBit == 1)
                {
                    const bool bValChangedOnByteBoundary = (iX % 8) == 0;
                    if (bValChangedOnByteBoundary && (nRasterXSize % 8) == 0)
                        break;
                }
                else
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
            const int iNextLineX = iX + nRasterXSize;
            const int nNextLineValBit = (pabyBitMask[iNextLineX >> 3] &
                                         (0x1 << (7 - (iNextLineX & 7)))) != 0;
            if (nValBit != nNextLineValBit)
                break;
        }

        if (iX == nRasterXSize && nChangedValBit == 1)
        {
            CPLDebug("JPEG",
                     "Bit ordering in mask is guessed to be msb (unusual)");
            bMaskLSBOrder = false;
        }
        else
        {
            bMaskLSBOrder = true;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        bMaskLSBOrder = true;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GetCompressionFormats()                        */
/************************************************************************/

CPLStringList JPGDatasetCommon::GetCompressionFormats(int nXOff, int nYOff,
                                                      int nXSize, int nYSize,
                                                      int nBandCount,
                                                      const int *panBandList)
{
    CPLStringList aosRet;
    if (m_fpImage && nXOff == 0 && nYOff == 0 && nXSize == nRasterXSize &&
        nYSize == nRasterYSize && IsAllBands(nBandCount, panBandList))
    {
        aosRet.AddString(GDALGetCompressionFormatForJPEG(m_fpImage).c_str());
    }
    return aosRet;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       ReadCompressedData()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr JPGDatasetCommon::ReadCompressedData(
    const char *pszFormat, int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
    int nBandCount, const int *panBandList, void **ppBuffer,
    size_t *pnBufferSize, char **ppszDetailedFormat)
{
    if (m_fpImage && nXOff == 0 && nYOff == 0 && nXSize == nRasterXSize &&
        nYSize == nRasterYSize && IsAllBands(nBandCount, panBandList))
    {
        const CPLStringList aosTokens(CSLTokenizeString2(pszFormat, ";", 0));
        if (aosTokens.size() != 1)
            return CE_Failure;

        if (EQUAL(aosTokens[0], "JPEG"))
        {
            if (ppszDetailedFormat)
                *ppszDetailedFormat = VSIStrdup(
                    GDALGetCompressionFormatForJPEG(m_fpImage).c_str());

            const auto nSavedPos = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);
            VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, 0, SEEK_END);
            auto nFileSize = VSIFTellL(m_fpImage);
            if (nFileSize > std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / 2)
                return CE_Failure;
            if (nFileSize > 4)
            {
                VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nFileSize - 4, SEEK_SET);
                // Detect zlib compress mask band at end of file
                // and remove it if found
                uint32_t nImageSize = 0;
                VSIFReadL(&nImageSize, 4, 1, m_fpImage);
                CPL_LSBPTR32(&nImageSize);
                if (nImageSize > 2 && nImageSize >= nFileSize / 2 &&
                    nImageSize < nFileSize - 4)
                {
                    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nImageSize - 2, SEEK_SET);
                    GByte abyTwoBytes[2];
                    if (VSIFReadL(abyTwoBytes, 2, 1, m_fpImage) == 1 &&
                        abyTwoBytes[0] == 0xFF && abyTwoBytes[1] == 0xD9)
                    {
                        nFileSize = nImageSize;
                    }
                }
            }
            auto nSize = static_cast<size_t>(nFileSize);
            if (ppBuffer)
            {
                if (pnBufferSize == nullptr)
                {
                    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nSavedPos, SEEK_SET);
                    return CE_Failure;
                }
                bool bFreeOnError = false;
                if (*ppBuffer)
                {
                    if (*pnBufferSize < nSize)
                    {
                        VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nSavedPos, SEEK_SET);
                        return CE_Failure;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    *ppBuffer = VSI_MALLOC_VERBOSE(nSize);
                    if (*ppBuffer == nullptr)
                    {
                        VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nSavedPos, SEEK_SET);
                        return CE_Failure;
                    }
                    bFreeOnError = true;
                }
                VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, 0, SEEK_SET);
                if (VSIFReadL(*ppBuffer, nSize, 1, m_fpImage) != 1)
                {
                    if (bFreeOnError)
                    {
                        VSIFree(*ppBuffer);
                        *ppBuffer = nullptr;
                    }
                    VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nSavedPos, SEEK_SET);
                    return CE_Failure;
                }

                constexpr GByte EXIF_SIGNATURE[] = {'E', 'x',  'i',
                                                    'f', '\0', '\0'};
                constexpr char APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE[] =
                    "http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/";
                size_t nChunkLoc = 2;
                GByte *pabyJPEG = static_cast<GByte *>(*ppBuffer);
                while (nChunkLoc + 4 <= nSize)
                {
                    if (pabyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 0] != 0xFF)
                        break;
                    if (pabyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 1] == 0xDA)
                        break;
                    const int nChunkLength =
                        pabyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 2] * 256 + pabyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 3];
                    if (nChunkLength < 2 || static_cast<size_t>(nChunkLength) >
                                                nSize - (nChunkLoc + 2))
                        break;
                    if (pabyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 1] == 0xE1 &&
                        nChunkLoc + 4 + sizeof(EXIF_SIGNATURE) <= nSize &&
                        memcmp(pabyJPEG + nChunkLoc + 4, EXIF_SIGNATURE,
                               sizeof(EXIF_SIGNATURE)) == 0)
                    {
                        CPLDebug("JPEG", "Remove existing EXIF from "
                                         "source compressed data");
                        memmove(pabyJPEG + nChunkLoc,
                                pabyJPEG + nChunkLoc + 2 + nChunkLength,
                                nSize - (nChunkLoc + 2 + nChunkLength));
                        nSize -= 2 + nChunkLength;
                        continue;
                    }
                    else if (pabyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 1] == 0xE1 &&
                             nChunkLoc + 4 + sizeof(APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE) <=
                                 nSize &&
                             memcmp(pabyJPEG + nChunkLoc + 4,
                                    APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE,
                                    sizeof(APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE)) == 0)
                    {
                        CPLDebug("JPEG", "Remove existing XMP from "
                                         "source compressed data");
                        memmove(pabyJPEG + nChunkLoc,
                                pabyJPEG + nChunkLoc + 2 + nChunkLength,
                                nSize - (nChunkLoc + 2 + nChunkLength));
                        nSize -= 2 + nChunkLength;
                        continue;
                    }
                    nChunkLoc += 2 + nChunkLength;
                }
            }
            VSIFSeekL(m_fpImage, nSavedPos, SEEK_SET);
            if (pnBufferSize)
                *pnBufferSize = nSize;
            return CE_None;
        }
    }
    return CE_Failure;
}

#endif  // !defined(JPGDataset)

/************************************************************************/
/*                             ErrorExit()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDataset::ErrorExit(j_common_ptr cinfo)
{
    GDALJPEGUserData *psUserData =
        static_cast<GDALJPEGUserData *>(cinfo->client_data);
    char buffer[JMSG_LENGTH_MAX] = {};

