/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  WMS Client Driver
 * Purpose:  Implementation of Dataset and RasterBand classes for WMS
 *           and other similar services.
 * Author:   Adam Nowacki, nowak@xpam.de
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2007, Adam Nowacki
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2014, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "gdal_frmts.h"
#include "wmsdriver.h"
#include "wmsmetadataset.h"

#include "minidriver_wms.h"
#include "minidriver_tileservice.h"
#include "minidriver_worldwind.h"
#include "minidriver_tms.h"
#include "minidriver_tiled_wms.h"
#include "minidriver_virtualearth.h"
#include "minidriver_arcgis_server.h"
#include "minidriver_iiifimage.h"
#include "minidriver_iip.h"
#include "minidriver_mrf.h"
#include "minidriver_ogcapimaps.h"
#include "minidriver_ogcapicoverage.h"
#include "wmsdrivercore.h"

#include "cpl_json.h"

#include <limits>
#include <utility>
#include <algorithm>

//
// A static map holding seen server GetTileService responses, per process
// It makes opening and reopening rasters from the same server faster
//
GDALWMSDataset::StringMap_t GDALWMSDataset::cfg;
CPLMutex *GDALWMSDataset::cfgmtx = nullptr;

WMSMiniDriver::~WMSMiniDriver() = default;
WMSMiniDriverFactory::~WMSMiniDriverFactory() = default;
GDALWMSCacheImpl::~GDALWMSCacheImpl() = default;

/************************************************************************/
/*              GDALWMSDatasetGetConfigFromURL()                        */
/************************************************************************/

static CPLXMLNode *GDALWMSDatasetGetConfigFromURL(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)
{
    const char *pszBaseURL = poOpenInfo->pszFilename;
    if (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszBaseURL, "WMS:"))
        pszBaseURL += strlen("WMS:");

    const CPLString osLayer = CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "LAYERS");
    CPLString osVersion = CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "VERSION");
    CPLString osSRS = CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "SRS");
    CPLString osCRS = CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "CRS");
    CPLString osBBOX = CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "BBOX");
    CPLString osFormat = CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "FORMAT");
    const CPLString osTransparent = CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "TRANSPARENT");

    /* GDAL specific extensions to alter the default settings */
    const CPLString osOverviewCount =
        CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "OVERVIEWCOUNT");
    const CPLString osTileSize = CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "TILESIZE");
    const CPLString osMinResolution =
        CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "MINRESOLUTION");
    CPLString osBBOXOrder = CPLURLGetValue(pszBaseURL, "BBOXORDER");

    CPLString osBaseURL = pszBaseURL;
    /* Remove all keywords to get base URL */

    if (osBBOXOrder.empty() && !osCRS.empty() &&
        VersionStringToInt(osVersion.c_str()) >= VersionStringToInt("1.3.0"))
    {
        OGRSpatialReference oSRS;
        oSRS.SetFromUserInput(
            osCRS, OGRSpatialReference::SET_FROM_USER_INPUT_LIMITATIONS_get());
        oSRS.AutoIdentifyEPSG();
        if (oSRS.EPSGTreatsAsLatLong() || oSRS.EPSGTreatsAsNorthingEasting())
        {
            osBBOXOrder = "yxYX";
        }
    }

    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "VERSION", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "REQUEST", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "LAYERS", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "SRS", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "CRS", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "BBOX", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "FORMAT", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "TRANSPARENT", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "STYLES", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "WIDTH", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "HEIGHT", nullptr);

    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "OVERVIEWCOUNT", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "TILESIZE", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "MINRESOLUTION", nullptr);
    osBaseURL = CPLURLAddKVP(osBaseURL, "BBOXORDER", nullptr);

    if (!osBaseURL.empty() && osBaseURL.back() == '&')
        osBaseURL.pop_back();

    if (osVersion.empty())
        osVersion = "1.1.1";

    CPLString osSRSTag;
    CPLString osSRSValue;
    if (VersionStringToInt(osVersion.c_str()) >= VersionStringToInt("1.3.0"))
    {
        if (!osSRS.empty())
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "WMS version 1.3 and above expects CRS however SRS was "
                     "set instead.");
        }
        osSRSValue = std::move(osCRS);
        osSRSTag = "CRS";
    }
    else
    {
        if (!osCRS.empty())
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "WMS version 1.1.1 and below expects SRS however CRS was "
                     "set instead.");
        }
        osSRSValue = std::move(osSRS);
        osSRSTag = "SRS";
    }

    if (osSRSValue.empty())
    {
        osSRSValue = "EPSG:4326";

        if (osBBOX.empty())
        {
            if (osBBOXOrder.compare("yxYX") == 0)
                osBBOX = "-90,-180,90,180";
            else
                osBBOX = "-180,-90,180,90";
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if (osBBOX.empty())
        {
            OGRSpatialReference oSRS;
            oSRS.SetFromUserInput(osSRSValue);
            oSRS.AutoIdentifyEPSG();

            double dfWestLongitudeDeg, dfSouthLatitudeDeg, dfEastLongitudeDeg,
                dfNorthLatitudeDeg;
            if (!oSRS.GetAreaOfUse(&dfWestLongitudeDeg, &dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
                                   &dfEastLongitudeDeg, &dfNorthLatitudeDeg,
                                   nullptr))
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Failed retrieving a default bounding box for the "
                         "requested SRS");
                return nullptr;
            }
            auto poCT = std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation>(
                OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(
                    OGRSpatialReference::GetWGS84SRS(), &oSRS));
            if (!poCT)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Failed creating a coordinate transformation for the "
                         "requested SRS");
                return nullptr;
            }
            if (!poCT->Transform(1, &dfWestLongitudeDeg, &dfNorthLatitudeDeg) ||
                !poCT->Transform(1, &dfEastLongitudeDeg, &dfSouthLatitudeDeg))
            {
                CPLError(
                    CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Failed transforming coordinates to the requested SRS");
                return nullptr;
            }
            const double dfMaxX =
                std::max(dfWestLongitudeDeg, dfEastLongitudeDeg);
            const double dfMinX =
                std::min(dfWestLongitudeDeg, dfEastLongitudeDeg);
            const double dfMaxY =
                std::max(dfNorthLatitudeDeg, dfSouthLatitudeDeg);
            const double dfMinY =
                std::min(dfNorthLatitudeDeg, dfSouthLatitudeDeg);
            if (osBBOXOrder.compare("yxYX") == 0)
            {
                osBBOX = CPLSPrintf("%lf,%lf,%lf,%lf", dfMinY, dfMinX, dfMaxY,
                                    dfMaxX);
            }
            else
            {
                osBBOX = CPLSPrintf("%lf,%lf,%lf,%lf", dfMinX, dfMinY, dfMaxX,
                                    dfMaxY);
            }
        }
    }

    char **papszTokens = CSLTokenizeStringComplex(osBBOX, ",", 0, 0);
    if (CSLCount(papszTokens) != 4)
    {
        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
        return nullptr;
    }
    const char *pszMinX = papszTokens[0];
    const char *pszMinY = papszTokens[1];
    const char *pszMaxX = papszTokens[2];
    const char *pszMaxY = papszTokens[3];

    if (osBBOXOrder.compare("yxYX") == 0)
    {
        std::swap(pszMinX, pszMinY);
        std::swap(pszMaxX, pszMaxY);
    }

    double dfMinX = CPLAtofM(pszMinX);
    double dfMinY = CPLAtofM(pszMinY);
    double dfMaxX = CPLAtofM(pszMaxX);
    double dfMaxY = CPLAtofM(pszMaxY);

    if (dfMaxY <= dfMinY || dfMaxX <= dfMinX)
    {
        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
        return nullptr;
    }

    int nTileSize = atoi(osTileSize);
    if (nTileSize <= 128 || nTileSize > 2048)
        nTileSize = 1024;

    int nXSize, nYSize;
    double dXSize, dYSize;

    int nOverviewCount = (osOverviewCount.size()) ? atoi(osOverviewCount) : 20;

    if (!osMinResolution.empty())
    {
        double dfMinResolution = CPLAtofM(osMinResolution);

        while (nOverviewCount > 20)
        {
            nOverviewCount--;
            dfMinResolution *= 2;
        }

        // Determine a suitable size that doesn't overflow max int.
        dXSize = ((dfMaxX - dfMinX) / dfMinResolution + 0.5);
        dYSize = ((dfMaxY - dfMinY) / dfMinResolution + 0.5);

        while (dXSize > (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)() ||
               dYSize > (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)())
        {
            dfMinResolution *= 2;

            dXSize = ((dfMaxX - dfMinX) / dfMinResolution + 0.5);
            dYSize = ((dfMaxY - dfMinY) / dfMinResolution + 0.5);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        double dfRatio = (dfMaxX - dfMinX) / (dfMaxY - dfMinY);
        if (dfRatio > 1)
        {
            dXSize = nTileSize;
            dYSize = dXSize / dfRatio;
        }
        else
        {
            dYSize = nTileSize;
            dXSize = dYSize * dfRatio;
        }

        if (nOverviewCount < 0 || nOverviewCount > 20)
            nOverviewCount = 20;

        dXSize = dXSize * (1 << nOverviewCount);
        dYSize = dYSize * (1 << nOverviewCount);

        // Determine a suitable size that doesn't overflow max int.
        while (dXSize > (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)() ||
               dYSize > (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)())
        {
            dXSize /= 2;
            dYSize /= 2;
        }
    }

    nXSize = static_cast<int>(dXSize);
    nYSize = static_cast<int>(dYSize);

    bool bTransparent = !osTransparent.empty() && CPLTestBool(osTransparent);

    if (osFormat.empty())
    {
        if (!bTransparent)
        {
            osFormat = "image/jpeg";
        }
        else
        {
            osFormat = "image/png";
        }
    }

    char *pszEscapedURL = CPLEscapeString(osBaseURL.c_str(), -1, CPLES_XML);
    char *pszEscapedLayerXML = CPLEscapeString(osLayer.c_str(), -1, CPLES_XML);