    // Create the message.
    (*cinfo->err->format_message)(cinfo, buffer);

    // Avoid error for a 12bit JPEG if reading from the 8bit JPEG driver and
    // we have JPEG_DUAL_MODE_8_12 support, as we'll try again with 12bit JPEG
    // driver.
#if defined(JPEG_DUAL_MODE_8_12) && !defined(JPGDataset)
    if (strstr(buffer, "Unsupported JPEG data precision 12") == nullptr)
#endif
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "libjpeg: %s", buffer);

    // Return control to the setjmp point.
    longjmp(psUserData->setjmp_buffer, 1);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          OutputMessage()                             */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDataset::OutputMessage(j_common_ptr cinfo)
{
    char buffer[JMSG_LENGTH_MAX] = {};

    // Create the message.
    (*cinfo->err->format_message)(cinfo, buffer);

    CPLDebug("JPEG", "libjpeg: %s", buffer);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             EmitMessage()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGDataset::EmitMessage(j_common_ptr cinfo, int msg_level)
{
    GDALJPEGUserData *psUserData =
        static_cast<GDALJPEGUserData *>(cinfo->client_data);
    if (msg_level >= 0)  // Trace message.
    {
        if (psUserData->p_previous_emit_message != nullptr)
            psUserData->p_previous_emit_message(cinfo, msg_level);
    }
    else
    {
        // Warning : libjpeg will try to recover but the image will be likely
        // corrupted.

        struct jpeg_error_mgr *err = cinfo->err;

        // It's a warning message.  Since corrupt files may generate many
        // warnings, the policy implemented here is to show only the first
        // warning, unless trace_level >= 3.
        if (err->num_warnings == 0 || err->trace_level >= 3)
        {
            char buffer[JMSG_LENGTH_MAX] = {};

            // Create the message.
            (*cinfo->err->format_message)(cinfo, buffer);

            const char *pszVal =
                CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_ERROR_ON_LIBJPEG_WARNING", nullptr);
            if (strstr(buffer, "Premature end of JPEG file"))
            {
                // Consider this an error by default
                if (pszVal == nullptr || CPLTestBool(pszVal))
                {
                    psUserData->bNonFatalErrorEncountered = true;
                    if (pszVal == nullptr)
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                 "libjpeg: %s (this error can be turned as a "
                                 "warning "
                                 "by setting GDAL_ERROR_ON_LIBJPEG_WARNING to "
                                 "FALSE)",
                                 buffer);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "libjpeg: %s",
                                 buffer);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "libjpeg: %s",
                             buffer);
                }
            }
            else if (pszVal == nullptr || !CPLTestBool(pszVal))
            {
                if (pszVal == nullptr)
                {
                    CPLError(
                        CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "libjpeg: %s (this warning can be turned as an error "
                        "by setting GDAL_ERROR_ON_LIBJPEG_WARNING to TRUE)",
                        buffer);
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "libjpeg: %s",
                             buffer);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                psUserData->bNonFatalErrorEncountered = true;
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "libjpeg: %s", buffer);
            }
        }

        // Always count warnings in num_warnings.
        err->num_warnings++;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          ProgressMonitor()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/* Avoid the risk of denial-of-service on crafted JPEGs with an insane */
/* number of scans. */
/* See
 * http://www.libjpeg-turbo.org/pmwiki/uploads/About/TwoIssueswiththeJPEGStandard.pdf
 */
void JPGDataset::ProgressMonitor(j_common_ptr cinfo)
{
    if (cinfo->is_decompressor)
    {
        GDALJPEGUserData *psUserData =
            static_cast<GDALJPEGUserData *>(cinfo->client_data);
        const int scan_no =
            reinterpret_cast<j_decompress_ptr>(cinfo)->input_scan_number;
        if (scan_no >= psUserData->nMaxScans)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Scan number %d exceeds maximum scans (%d)", scan_no,
                     psUserData->nMaxScans);

            // Return control to the setjmp point.
            longjmp(psUserData->setjmp_buffer, 1);
        }
    }
}

#if !defined(JPGDataset)

/************************************************************************/
/*                           JPGAddICCProfile()                         */
/*                                                                      */
/*      This function adds an ICC profile to a JPEG file.               */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGAddICCProfile(void *pInfo, const char *pszICCProfile,
                      my_jpeg_write_m_header p_jpeg_write_m_header,
                      my_jpeg_write_m_byte p_jpeg_write_m_byte)
{
    if (pszICCProfile == nullptr)
        return;

    // Write out each segment of the ICC profile.
    char *pEmbedBuffer = CPLStrdup(pszICCProfile);
    GInt32 nEmbedLen =
        CPLBase64DecodeInPlace(reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(pEmbedBuffer));
    char *pEmbedPtr = pEmbedBuffer;
    char const *const paHeader = "ICC_PROFILE";
    int nSegments = (nEmbedLen + 65518) / 65519;
    int nSegmentID = 1;

    while (nEmbedLen != 0)
    {
        // 65535 - 16 bytes for header = 65519
        const int nChunkLen = (nEmbedLen > 65519) ? 65519 : nEmbedLen;
        nEmbedLen -= nChunkLen;

        // Write marker and length.
        p_jpeg_write_m_header(pInfo, JPEG_APP0 + 2,
                              static_cast<unsigned int>(nChunkLen + 14));

        // Write identifier.
        for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++)
            p_jpeg_write_m_byte(pInfo, paHeader[i]);

        // Write ID and max ID.
        p_jpeg_write_m_byte(pInfo, nSegmentID);
        p_jpeg_write_m_byte(pInfo, nSegments);

        // Write ICC Profile.
        for (int i = 0; i < nChunkLen; i++)
            p_jpeg_write_m_byte(pInfo, pEmbedPtr[i]);

        nSegmentID++;

        pEmbedPtr += nChunkLen;
    }

    CPLFree(pEmbedBuffer);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           JPGAppendMask()                            */
/*                                                                      */
/*      This function appends a zlib compressed bitmask to a JPEG       */
/*      file (or really any file) pulled from an existing mask band.    */
/************************************************************************/

// MSVC does not know that memset() has initialized sStream.
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma warning(disable : 4701)
#endif

CPLErr JPGAppendMask(const char *pszJPGFilename, GDALRasterBand *poMask,
                     GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress, void *pProgressData)

{
    const int nXSize = poMask->GetXSize();
    const int nYSize = poMask->GetYSize();
    const int nBitBufSize = nYSize * ((nXSize + 7) / 8);
    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;

    // Allocate uncompressed bit buffer.
    GByte *pabyBitBuf =
        static_cast<GByte *>(VSI_CALLOC_VERBOSE(1, nBitBufSize));

    GByte *pabyMaskLine = static_cast<GByte *>(VSI_MALLOC_VERBOSE(nXSize));
    if (pabyBitBuf == nullptr || pabyMaskLine == nullptr)
    {
        eErr = CE_Failure;
    }