    CPLString osXML = CPLSPrintf(
        "<GDAL_WMS>\n"
        "  <Service name=\"WMS\">\n"
        "    <Version>%s</Version>\n"
        "    <ServerUrl>%s</ServerUrl>\n"
        "    <Layers>%s</Layers>\n"
        "    <%s>%s</%s>\n"
        "    <ImageFormat>%s</ImageFormat>\n"
        "    <Transparent>%s</Transparent>\n"
        "    <BBoxOrder>%s</BBoxOrder>\n"
        "  </Service>\n"
        "  <DataWindow>\n"
        "    <UpperLeftX>%s</UpperLeftX>\n"
        "    <UpperLeftY>%s</UpperLeftY>\n"
        "    <LowerRightX>%s</LowerRightX>\n"
        "    <LowerRightY>%s</LowerRightY>\n"
        "    <SizeX>%d</SizeX>\n"
        "    <SizeY>%d</SizeY>\n"
        "  </DataWindow>\n"
        "  <BandsCount>%d</BandsCount>\n"
        "  <BlockSizeX>%d</BlockSizeX>\n"
        "  <BlockSizeY>%d</BlockSizeY>\n"
        "  <OverviewCount>%d</OverviewCount>\n"
        "</GDAL_WMS>\n",
        osVersion.c_str(), pszEscapedURL, pszEscapedLayerXML, osSRSTag.c_str(),
        osSRSValue.c_str(), osSRSTag.c_str(), osFormat.c_str(),
        (bTransparent) ? "TRUE" : "FALSE",
        (osBBOXOrder.size()) ? osBBOXOrder.c_str() : "xyXY", pszMinX, pszMaxY,
        pszMaxX, pszMinY, nXSize, nYSize, (bTransparent) ? 4 : 3, nTileSize,
        nTileSize, nOverviewCount);

    CPLFree(pszEscapedURL);
    CPLFree(pszEscapedLayerXML);

    CSLDestroy(papszTokens);

    CPLDebug("WMS", "Opening WMS :\n%s", osXML.c_str());

    return CPLParseXMLString(osXML);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*              GDALWMSDatasetGetConfigFromTileMap()                    */
/************************************************************************/

static CPLXMLNode *GDALWMSDatasetGetConfigFromTileMap(CPLXMLNode *psXML)
{
    CPLXMLNode *psRoot = CPLGetXMLNode(psXML, "=TileMap");
    if (psRoot == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    CPLXMLNode *psTileSets = CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "TileSets");
    if (psTileSets == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    const char *pszURL = CPLGetXMLValue(psRoot, "tilemapservice", nullptr);

    int bCanChangeURL = TRUE;

    CPLString osURL;
    if (pszURL)
    {
        osURL = pszURL;
        /* Special hack for
         * http://tilecache.osgeo.org/wms-c/Basic.py/1.0.0/basic/ */
        if (strlen(pszURL) > 10 &&
            STARTS_WITH(pszURL,
                        "http://tilecache.osgeo.org/wms-c/Basic.py/1.0.0/") &&
            strcmp(pszURL + strlen(pszURL) - strlen("1.0.0/"), "1.0.0/") == 0)
        {
            osURL.resize(strlen(pszURL) - strlen("1.0.0/"));
            bCanChangeURL = FALSE;
        }
        osURL += "${z}/${x}/${y}.${format}";
    }

    const char *pszSRS = CPLGetXMLValue(psRoot, "SRS", nullptr);
    if (pszSRS == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    CPLXMLNode *psBoundingBox = CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "BoundingBox");
    if (psBoundingBox == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    const char *pszMinX = CPLGetXMLValue(psBoundingBox, "minx", nullptr);
    const char *pszMinY = CPLGetXMLValue(psBoundingBox, "miny", nullptr);
    const char *pszMaxX = CPLGetXMLValue(psBoundingBox, "maxx", nullptr);
    const char *pszMaxY = CPLGetXMLValue(psBoundingBox, "maxy", nullptr);
    if (pszMinX == nullptr || pszMinY == nullptr || pszMaxX == nullptr ||
        pszMaxY == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    double dfMinX = CPLAtofM(pszMinX);
    double dfMinY = CPLAtofM(pszMinY);
    double dfMaxX = CPLAtofM(pszMaxX);
    double dfMaxY = CPLAtofM(pszMaxY);
    if (dfMaxY <= dfMinY || dfMaxX <= dfMinX)
        return nullptr;

    CPLXMLNode *psTileFormat = CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "TileFormat");
    if (psTileFormat == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    const char *pszTileWidth = CPLGetXMLValue(psTileFormat, "width", nullptr);
    const char *pszTileHeight = CPLGetXMLValue(psTileFormat, "height", nullptr);
    const char *pszTileFormat =
        CPLGetXMLValue(psTileFormat, "extension", nullptr);
    if (pszTileWidth == nullptr || pszTileHeight == nullptr ||
        pszTileFormat == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    int nTileWidth = atoi(pszTileWidth);
    int nTileHeight = atoi(pszTileHeight);
    if (nTileWidth < 128 || nTileHeight < 128)
        return nullptr;

    CPLXMLNode *psIter = psTileSets->psChild;
    int nLevelCount = 0;
    double dfPixelSize = 0;
    for (; psIter != nullptr; psIter = psIter->psNext)
    {
        if (psIter->eType == CXT_Element && EQUAL(psIter->pszValue, "TileSet"))
        {
            const char *pszOrder = CPLGetXMLValue(psIter, "order", nullptr);
            if (pszOrder == nullptr)
            {
                CPLDebug("WMS", "Cannot find order attribute");
                return nullptr;
            }
            if (atoi(pszOrder) != nLevelCount)
            {
                CPLDebug("WMS", "Expected order=%d, got %s", nLevelCount,
                         pszOrder);
                return nullptr;
            }

            const char *pszHref = CPLGetXMLValue(psIter, "href", nullptr);
            if (nLevelCount == 0 && pszHref != nullptr)
            {
                if (bCanChangeURL && strlen(pszHref) > 10 &&
                    strcmp(pszHref + strlen(pszHref) - strlen("/0"), "/0") == 0)
                {
                    osURL = pszHref;
                    osURL.resize(strlen(pszHref) - strlen("/0"));
                    osURL += "/${z}/${x}/${y}.${format}";
                }
            }
            const char *pszUnitsPerPixel =
                CPLGetXMLValue(psIter, "units-per-pixel", nullptr);
            if (pszUnitsPerPixel == nullptr)
                return nullptr;
            dfPixelSize = CPLAtofM(pszUnitsPerPixel);

            nLevelCount++;
        }
    }

    if (nLevelCount == 0 || osURL.empty())
        return nullptr;

    int nXSize = 0;
    int nYSize = 0;

    while (nLevelCount > 0)
    {
        double dfXSizeBig = (dfMaxX - dfMinX) / dfPixelSize + 0.5;
        double dfYSizeBig = (dfMaxY - dfMinY) / dfPixelSize + 0.5;
        if (dfXSizeBig < INT_MAX && dfYSizeBig < INT_MAX)
        {
            nXSize = static_cast<int>(dfXSizeBig);
            nYSize = static_cast<int>(dfYSizeBig);
            break;
        }
        CPLDebug(
            "WMS",
            "Dropping one overview level so raster size fits into 32bit...");
        dfPixelSize *= 2;
        nLevelCount--;
    }

    char *pszEscapedURL = CPLEscapeString(osURL.c_str(), -1, CPLES_XML);

    CPLString osXML = CPLSPrintf("<GDAL_WMS>\n"
                                 "  <Service name=\"TMS\">\n"
                                 "    <ServerUrl>%s</ServerUrl>\n"
                                 "    <Format>%s</Format>\n"
                                 "  </Service>\n"
                                 "  <DataWindow>\n"
                                 "    <UpperLeftX>%s</UpperLeftX>\n"
                                 "    <UpperLeftY>%s</UpperLeftY>\n"
                                 "    <LowerRightX>%s</LowerRightX>\n"
                                 "    <LowerRightY>%s</LowerRightY>\n"
                                 "    <TileLevel>%d</TileLevel>\n"
                                 "    <SizeX>%d</SizeX>\n"
                                 "    <SizeY>%d</SizeY>\n"
                                 "  </DataWindow>\n"
                                 "  <Projection>%s</Projection>\n"
                                 "  <BlockSizeX>%d</BlockSizeX>\n"
                                 "  <BlockSizeY>%d</BlockSizeY>\n"
                                 "  <BandsCount>%d</BandsCount>\n"
                                 "</GDAL_WMS>\n",
                                 pszEscapedURL, pszTileFormat, pszMinX, pszMaxY,
                                 pszMaxX, pszMinY, nLevelCount - 1, nXSize,
                                 nYSize, pszSRS, nTileWidth, nTileHeight, 3);
    CPLDebug("WMS", "Opening TMS :\n%s", osXML.c_str());

    CPLFree(pszEscapedURL);

    return CPLParseXMLString(osXML);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*             GDALWMSDatasetGetConfigFromArcGISJSON()                  */
/************************************************************************/

static CPLXMLNode *GDALWMSDatasetGetConfigFromArcGISJSON(const char *pszURL,
                                                         const char *pszContent)
{
    CPLJSONDocument oDoc;
    if (!oDoc.LoadMemory(std::string(pszContent)))
        return nullptr;
    auto oRoot(oDoc.GetRoot());
    auto oTileInfo(oRoot["tileInfo"]);
    if (!oTileInfo.IsValid())
    {
        CPLDebug("WMS", "Did not get tileInfo");
        return nullptr;
    }
    int nTileWidth = oTileInfo.GetInteger("cols", -1);
    int nTileHeight = oTileInfo.GetInteger("rows", -1);

    auto oSpatialReference(oTileInfo["spatialReference"]);
    if (!oSpatialReference.IsValid())
    {
        CPLDebug("WMS", "Did not get spatialReference");
        return nullptr;
    }
    int nWKID = oSpatialReference.GetInteger("wkid", -1);
    int nLatestWKID = oSpatialReference.GetInteger("latestWkid", -1);
    CPLString osWKT(oSpatialReference.GetString("wkt"));

    auto oOrigin(oTileInfo["origin"]);
    if (!oOrigin.IsValid())
    {
        CPLDebug("WMS", "Did not get origin");
        return nullptr;
    }
    double dfMinX =
        oOrigin.GetDouble("x", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
    double dfMaxY =
        oOrigin.GetDouble("y", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());