    // No reason to set it to MSB, unless for debugging purposes
    // to be able to generate a unusual LSB ordered mask (#5102).
    const char *pszJPEGMaskBitOrder =
        CPLGetConfigOption("JPEG_WRITE_MASK_BIT_ORDER", "LSB");
    const bool bMaskLSBOrder = EQUAL(pszJPEGMaskBitOrder, "LSB");

    // Set bit buffer from mask band, scanline by scanline.
    GUInt32 iBit = 0;
    for (int iY = 0; eErr == CE_None && iY < nYSize; iY++)
    {
        eErr = poMask->RasterIO(GF_Read, 0, iY, nXSize, 1, pabyMaskLine, nXSize,
                                1, GDT_Byte, 0, 0, nullptr);
        if (eErr != CE_None)
            break;

        if (bMaskLSBOrder)
        {
            for (int iX = 0; iX < nXSize; iX++)
            {
                if (pabyMaskLine[iX] != 0)
                    pabyBitBuf[iBit >> 3] |= (0x1 << (iBit & 7));

                iBit++;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (int iX = 0; iX < nXSize; iX++)
            {
                if (pabyMaskLine[iX] != 0)
                    pabyBitBuf[iBit >> 3] |= (0x1 << (7 - (iBit & 7)));

                iBit++;
            }
        }

        if (pfnProgress != nullptr &&
            !pfnProgress((iY + 1) / static_cast<double>(nYSize), nullptr,
                         pProgressData))
        {
            eErr = CE_Failure;
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt,
                     "User terminated JPGAppendMask()");
        }
    }

    CPLFree(pabyMaskLine);

    // Compress.
    GByte *pabyCMask = nullptr;

    if (eErr == CE_None)
    {
        pabyCMask = static_cast<GByte *>(VSI_MALLOC_VERBOSE(nBitBufSize + 30));
        if (pabyCMask == nullptr)
        {
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        }
    }

    size_t nTotalOut = 0;
    if (eErr == CE_None)
    {
        if (CPLZLibDeflate(pabyBitBuf, nBitBufSize, -1, pabyCMask,
                           nBitBufSize + 30, &nTotalOut) == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Deflate compression of jpeg bit mask failed.");
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        }
    }

    // Write to disk, along with image file size.
    if (eErr == CE_None)
    {
        VSILFILE *fpOut = VSIFOpenL(pszJPGFilename, "r+");
        if (fpOut == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Failed to open jpeg to append bitmask.");
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        }
        else
        {
            VSIFSeekL(fpOut, 0, SEEK_END);

            GUInt32 nImageSize = static_cast<GUInt32>(VSIFTellL(fpOut));
            CPL_LSBPTR32(&nImageSize);

            if (VSIFWriteL(pabyCMask, 1, nTotalOut, fpOut) != nTotalOut)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                         "Failure writing compressed bitmask.\n%s",
                         VSIStrerror(errno));
                eErr = CE_Failure;
            }
            else
            {
                VSIFWriteL(&nImageSize, 4, 1, fpOut);
            }

            VSIFCloseL(fpOut);
        }
    }

    CPLFree(pabyBitBuf);
    CPLFree(pabyCMask);

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             JPGAddEXIF()                             */
/************************************************************************/

void JPGAddEXIF(GDALDataType eWorkDT, GDALDataset *poSrcDS, char **papszOptions,
                void *cinfo, my_jpeg_write_m_header p_jpeg_write_m_header,
                my_jpeg_write_m_byte p_jpeg_write_m_byte,
                GDALDataset *(pCreateCopy)(const char *, GDALDataset *, int,
                                           char **,
                                           GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                           void *pProgressData))
{
    const int nBands = poSrcDS->GetRasterCount();
    const int nXSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterXSize();
    const int nYSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterYSize();

    bool bGenerateEXIFThumbnail =
        CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "EXIF_THUMBNAIL", "NO"));
    const char *pszThumbnailWidth =
        CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "THUMBNAIL_WIDTH");
    const char *pszThumbnailHeight =
        CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "THUMBNAIL_HEIGHT");
    int nOvrWidth = 0;
    int nOvrHeight = 0;
    if (pszThumbnailWidth == nullptr && pszThumbnailHeight == nullptr)
    {
        if (nXSize >= nYSize)
        {
            nOvrWidth = 128;
        }
        else
        {
            nOvrHeight = 128;
        }
    }
    if (pszThumbnailWidth != nullptr)
    {
        nOvrWidth = atoi(pszThumbnailWidth);
        if (nOvrWidth < 32)
            nOvrWidth = 32;
        if (nOvrWidth > 1024)
            nOvrWidth = 1024;
    }
    if (pszThumbnailHeight != nullptr)
    {
        nOvrHeight = atoi(pszThumbnailHeight);
        if (nOvrHeight < 32)
            nOvrHeight = 32;
        if (nOvrHeight > 1024)
            nOvrHeight = 1024;
    }
    if (nOvrWidth == 0)
    {
        nOvrWidth = static_cast<int>(static_cast<GIntBig>(nOvrHeight) * nXSize /
                                     nYSize);
        if (nOvrWidth == 0)
            nOvrWidth = 1;
    }
    else if (nOvrHeight == 0)
    {
        nOvrHeight =
            static_cast<int>(static_cast<GIntBig>(nOvrWidth) * nYSize / nXSize);
        if (nOvrHeight == 0)
            nOvrHeight = 1;
    }

    vsi_l_offset nJPEGIfByteCount = 0;
    GByte *pabyOvr = nullptr;

    if (bGenerateEXIFThumbnail && nXSize > nOvrWidth && nYSize > nOvrHeight)
    {
        GDALDataset *poMemDS = MEMDataset::Create("", nOvrWidth, nOvrHeight,
                                                  nBands, eWorkDT, nullptr);
        GDALRasterBand **papoSrcBands = static_cast<GDALRasterBand **>(
            CPLMalloc(nBands * sizeof(GDALRasterBand *)));
        GDALRasterBand ***papapoOverviewBands = static_cast<GDALRasterBand ***>(
            CPLMalloc(nBands * sizeof(GDALRasterBand **)));
        for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
        {
            papoSrcBands[i] = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1);
            papapoOverviewBands[i] = static_cast<GDALRasterBand **>(
                CPLMalloc(sizeof(GDALRasterBand *)));
            papapoOverviewBands[i][0] = poMemDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1);
        }
        CPLErr eErr = GDALRegenerateOverviewsMultiBand(
            nBands, papoSrcBands, 1, papapoOverviewBands, "AVERAGE", nullptr,
            nullptr,
            /* papszOptions = */ nullptr);
        CPLFree(papoSrcBands);
        for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
        {
            CPLFree(papapoOverviewBands[i]);
        }
        CPLFree(papapoOverviewBands);

        if (eErr != CE_None)
        {
            GDALClose(poMemDS);
            return;
        }

        const CPLString osTmpFile(VSIMemGenerateHiddenFilename("ovrjpg"));
        GDALDataset *poOutDS = pCreateCopy(osTmpFile, poMemDS, 0, nullptr,
                                           GDALDummyProgress, nullptr);
        const bool bExifOverviewSuccess = poOutDS != nullptr;
        delete poOutDS;
        poOutDS = nullptr;
        GDALClose(poMemDS);
        if (bExifOverviewSuccess)
            pabyOvr = VSIGetMemFileBuffer(osTmpFile, &nJPEGIfByteCount, TRUE);
        VSIUnlink(osTmpFile);

        // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
        if (pabyOvr == nullptr)
        {
            nJPEGIfByteCount = 0;
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Could not generate EXIF overview");
        }
    }

    GUInt32 nMarkerSize;
    const bool bWriteExifMetadata =
        CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "WRITE_EXIF_METADATA", true);

    GByte *pabyEXIF =
        EXIFCreate(bWriteExifMetadata ? poSrcDS->GetMetadata() : nullptr,
                   pabyOvr, static_cast<GUInt32>(nJPEGIfByteCount), nOvrWidth,
                   nOvrHeight, &nMarkerSize);
    if (pabyEXIF)
    {
        p_jpeg_write_m_header(cinfo, JPEG_APP0 + 1, nMarkerSize);
        for (GUInt32 i = 0; i < nMarkerSize; i++)
        {
            p_jpeg_write_m_byte(cinfo, pabyEXIF[i]);
        }
        VSIFree(pabyEXIF);
    }
    CPLFree(pabyOvr);
}

#endif  // !defined(JPGDataset)

/************************************************************************/
/*                              CreateCopy()                            */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *JPGDataset::CreateCopy(const char *pszFilename,
                                    GDALDataset *poSrcDS, int bStrict,
                                    char **papszOptions,
                                    GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                    void *pProgressData)

{
    const int nBands = poSrcDS->GetRasterCount();

    const char *pszLossLessCopy =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "LOSSLESS_COPY", "AUTO");
    if (EQUAL(pszLossLessCopy, "AUTO") || CPLTestBool(pszLossLessCopy))
    {
        void *pJPEGContent = nullptr;
        size_t nJPEGContent = 0;
        if (poSrcDS->ReadCompressedData("JPEG", 0, 0, poSrcDS->GetRasterXSize(),
                                        poSrcDS->GetRasterYSize(), nBands,
                                        nullptr, &pJPEGContent, &nJPEGContent,
                                        nullptr) == CE_None &&
            GDALGetCompressionFormatForJPEG(pJPEGContent, nJPEGContent)
                    .find(";colorspace=RGBA") == std::string::npos)
        {
            if (!pfnProgress(0.0, nullptr, pProgressData))
                return nullptr;

            CPLDebug("JPEG", "Lossless copy from source dataset");
            std::vector<GByte> abyJPEG;
            try
            {
                abyJPEG.assign(static_cast<const GByte *>(pJPEGContent),
                               static_cast<const GByte *>(pJPEGContent) +
                                   nJPEGContent);

                const bool bWriteExifMetadata =
                    CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "WRITE_EXIF_METADATA", true);
                if (bWriteExifMetadata)
                {
                    char **papszEXIF_MD = poSrcDS->GetMetadata("EXIF");
                    if (papszEXIF_MD == nullptr)
                    {
                        papszEXIF_MD = poSrcDS->GetMetadata();
                    }
                    GUInt32 nEXIFContentSize = 0;
                    GByte *pabyEXIF = EXIFCreate(papszEXIF_MD, nullptr, 0, 0, 0,
                                                 &nEXIFContentSize);
                    if (nEXIFContentSize > 0 && nEXIFContentSize + 2 <= 65535U)
                    {
                        size_t nChunkLoc = 2;
                        size_t nInsertPos = 0;
                        constexpr GByte JFIF_SIGNATURE[] = {'J', 'F', 'I', 'F',
                                                            '\0'};
                        constexpr GByte EXIF_SIGNATURE[] = {'E', 'x',  'i',
                                                            'f', '\0', '\0'};
                        while (nChunkLoc + 4 <= abyJPEG.size())
                        {
                            if (abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 0] != 0xFF)
                                break;
                            if (abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 1] == 0xDA)
                            {
                                if (nInsertPos == 0)
                                    nInsertPos = nChunkLoc;
                                break;
                            }
                            const int nChunkLength =
                                abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 2] * 256 +
                                abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 3];
                            if (nChunkLength < 2)
                                break;
                            if (abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 1] == 0xE0 &&
                                nChunkLoc + 4 + sizeof(JFIF_SIGNATURE) <=
                                    abyJPEG.size() &&
                                memcmp(abyJPEG.data() + nChunkLoc + 4,
                                       JFIF_SIGNATURE,
                                       sizeof(JFIF_SIGNATURE)) == 0)
                            {
                                if (nInsertPos == 0)
                                    nInsertPos = nChunkLoc + 2 + nChunkLength;
                            }
                            else if (abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 1] == 0xE1 &&
                                     nChunkLoc + 4 + sizeof(EXIF_SIGNATURE) <=
                                         abyJPEG.size() &&
                                     memcmp(abyJPEG.data() + nChunkLoc + 4,
                                            EXIF_SIGNATURE,
                                            sizeof(EXIF_SIGNATURE)) == 0)
                            {
                                CPLDebug("JPEG",
                                         "Remove existing EXIF from source "
                                         "compressed data");
                                abyJPEG.erase(abyJPEG.begin() + nChunkLoc,
                                              abyJPEG.begin() + nChunkLoc + 2 +
                                                  nChunkLength);
                                continue;
                            }
                            nChunkLoc += 2 + nChunkLength;
                        }
                        if (nInsertPos > 0)
                        {
                            std::vector<GByte> abyNew;
                            const size_t nMarkerSize = 2 + nEXIFContentSize;
                            abyNew.reserve(abyJPEG.size() + 2 + nMarkerSize);
                            abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(), abyJPEG.data(),
                                          abyJPEG.data() + nInsertPos);
                            abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(),
                                          static_cast<GByte>(0xFF));
                            abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(),
                                          static_cast<GByte>(0xE1));
                            abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(),
                                          static_cast<GByte>(nMarkerSize >> 8));
                            abyNew.insert(
                                abyNew.end(),
                                static_cast<GByte>(nMarkerSize & 0xFF));
                            abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(), pabyEXIF,
                                          pabyEXIF + nEXIFContentSize);
                            abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(),
                                          abyJPEG.data() + nInsertPos,
                                          abyJPEG.data() + abyJPEG.size());
                            abyJPEG = std::move(abyNew);
                        }
                    }
                    VSIFree(pabyEXIF);
                }