    auto oLods(oTileInfo["lods"].ToArray());
    if (!oLods.IsValid())
    {
        CPLDebug("WMS", "Did not get lods");
        return nullptr;
    }
    double dfBaseResolution = 0.0;
    for (int i = 0; i < oLods.Size(); i++)
    {
        if (oLods[i].GetInteger("level", -1) == 0)
        {
            dfBaseResolution = oLods[i].GetDouble("resolution");
            break;
        }
    }

    int nLevelCount = oLods.Size() - 1;
    if (nLevelCount < 1)
    {
        CPLDebug("WMS", "Did not get levels");
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (nTileWidth <= 0)
    {
        CPLDebug("WMS", "Did not get tile width");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (nTileHeight <= 0)
    {
        CPLDebug("WMS", "Did not get tile height");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (nWKID <= 0 && osWKT.empty())
    {
        CPLDebug("WMS", "Did not get WKID");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (dfMinX == std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity())
    {
        CPLDebug("WMS", "Did not get min x");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (dfMaxY == std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity())
    {
        CPLDebug("WMS", "Did not get max y");
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (nLatestWKID > 0)
        nWKID = nLatestWKID;

    if (nWKID == 102100)
        nWKID = 3857;

    const char *pszEndURL = strstr(pszURL, "/?f=json");
    if (pszEndURL == nullptr)
        pszEndURL = strstr(pszURL, "?f=json");
    CPLAssert(pszEndURL);
    CPLString osURL(pszURL);
    osURL.resize(pszEndURL - pszURL);

    double dfMaxX = dfMinX + dfBaseResolution * nTileWidth;
    double dfMinY = dfMaxY - dfBaseResolution * nTileHeight;

    int nTileCountX = 1;
    if (fabs(dfMinX - -180) < 1e-4 && fabs(dfMaxY - 90) < 1e-4 &&
        fabs(dfMinY - -90) < 1e-4)
    {
        nTileCountX = 2;
        dfMaxX = 180;
    }

    const int nLevelCountOri = nLevelCount;
    while (static_cast<double>(nTileCountX) * nTileWidth * (1 << nLevelCount) >
           INT_MAX)
        nLevelCount--;
    while (nLevelCount >= 0 &&
           static_cast<double>(nTileHeight) * (1 << nLevelCount) > INT_MAX)
        nLevelCount--;
    if (nLevelCount != nLevelCountOri)
        CPLDebug("WMS",
                 "Had to limit level count to %d instead of %d to stay within "
                 "GDAL raster size limits",
                 nLevelCount, nLevelCountOri);

    CPLString osEscapedWKT;
    if (nWKID < 0 && !osWKT.empty())
    {
        OGRSpatialReference oSRS;
        oSRS.importFromWkt(osWKT);

        const auto poSRSMatch = oSRS.FindBestMatch(100);
        if (poSRSMatch)
        {
            oSRS = *poSRSMatch;
            poSRSMatch->Release();
            const char *pszAuthName = oSRS.GetAuthorityName(nullptr);
            const char *pszCode = oSRS.GetAuthorityCode(nullptr);
            if (pszAuthName && EQUAL(pszAuthName, "EPSG") && pszCode)
                nWKID = atoi(pszCode);
        }

        char *pszWKT = nullptr;
        oSRS.exportToWkt(&pszWKT);
        osWKT = pszWKT;
        CPLFree(pszWKT);

        char *pszEscaped = CPLEscapeString(osWKT, -1, CPLES_XML);
        osEscapedWKT = pszEscaped;
        CPLFree(pszEscaped);
    }

    CPLString osXML = CPLSPrintf(
        "<GDAL_WMS>\n"
        "  <Service name=\"TMS\">\n"
        "    <ServerUrl>%s/tile/${z}/${y}/${x}</ServerUrl>\n"
        "  </Service>\n"
        "  <DataWindow>\n"
        "    <UpperLeftX>%.8f</UpperLeftX>\n"
        "    <UpperLeftY>%.8f</UpperLeftY>\n"
        "    <LowerRightX>%.8f</LowerRightX>\n"
        "    <LowerRightY>%.8f</LowerRightY>\n"
        "    <TileLevel>%d</TileLevel>\n"
        "    <TileCountX>%d</TileCountX>\n"
        "    <YOrigin>top</YOrigin>\n"
        "  </DataWindow>\n"
        "  <Projection>%s</Projection>\n"
        "  <BlockSizeX>%d</BlockSizeX>\n"
        "  <BlockSizeY>%d</BlockSizeY>\n"
        "  <Cache/>\n"
        "</GDAL_WMS>\n",
        osURL.c_str(), dfMinX, dfMaxY, dfMaxX, dfMinY, nLevelCount, nTileCountX,
        nWKID > 0 ? CPLSPrintf("EPSG:%d", nWKID) : osEscapedWKT.c_str(),
        nTileWidth, nTileHeight);
    CPLDebug("WMS", "Opening TMS :\n%s", osXML.c_str());

    return CPLParseXMLString(osXML);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                 Open()                               */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *GDALWMSDataset::Open(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)
{
    CPLXMLNode *config = nullptr;
    CPLErr ret = CE_None;

    const char *pszFilename = poOpenInfo->pszFilename;
    const char *pabyHeader =
        reinterpret_cast<const char *>(poOpenInfo->pabyHeader);

    if (!WMSDriverIdentify(poOpenInfo))
        return nullptr;

    if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes == 0 &&
        STARTS_WITH_CI(pszFilename, "<GDAL_WMS>"))
    {
        config = CPLParseXMLString(pszFilename);
    }
    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes >= 10 &&
             STARTS_WITH_CI(pabyHeader, "<GDAL_WMS>"))
    {
        config = CPLParseXMLFile(pszFilename);
    }
    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes == 0 &&
             (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszFilename, "WMS:http") ||
              STARTS_WITH_CI(pszFilename, "http")) &&
             (strstr(pszFilename, "/MapServer?f=json") != nullptr ||
              strstr(pszFilename, "/MapServer/?f=json") != nullptr ||
              strstr(pszFilename, "/ImageServer?f=json") != nullptr ||
              strstr(pszFilename, "/ImageServer/?f=json") != nullptr))
    {
        if (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszFilename, "WMS:http"))
            pszFilename += 4;
        CPLString osURL(pszFilename);
        if (strstr(pszFilename, "&pretty=true") == nullptr)
            osURL += "&pretty=true";
        CPLHTTPResult *psResult = CPLHTTPFetch(osURL.c_str(), nullptr);
        if (psResult == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        if (psResult->pabyData == nullptr)
        {
            CPLHTTPDestroyResult(psResult);
            return nullptr;
        }
        config = GDALWMSDatasetGetConfigFromArcGISJSON(
            osURL, reinterpret_cast<const char *>(psResult->pabyData));
        CPLHTTPDestroyResult(psResult);
    }

    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes == 0 &&
             (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszFilename, "WMS:") ||
              CPLString(pszFilename).ifind("SERVICE=WMS") !=
                  std::string::npos ||
              (poOpenInfo->IsSingleAllowedDriver("WMS") &&
               (STARTS_WITH(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "http://") ||
                STARTS_WITH(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "https://")))))
    {
        CPLString osLayers = CPLURLGetValue(pszFilename, "LAYERS");
        CPLString osRequest = CPLURLGetValue(pszFilename, "REQUEST");
        if (!osLayers.empty())
            config = GDALWMSDatasetGetConfigFromURL(poOpenInfo);
        else if (EQUAL(osRequest, "GetTileService"))
            return GDALWMSMetaDataset::DownloadGetTileService(poOpenInfo);
        else
            return GDALWMSMetaDataset::DownloadGetCapabilities(poOpenInfo);
    }
    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes != 0 &&
             (strstr(pabyHeader, "<WMT_MS_Capabilities") != nullptr ||
              strstr(pabyHeader, "<WMS_Capabilities") != nullptr ||
              strstr(pabyHeader, "<!DOCTYPE WMT_MS_Capabilities") != nullptr))
    {
        CPLXMLNode *psXML = CPLParseXMLFile(pszFilename);
        if (psXML == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        GDALDataset *poRet = GDALWMSMetaDataset::AnalyzeGetCapabilities(psXML);
        CPLDestroyXMLNode(psXML);
        return poRet;
    }
    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes != 0 &&
             strstr(pabyHeader, "<WMS_Tile_Service") != nullptr)
    {
        CPLXMLNode *psXML = CPLParseXMLFile(pszFilename);
        if (psXML == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        GDALDataset *poRet =
            GDALWMSMetaDataset::AnalyzeGetTileService(psXML, poOpenInfo);
        CPLDestroyXMLNode(psXML);
        return poRet;
    }
    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes != 0 &&
             strstr(pabyHeader, "<TileMap version=\"1.0.0\"") != nullptr)
    {
        CPLXMLNode *psXML = CPLParseXMLFile(pszFilename);
        if (psXML == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        config = GDALWMSDatasetGetConfigFromTileMap(psXML);
        CPLDestroyXMLNode(psXML);
    }
    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes != 0 &&
             strstr(pabyHeader, "<Services") != nullptr &&
             strstr(pabyHeader, "<TileMapService version=\"1.0") != nullptr)
    {
        CPLXMLNode *psXML = CPLParseXMLFile(pszFilename);
        if (psXML == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        CPLXMLNode *psRoot = CPLGetXMLNode(psXML, "=Services");
        GDALDataset *poRet = nullptr;
        if (psRoot)
        {
            CPLXMLNode *psTileMapService =
                CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "TileMapService");
            if (psTileMapService)
            {
                const char *pszHref =
                    CPLGetXMLValue(psTileMapService, "href", nullptr);
                if (pszHref)
                {
                    poRet = GDALDataset::Open(
                        pszHref, GDAL_OF_RASTER | GDAL_OF_VERBOSE_ERROR);
                }
            }
        }
        CPLDestroyXMLNode(psXML);
        return poRet;
    }
    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes != 0 &&
             strstr(pabyHeader, "<TileMapService version=\"1.0.0\"") != nullptr)
    {
        CPLXMLNode *psXML = CPLParseXMLFile(pszFilename);
        if (psXML == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        GDALDataset *poRet = GDALWMSMetaDataset::AnalyzeTileMapService(psXML);
        CPLDestroyXMLNode(psXML);
        return poRet;
    }
    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes == 0 &&
             STARTS_WITH_CI(pszFilename, "AGS:"))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes == 0 &&
             STARTS_WITH_CI(pszFilename, "IIP:"))
    {
        CPLString osURL(pszFilename + 4);
        osURL += "&obj=Basic-Info";
        CPLHTTPResult *psResult = CPLHTTPFetch(osURL.c_str(), nullptr);
        if (psResult == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        if (psResult->pabyData == nullptr)
        {
            CPLHTTPDestroyResult(psResult);
            return nullptr;
        }
        int nXSize, nYSize;
        const char *pszMaxSize = strstr(
            reinterpret_cast<const char *>(psResult->pabyData), "Max-size:");
        const char *pszResolutionNumber =
            strstr(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(psResult->pabyData),
                   "Resolution-number:");
        if (pszMaxSize &&
            sscanf(pszMaxSize + strlen("Max-size:"), "%d %d", &nXSize,
                   &nYSize) == 2 &&
            pszResolutionNumber)
        {
            int nResolutions =
                atoi(pszResolutionNumber + strlen("Resolution-number:"));
            char *pszEscapedURL =
                CPLEscapeString(pszFilename + 4, -1, CPLES_XML);
            CPLString osXML =
                CPLSPrintf("<GDAL_WMS>"
                           "    <Service name=\"IIP\">"
                           "        <ServerUrl>%s</ServerUrl>"
                           "    </Service>"
                           "    <DataWindow>"
                           "        <SizeX>%d</SizeX>"
                           "        <SizeY>%d</SizeY>"
                           "        <TileLevel>%d</TileLevel>"
                           "    </DataWindow>"
                           "    <BlockSizeX>256</BlockSizeX>"
                           "    <BlockSizeY>256</BlockSizeY>"
                           "    <BandsCount>3</BandsCount>"
                           "    <Cache />"
                           "</GDAL_WMS>",
                           pszEscapedURL, nXSize, nYSize, nResolutions - 1);
            config = CPLParseXMLString(osXML);
            CPLFree(pszEscapedURL);
        }
        CPLHTTPDestroyResult(psResult);
    }
    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes == 0 &&
             STARTS_WITH_CI(pszFilename, "IIIF:"))
    {
        // Implements https://iiif.io/api/image/3.0/ "Image API 3.0"