                const bool bWriteXMP =
                    CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "WRITE_XMP", true);
                char **papszXMP =
                    bWriteXMP ? poSrcDS->GetMetadata("xml:XMP") : nullptr;
                if (papszXMP && papszXMP[0])
                {
                    size_t nChunkLoc = 2;
                    size_t nInsertPos = 0;
                    constexpr GByte JFIF_SIGNATURE[] = {'J', 'F', 'I', 'F',
                                                        '\0'};
                    constexpr const char APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE[] =
                        "http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/";
                    while (nChunkLoc + 4 <= abyJPEG.size())
                    {
                        if (abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 0] != 0xFF)
                            break;
                        if (abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 1] == 0xDA)
                        {
                            if (nInsertPos == 0)
                                nInsertPos = nChunkLoc;
                            break;
                        }
                        const int nChunkLength = abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 2] * 256 +
                                                 abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 3];
                        if (nChunkLength < 2)
                            break;
                        if (abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 1] == 0xE0 &&
                            nChunkLoc + 4 + sizeof(JFIF_SIGNATURE) <=
                                abyJPEG.size() &&
                            memcmp(abyJPEG.data() + nChunkLoc + 4,
                                   JFIF_SIGNATURE, sizeof(JFIF_SIGNATURE)) == 0)
                        {
                            if (nInsertPos == 0)
                                nInsertPos = nChunkLoc + 2 + nChunkLength;
                        }
                        else if (abyJPEG[nChunkLoc + 1] == 0xE1 &&
                                 nChunkLoc + 4 + sizeof(APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE) <=
                                     abyJPEG.size() &&
                                 memcmp(abyJPEG.data() + nChunkLoc + 4,
                                        APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE,
                                        sizeof(APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE)) == 0)
                        {
                            CPLDebug("JPEG", "Remove existing XMP from source "
                                             "compressed data");
                            abyJPEG.erase(abyJPEG.begin() + nChunkLoc,
                                          abyJPEG.begin() + nChunkLoc + 2 +
                                              nChunkLength);
                            continue;
                        }
                        nChunkLoc += 2 + nChunkLength;
                    }
                    const size_t nMarkerSize =
                        2 + sizeof(APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE) + strlen(papszXMP[0]);
                    if (nInsertPos > 0 && nMarkerSize <= 65535U)
                    {
                        std::vector<GByte> abyNew;
                        abyNew.reserve(abyJPEG.size() + 2 + nMarkerSize);
                        abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(), abyJPEG.data(),
                                      abyJPEG.data() + nInsertPos);
                        abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(), static_cast<GByte>(0xFF));
                        abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(), static_cast<GByte>(0xE1));
                        abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(),
                                      static_cast<GByte>(nMarkerSize >> 8));
                        abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(),
                                      static_cast<GByte>(nMarkerSize & 0xFF));
                        abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(), APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE,
                                      APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE +
                                          sizeof(APP1_XMP_SIGNATURE));
                        abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(), papszXMP[0],
                                      papszXMP[0] + strlen(papszXMP[0]));
                        abyNew.insert(abyNew.end(), abyJPEG.data() + nInsertPos,
                                      abyJPEG.data() + abyJPEG.size());
                        abyJPEG = std::move(abyNew);
                    }
                }
            }
            catch (const std::exception &)
            {
                abyJPEG.clear();
            }
            VSIFree(pJPEGContent);

            if (!abyJPEG.empty())
            {
                auto fpImage(
                    CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(
                        papszOptions, "@CREATE_ONLY_VISIBLE_AT_CLOSE_TIME",
                        "NO"))
                        ? VSIFileManager::GetHandler(pszFilename)
                              ->CreateOnlyVisibleAtCloseTime(pszFilename, true,
                                                             nullptr)
                        : VSIFilesystemHandler::OpenStatic(pszFilename, "wb"));
                if (fpImage == nullptr)
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed,
                             "Unable to create jpeg file %s.", pszFilename);

                    return nullptr;
                }
                if (fpImage->Write(abyJPEG.data(), 1, abyJPEG.size()) !=
                    abyJPEG.size())
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                             "Failure writing data: %s", VSIStrerror(errno));
                    fpImage->CancelCreation();
                    return nullptr;
                }

                if (fpImage->Close() != 0)
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                             "Error at file closing of '%s': %s", pszFilename,
                             VSIStrerror(errno));
                    return nullptr;
                }

                pfnProgress(1.0, nullptr, pProgressData);

                // Append masks to the jpeg file if necessary.
                const auto poLastSrcBand = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(nBands);
                const bool bAppendMask =
                    poLastSrcBand != nullptr &&
                    poLastSrcBand->GetColorInterpretation() == GCI_AlphaBand &&
                    CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "INTERNAL_MASK", true);

                if (bAppendMask)
                {
                    CPLDebug("JPEG", "Appending Mask Bitmap");

                    CPLErr eErr = JPGAppendMask(pszFilename, poLastSrcBand,
                                                nullptr, nullptr);

                    if (eErr != CE_None)
                    {
                        VSIUnlink(pszFilename);
                        return nullptr;
                    }
                }

                // Do we need a world file?
                if (CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "WORLDFILE", false))
                {
                    GDALGeoTransform gt;
                    poSrcDS->GetGeoTransform(gt);
                    GDALWriteWorldFile(pszFilename, "wld", gt.data());
                }

                // Re-open dataset, and copy any auxiliary pam information.

                // If writing to stdout, we can't reopen it, so return
                // a fake dataset to make the caller happy.
                if (CPLTestBool(
                        CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_OPEN_AFTER_COPY", "YES")))
                {
                    CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);

                    JPGDatasetOpenArgs sArgs;
                    sArgs.pszFilename = pszFilename;
                    sArgs.bDoPAMInitialize = true;
                    sArgs.bUseInternalOverviews = true;

                    auto poDS = Open(&sArgs);
                    CPLPopErrorHandler();
                    if (poDS)
                    {
                        poDS->CloneInfo(poSrcDS, GCIF_PAM_DEFAULT);
                        return poDS;
                    }

                    CPLErrorReset();
                }

                JPGDataset *poJPG_DS = new JPGDataset();
                poJPG_DS->nRasterXSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterXSize();
                poJPG_DS->nRasterYSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterYSize();
                for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
                    poJPG_DS->SetBand(i + 1, JPGCreateBand(poJPG_DS, i + 1));
                return poJPG_DS;
            }
        }
    }

    if (!EQUAL(pszLossLessCopy, "AUTO") && CPLTestBool(pszLossLessCopy))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "LOSSLESS_COPY=YES requested but not possible");
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Some some rudimentary checks.
    if (nBands != 1 && nBands != 3 && nBands != 4)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "JPEG driver doesn't support %d bands.  Must be 1 (grey), "
                 "3 (RGB) or 4 bands (CMYK).\n",
                 nBands);

        return nullptr;
    }

    if (nBands == 1 && poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetColorTable() != nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(bStrict ? CE_Failure : CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "JPEG driver ignores color table. "
                 "The source raster band will be considered as grey level.\n"
                 "Consider using color table expansion "
                 "(-expand option in gdal_translate)");
        if (bStrict)
            return nullptr;
    }

    if (nBands == 4 &&
        poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetColorInterpretation() != GCI_CyanBand)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "4-band JPEGs will be interpreted on reading as in CMYK "
                 "colorspace");
    }

    GDALJPEGUserData sUserData;
    sUserData.bNonFatalErrorEncountered = false;
    GDALDataType eDT = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType();