        std::string osURL(pszFilename + strlen("IIIF:"));
        if (!osURL.empty() && osURL.back() == '/')
            osURL.pop_back();
        std::unique_ptr<CPLHTTPResult, decltype(&CPLHTTPDestroyResult)>
            psResult(CPLHTTPFetch((osURL + "/info.json").c_str(), nullptr),
                     CPLHTTPDestroyResult);
        if (!psResult || !psResult->pabyData)
            return nullptr;
        CPLJSONDocument oDoc;
        if (!oDoc.LoadMemory(
                reinterpret_cast<const char *>(psResult->pabyData)))
            return nullptr;
        const CPLJSONObject oRoot = oDoc.GetRoot();
        const int nWidth = oRoot.GetInteger("width");
        const int nHeight = oRoot.GetInteger("height");
        if (nWidth <= 0 || nHeight <= 0)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "'width' and/or 'height' missing or invalid");
            return nullptr;
        }
        int nBlockSizeX = 256;
        int nBlockSizeY = 256;
        const auto oTiles = oRoot.GetArray("tiles");
        int nLevelCount = 1;
        if (oTiles.Size() == 1)
        {
            nBlockSizeX = oTiles[0].GetInteger("width");
            nBlockSizeY = oTiles[0].GetInteger("height");
            if (nBlockSizeX <= 0 || nBlockSizeY <= 0)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "'tiles[0].width' and/or 'tiles[0].height' missing or "
                         "invalid");
                return nullptr;
            }

            const auto scaleFactors = oTiles[0].GetArray("scaleFactors");
            if (scaleFactors.Size() >= 1)
            {
                nLevelCount = 0;
                int expectedFactor = 1;
                for (const auto &jVal : scaleFactors)
                {
                    if (nLevelCount < 30 && jVal.ToInteger() == expectedFactor)
                    {
                        ++nLevelCount;
                        expectedFactor *= 2;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                nLevelCount = std::max(1, nLevelCount);
            }
        }

        char *pszEscapedURL = CPLEscapeString(osURL.c_str(), -1, CPLES_XML);
        const CPLString osXML =
            CPLSPrintf("<GDAL_WMS>"
                       "    <Service name=\"IIIFImage\">"
                       "        <ServerUrl>%s</ServerUrl>"
                       "        <ImageFormat>image/jpeg</ImageFormat>"
                       "    </Service>"
                       "    <DataWindow>"
                       "        <SizeX>%d</SizeX>"
                       "        <SizeY>%d</SizeY>"
                       "        <TileLevel>%d</TileLevel>"
                       "    </DataWindow>"
                       "    <BlockSizeX>%d</BlockSizeX>"
                       "    <BlockSizeY>%d</BlockSizeY>"
                       "    <BandsCount>3</BandsCount>"
                       "    <Cache />"
                       "</GDAL_WMS>",
                       pszEscapedURL, nWidth, nHeight, nLevelCount, nBlockSizeX,
                       nBlockSizeY);
        config = CPLParseXMLString(osXML);
        CPLFree(pszEscapedURL);
    }
    else
        return nullptr;
    if (config == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Confirm the requested access is supported.                      */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (poOpenInfo->eAccess == GA_Update)
    {
        CPLDestroyXMLNode(config);
        ReportUpdateNotSupportedByDriver("WMS");
        return nullptr;
    }