#if defined(JPEG_LIB_MK1_OR_12BIT) || defined(JPEG_DUAL_MODE_8_12)
    if (eDT != GDT_Byte && eDT != GDT_UInt16)
    {
        CPLError(bStrict ? CE_Failure : CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "JPEG driver doesn't support data type %s. "
                 "Only eight and twelve bit bands supported.",
                 GDALGetDataTypeName(
                     poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType()));

        if (bStrict)
            return nullptr;
    }

    if (eDT == GDT_UInt16 || eDT == GDT_Int16)
    {
#if defined(JPEG_DUAL_MODE_8_12) && !defined(JPGDataset)
        return JPEGDataset12CreateCopy(pszFilename, poSrcDS, bStrict,
                                       papszOptions, pfnProgress,
                                       pProgressData);
#else
        eDT = GDT_UInt16;
#endif  // defined(JPEG_DUAL_MODE_8_12) && !defined(JPGDataset)
    }
    else
    {
        eDT = GDT_Byte;
    }

#else   // !(defined(JPEG_LIB_MK1_OR_12BIT) || defined(JPEG_DUAL_MODE_8_12))
    if (eDT != GDT_Byte)
    {
        CPLError(bStrict ? CE_Failure : CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "JPEG driver doesn't support data type %s. "
                 "Only eight bit byte bands supported.\n",
                 GDALGetDataTypeName(
                     poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType()));

        if (bStrict)
            return nullptr;
    }

    eDT = GDT_Byte;  // force to 8bit.
#endif  // !(defined(JPEG_LIB_MK1_OR_12BIT) || defined(JPEG_DUAL_MODE_8_12))

    // What options has the caller selected?
    int nQuality = 75;
    const char *pszQuality = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "QUALITY");
    if (pszQuality)
    {
        nQuality = atoi(pszQuality);
        if (nQuality < 1 || nQuality > 100)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                     "QUALITY=%s is not a legal value in the range 1-100.",
                     pszQuality);
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    // Create the dataset.
    auto fpImage(
        CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(
            papszOptions, "@CREATE_ONLY_VISIBLE_AT_CLOSE_TIME", "NO"))
            ? VSIFileManager::GetHandler(pszFilename)
                  ->CreateOnlyVisibleAtCloseTime(pszFilename, true, nullptr)
            : VSIFilesystemHandler::OpenStatic(pszFilename, "wb"));
    if (fpImage == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed,
                 "Unable to create jpeg file %s.\n", pszFilename);
        return nullptr;
    }

    struct jpeg_compress_struct sCInfo;
    struct jpeg_error_mgr sJErr;
    GByte *pabyScanline;

    // Does the source have a mask?  If so, we will append it to the
    // jpeg file after the imagery.
    const int nMaskFlags = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetMaskFlags();
    const bool bAppendMask = !(nMaskFlags & GMF_ALL_VALID) &&
                             (nBands == 1 || (nMaskFlags & GMF_PER_DATASET)) &&
                             CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "INTERNAL_MASK", true);

    // Nasty trick to avoid variable clobbering issues with setjmp/longjmp.
    return CreateCopyStage2(pszFilename, poSrcDS, papszOptions, pfnProgress,
                            pProgressData, std::move(fpImage), eDT, nQuality,
                            bAppendMask, sUserData, sCInfo, sJErr,
                            pabyScanline);
}

GDALDataset *JPGDataset::CreateCopyStage2(
    const char *pszFilename, GDALDataset *poSrcDS, char **papszOptions,
    GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress, void *pProgressData,
    VSIVirtualHandleUniquePtr fpImage, GDALDataType eDT, int nQuality,
    bool bAppendMask, GDALJPEGUserData &sUserData,
    struct jpeg_compress_struct &sCInfo, struct jpeg_error_mgr &sJErr,
    GByte *&pabyScanline)

{
    if (setjmp(sUserData.setjmp_buffer))
    {
        if (fpImage)
            fpImage->CancelCreation();
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (!pfnProgress(0.0, nullptr, pProgressData))
        return nullptr;

    // Initialize JPG access to the file.
    sCInfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&sJErr);
    sJErr.error_exit = JPGDataset::ErrorExit;
    sJErr.output_message = JPGDataset::OutputMessage;
    sUserData.p_previous_emit_message = sJErr.emit_message;
    sJErr.emit_message = JPGDataset::EmitMessage;
    sCInfo.client_data = &sUserData;

#if defined(__GNUC__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
#endif
    jpeg_create_compress(&sCInfo);
#if defined(__GNUC__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif

    if (setjmp(sUserData.setjmp_buffer))
    {
        if (fpImage)
            fpImage->CancelCreation();
        jpeg_destroy_compress(&sCInfo);
        return nullptr;
    }

    jpeg_vsiio_dest(&sCInfo, fpImage.get());

    const int nXSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterXSize();
    const int nYSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterYSize();
    const int nBands = poSrcDS->GetRasterCount();
    sCInfo.image_width = nXSize;
    sCInfo.image_height = nYSize;
    sCInfo.input_components = nBands;

    if (nBands == 3)
        sCInfo.in_color_space = JCS_RGB;
    else if (nBands == 1)
        sCInfo.in_color_space = JCS_GRAYSCALE;
    else
        sCInfo.in_color_space = JCS_UNKNOWN;

    jpeg_set_defaults(&sCInfo);

    // libjpeg turbo 1.5.2 honours max_memory_to_use, but has no backing
    // store implementation, so better not set max_memory_to_use ourselves.
    // See https://github.com/libjpeg-turbo/libjpeg-turbo/issues/162
    if (sCInfo.mem->max_memory_to_use > 0)
    {
        // This is to address bug related in ticket #1795.
        if (CPLGetConfigOption("JPEGMEM", nullptr) == nullptr)
        {
            // If the user doesn't provide a value for JPEGMEM, we want to be
            // sure that at least 500 MB will be used before creating the
            // temporary file.
            const long nMinMemory = 500 * 1024 * 1024;
            sCInfo.mem->max_memory_to_use =
                std::max(sCInfo.mem->max_memory_to_use, nMinMemory);
        }
    }

    if (eDT == GDT_UInt16)
    {
        sCInfo.data_precision = 12;
    }
    else
    {
        sCInfo.data_precision = 8;
    }

    const char *pszVal = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "ARITHMETIC");
    if (pszVal)
        sCInfo.arith_code = CPLTestBool(pszVal);

    // Optimized Huffman coding. Supposedly slower according to libjpeg doc
    // but no longer significant with today computer standards.
    if (!sCInfo.arith_code)
        sCInfo.optimize_coding = TRUE;

#if JPEG_LIB_VERSION_MAJOR >= 8 &&                                             \
    (JPEG_LIB_VERSION_MAJOR > 8 || JPEG_LIB_VERSION_MINOR >= 3)
    pszVal = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "BLOCK");
    if (pszVal)
        sCInfo.block_size = atoi(pszVal);
#endif

#if JPEG_LIB_VERSION_MAJOR >= 9
    pszVal = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "COLOR_TRANSFORM");
    if (pszVal)
    {
        sCInfo.color_transform =
            EQUAL(pszVal, "RGB1") ? JCT_SUBTRACT_GREEN : JCT_NONE;
        jpeg_set_colorspace(&sCInfo, JCS_RGB);
    }
    else
#endif

        // Mostly for debugging purposes.
        if (nBands == 3 &&
            CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("JPEG_WRITE_RGB", "NO")))
        {
            jpeg_set_colorspace(&sCInfo, JCS_RGB);
        }

#ifdef JPEG_LIB_MK1
    sCInfo.bits_in_jsample = sCInfo.data_precision;
    // Always force to 16 bit for JPEG_LIB_MK1
    const GDALDataType eWorkDT = GDT_UInt16;
#else
    const GDALDataType eWorkDT = eDT;
#endif

    jpeg_set_quality(&sCInfo, nQuality, TRUE);

    const bool bProgressive = CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "PROGRESSIVE", false);
    if (bProgressive)
        jpeg_simple_progression(&sCInfo);

    jpeg_start_compress(&sCInfo, TRUE);

    struct Adapter
    {
        static void my_jpeg_write_m_header_adapter(void *cinfo, int marker,
                                                   unsigned int datalen)
        {
            jpeg_write_m_header(static_cast<jpeg_compress_struct *>(cinfo),
                                marker, datalen);
        }

        static void my_jpeg_write_m_byte_adapter(void *cinfo, int val)
        {
            jpeg_write_m_byte(static_cast<jpeg_compress_struct *>(cinfo), val);
        }
    };

    JPGAddEXIF(eWorkDT, poSrcDS, papszOptions, &sCInfo,
               Adapter::my_jpeg_write_m_header_adapter,
               Adapter::my_jpeg_write_m_byte_adapter, CreateCopy);

    // Add comment if available.
    const char *pszComment = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "COMMENT");
    if (pszComment)
        jpeg_write_marker(&sCInfo, JPEG_COM,
                          reinterpret_cast<const JOCTET *>(pszComment),
                          static_cast<unsigned int>(strlen(pszComment)));

    // Save ICC profile if available.
    const char *pszICCProfile =
        CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "SOURCE_ICC_PROFILE");
    if (pszICCProfile == nullptr)
        pszICCProfile =
            poSrcDS->GetMetadataItem("SOURCE_ICC_PROFILE", "COLOR_PROFILE");

    if (pszICCProfile != nullptr)
        JPGAddICCProfile(&sCInfo, pszICCProfile,
                         Adapter::my_jpeg_write_m_header_adapter,
                         Adapter::my_jpeg_write_m_byte_adapter);

    // Loop over image, copying image data.
    const int nWorkDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eWorkDT);
    pabyScanline = static_cast<GByte *>(
        CPLMalloc(cpl::fits_on<int>(nBands * nXSize * nWorkDTSize)));

    if (setjmp(sUserData.setjmp_buffer))
    {
        fpImage->CancelCreation();
        CPLFree(pabyScanline);
        jpeg_destroy_compress(&sCInfo);
        return nullptr;
    }

    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;
    bool bClipWarn = false;
    for (int iLine = 0; iLine < nYSize && eErr == CE_None; iLine++)
    {
        eErr = poSrcDS->RasterIO(
            GF_Read, 0, iLine, nXSize, 1, pabyScanline, nXSize, 1, eWorkDT,
            nBands, nullptr, cpl::fits_on<int>(nBands * nWorkDTSize),
            cpl::fits_on<int>(nBands * nXSize * nWorkDTSize), nWorkDTSize,
            nullptr);

        // Clamp 16bit values to 12bit.
        if (nWorkDTSize == 2)
        {
            GUInt16 *panScanline = reinterpret_cast<GUInt16 *>(pabyScanline);

            for (int iPixel = 0; iPixel < nXSize * nBands; iPixel++)
            {
                if (panScanline[iPixel] > 4095)
                {
                    panScanline[iPixel] = 4095;
                    if (!bClipWarn)
                    {
                        bClipWarn = true;
                        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                 "One or more pixels clipped to fit "
                                 "12bit domain for jpeg output.");
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        GDAL_JSAMPLE *ppSamples =
            reinterpret_cast<GDAL_JSAMPLE *>(pabyScanline);

        if (eErr == CE_None)
        {
#if defined(HAVE_JPEGTURBO_DUAL_MODE_8_12) && BITS_IN_JSAMPLE == 12
            jpeg12_write_scanlines(&sCInfo, &ppSamples, 1);
#else
            jpeg_write_scanlines(&sCInfo, &ppSamples, 1);
#endif
        }
        if (eErr == CE_None &&
            !pfnProgress((iLine + 1) / ((bAppendMask ? 2 : 1) *
                                        static_cast<double>(nYSize)),
                         nullptr, pProgressData))
        {
            eErr = CE_Failure;
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt,
                     "User terminated CreateCopy()");
        }
    }

    // Cleanup and close.
    if (eErr == CE_None)
        jpeg_finish_compress(&sCInfo);
    jpeg_destroy_compress(&sCInfo);

    // Free scanline and image after jpeg_finish_compress since this could
    // cause a longjmp to occur.
    CPLFree(pabyScanline);

    if (eErr == CE_None)
    {
        if (fpImage->Close() != 0)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                     "Error at file closing of '%s': %s", pszFilename,
                     VSIStrerror(errno));
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        fpImage->CancelCreation();
        fpImage.reset();
    }

    if (eErr != CE_None)
    {
        VSIUnlink(pszFilename);
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Append masks to the jpeg file if necessary.
    int nCloneFlags = GCIF_PAM_DEFAULT & ~GCIF_METADATA;
    if (bAppendMask)
    {
        CPLDebug("JPEG", "Appending Mask Bitmap");

        void *pScaledData =
            GDALCreateScaledProgress(0.5, 1, pfnProgress, pProgressData);
        eErr =
            JPGAppendMask(pszFilename, poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetMaskBand(),
                          GDALScaledProgress, pScaledData);
        GDALDestroyScaledProgress(pScaledData);
        nCloneFlags &= (~GCIF_MASK);

        if (eErr != CE_None)
        {
            VSIUnlink(pszFilename);
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    // Do we need a world file?
    if (CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "WORLDFILE", false))
    {
        GDALGeoTransform gt;
        poSrcDS->GetGeoTransform(gt);
        GDALWriteWorldFile(pszFilename, "wld", gt.data());
    }

    // Re-open dataset, and copy any auxiliary pam information.

    // If writing to stdout, we can't reopen it, so return
    // a fake dataset to make the caller happy.
    if (CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_OPEN_AFTER_COPY", "YES")))
    {
        CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);

        JPGDatasetOpenArgs sArgs;
        sArgs.pszFilename = pszFilename;
        sArgs.bDoPAMInitialize = true;
        sArgs.bUseInternalOverviews = true;

        auto poDS = Open(&sArgs);
        CPLPopErrorHandler();
        if (poDS)
        {
            poDS->CloneInfo(poSrcDS, nCloneFlags);

            char **papszExcludedDomains =
                CSLAddString(nullptr, "COLOR_PROFILE");
            char **papszMD = poSrcDS->GetMetadata();
            bool bOnlyEXIF = true;
            for (char **papszIter = papszMD; papszIter && *papszIter;
                 ++papszIter)
            {
                if (!STARTS_WITH_CI(*papszIter, "EXIF_"))
                {
                    bOnlyEXIF = false;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (bOnlyEXIF)
                papszExcludedDomains = CSLAddString(papszExcludedDomains, "");
            GDALDriver::DefaultCopyMetadata(poSrcDS, poDS, papszOptions,
                                            papszExcludedDomains);
            CSLDestroy(papszExcludedDomains);

            return poDS;
        }

        CPLErrorReset();
    }

    JPGDataset *poJPG_DS = new JPGDataset();
    poJPG_DS->nRasterXSize = nXSize;
    poJPG_DS->nRasterYSize = nYSize;
    for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
        poJPG_DS->SetBand(i + 1, JPGCreateBand(poJPG_DS, i + 1));
    return poJPG_DS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALRegister_JPEG()                          */
/************************************************************************/

#if !defined(JPGDataset)

char **GDALJPGDriver::GetMetadata(const char *pszDomain)
{
    std::lock_guard oLock(m_oMutex);
    InitializeMetadata();
    return GDALDriver::GetMetadata(pszDomain);
}

const char *GDALJPGDriver::GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                           const char *pszDomain)
{
    std::lock_guard oLock(m_oMutex);

    if (pszName != nullptr && EQUAL(pszName, GDAL_DMD_CREATIONOPTIONLIST) &&
        (pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, "")))
    {
        InitializeMetadata();
    }
    return GDALDriver::GetMetadataItem(pszName, pszDomain);
}

// C_ARITH_CODING_SUPPORTED is defined in libjpeg-turbo's jconfig.h
#ifndef C_ARITH_CODING_SUPPORTED
static void GDALJPEGIsArithmeticCodingAvailableErrorExit(j_common_ptr cinfo)
{
    jmp_buf *p_setjmp_buffer = static_cast<jmp_buf *>(cinfo->client_data);
    // Return control to the setjmp point.
    longjmp(*p_setjmp_buffer, 1);
}

// Runtime check if arithmetic coding is available.
static bool GDALJPEGIsArithmeticCodingAvailable()
{
    struct jpeg_compress_struct sCInfo;
    struct jpeg_error_mgr sJErr;
    jmp_buf setjmp_buffer;
    if (setjmp(setjmp_buffer))
    {
        jpeg_destroy_compress(&sCInfo);
        return false;
    }
    sCInfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&sJErr);
    sJErr.error_exit = GDALJPEGIsArithmeticCodingAvailableErrorExit;
    sCInfo.client_data = &setjmp_buffer;
#if defined(__GNUC__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
#endif
    jpeg_create_compress(&sCInfo);
#if defined(__GNUC__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
    // Hopefully nothing will be written.
    jpeg_stdio_dest(&sCInfo, stderr);
    sCInfo.image_width = 1;
    sCInfo.image_height = 1;
    sCInfo.input_components = 1;
    sCInfo.in_color_space = JCS_UNKNOWN;
    jpeg_set_defaults(&sCInfo);
    sCInfo.arith_code = TRUE;
    jpeg_start_compress(&sCInfo, FALSE);
    jpeg_abort_compress(&sCInfo);
    jpeg_destroy_compress(&sCInfo);

    return true;
}
#endif

void GDALJPGDriver::InitializeMetadata()
{
    if (m_bMetadataInitialized)
        return;
    m_bMetadataInitialized = true;

    {
        CPLString osCreationOptions =
            "<CreationOptionList>\n"
            "   <Option name='PROGRESSIVE' type='boolean' description='whether "
            "to generate a progressive JPEG' default='NO'/>\n"
            "   <Option name='QUALITY' type='int' description='good=100, "
            "bad=1, default=75'/>\n"
            "   <Option name='LOSSLESS_COPY' type='string-select' "
            "description='Whether conversion should be lossless' "
            "default='AUTO'>"
            "     <Value>AUTO</Value>"
            "     <Value>YES</Value>"
            "     <Value>NO</Value>"
            "   </Option>"
            "   <Option name='WORLDFILE' type='boolean' description='whether "
            "to generate a worldfile' default='NO'/>\n"
            "   <Option name='INTERNAL_MASK' type='boolean' "
            "description='whether to generate a validity mask' "
            "default='YES'/>\n";
#ifndef C_ARITH_CODING_SUPPORTED
        if (GDALJPEGIsArithmeticCodingAvailable())
#endif
        {
            osCreationOptions += "   <Option name='ARITHMETIC' type='boolean' "
                                 "description='whether to use arithmetic "
                                 "encoding' default='NO'/>\n";
        }
        osCreationOptions +=
#if JPEG_LIB_VERSION_MAJOR >= 8 &&                                             \
    (JPEG_LIB_VERSION_MAJOR > 8 || JPEG_LIB_VERSION_MINOR >= 3)
            "   <Option name='BLOCK' type='int' description='between 1 and "
            "16'/>\n"
#endif
#if JPEG_LIB_VERSION_MAJOR >= 9
            "   <Option name='COLOR_TRANSFORM' type='string-select'>\n"
            "       <Value>RGB</Value>"
            "       <Value>RGB1</Value>"
            "   </Option>"
#endif
            "   <Option name='COMMENT' description='Comment' type='string'/>\n"
            "   <Option name='SOURCE_ICC_PROFILE' description='ICC profile "
            "encoded in Base64' type='string'/>\n"
            "   <Option name='EXIF_THUMBNAIL' type='boolean' "
            "description='whether to generate an EXIF thumbnail(overview). By "
            "default its max dimension will be 128' default='NO'/>\n"
            "   <Option name='THUMBNAIL_WIDTH' type='int' description='Forced "
            "thumbnail width' min='32' max='512'/>\n"
            "   <Option name='THUMBNAIL_HEIGHT' type='int' description='Forced "
            "thumbnail height' min='32' max='512'/>\n"
            "   <Option name='WRITE_EXIF_METADATA' type='boolean' "
            "description='whether to write EXIF_ metadata in a EXIF segment' "
            "default='YES'/>"
            "</CreationOptionList>\n";
        SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_CREATIONOPTIONLIST, osCreationOptions);
    }
}

void GDALRegister_JPEG()

{
    if (GDALGetDriverByName(DRIVER_NAME) != nullptr)
        return;

    GDALDriver *poDriver = new GDALJPGDriver();
    JPEGDriverSetCommonMetadata(poDriver);

    poDriver->pfnOpen = JPGDatasetCommon::Open;
    poDriver->pfnCreateCopy = JPGDataset::CreateCopy;

    GetGDALDriverManager()->RegisterDriver(poDriver);
}
#endif