    GDALWMSDataset *ds = new GDALWMSDataset();
    ret = ds->Initialize(config, poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions);
    if (ret != CE_None)
    {
        delete ds;
        ds = nullptr;
    }
    CPLDestroyXMLNode(config);

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Initialize any PAM information.                                 */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (ds != nullptr)
    {
        if (poOpenInfo->pszFilename && poOpenInfo->pszFilename[0] == '<')
        {
            ds->nPamFlags = GPF_DISABLED;
        }
        else
        {
            ds->SetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "PIXEL", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
            ds->SetDescription(poOpenInfo->pszFilename);
            ds->TryLoadXML();
        }
    }

    return ds;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetServerConfig()                        */
/************************************************************************/

const char *GDALWMSDataset::GetServerConfig(const char *URI,
                                            char **papszHTTPOptions)
{
    CPLMutexHolder oHolder(&cfgmtx);

    // Might have it cached already
    if (cfg.end() != cfg.find(URI))
        return cfg.find(URI)->second;

    CPLHTTPResult *psResult = CPLHTTPFetch(URI, papszHTTPOptions);

    if (nullptr == psResult)
        return nullptr;

    // Capture the result in buffer, get rid of http result
    if ((psResult->nStatus == 0) && (nullptr != psResult->pabyData) &&
        ('\0' != psResult->pabyData[0]))
        cfg.insert(make_pair(
            URI, static_cast<CPLString>(
                     reinterpret_cast<const char *>(psResult->pabyData))));

    CPLHTTPDestroyResult(psResult);

    if (cfg.end() != cfg.find(URI))
        return cfg.find(URI)->second;
    else
        return nullptr;
}

// Empties the server configuration cache and removes the mutex
void GDALWMSDataset::ClearConfigCache()
{
    // Obviously not thread safe, should only be called when no WMS files are
    // being opened
    cfg.clear();
    DestroyCfgMutex();
}

void GDALWMSDataset::DestroyCfgMutex()
{
    if (cfgmtx)
        CPLDestroyMutex(cfgmtx);
    cfgmtx = nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             CreateCopy()                             */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *GDALWMSDataset::CreateCopy(const char *pszFilename,
                                        GDALDataset *poSrcDS,
                                        CPL_UNUSED int bStrict,
                                        CPL_UNUSED char **papszOptions,
                                        CPL_UNUSED GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                        CPL_UNUSED void *pProgressData)
{
    if (poSrcDS->GetDriver() == nullptr ||
        !EQUAL(poSrcDS->GetDriver()->GetDescription(), "WMS"))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Source dataset must be a WMS dataset");
        return nullptr;
    }

    const char *pszXML = poSrcDS->GetMetadataItem("XML", "WMS");
    if (pszXML == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot get XML definition of source WMS dataset");
        return nullptr;
    }

    VSILFILE *fp = VSIFOpenL(pszFilename, "wb");
    if (fp == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    VSIFWriteL(pszXML, 1, strlen(pszXML), fp);
    VSIFCloseL(fp);

    GDALOpenInfo oOpenInfo(pszFilename, GA_ReadOnly);
    return Open(&oOpenInfo);
}

void WMSDeregister(CPL_UNUSED GDALDriver *d)
{
    GDALWMSDataset::DestroyCfgMutex();
}

// Define a minidriver factory type, create one and register it
#define RegisterMinidriver(name)                                               \
    class WMSMiniDriverFactory_##name final : public WMSMiniDriverFactory      \
    {                                                                          \
      public:                                                                  \
        WMSMiniDriverFactory_##name()                                          \
        {                                                                      \
            m_name = CPLString(#name);                                         \
        }                                                                      \
        WMSMiniDriver *New() const override                                    \
        {                                                                      \
            return new WMSMiniDriver_##name;                                   \
        }                                                                      \
    };                                                                         \
    WMSRegisterMiniDriverFactory(new WMSMiniDriverFactory_##name());

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GDALRegister_WMS()                          */
/************************************************************************/

//
// Do not define any open options here!
// Doing so will enable checking the open options, which will generate warnings
// for undeclared options which may be handled by individual minidrivers
//

void GDALRegister_WMS()

{
    if (GDALGetDriverByName(DRIVER_NAME) != nullptr)
        return;

    // Register all minidrivers here
    RegisterMinidriver(WMS);
    RegisterMinidriver(TileService);
    RegisterMinidriver(WorldWind);
    RegisterMinidriver(TMS);
    RegisterMinidriver(TiledWMS);
    RegisterMinidriver(VirtualEarth);
    RegisterMinidriver(AGS);
    RegisterMinidriver(IIP);
    RegisterMinidriver(IIIFImage);
    RegisterMinidriver(MRF);
    RegisterMinidriver(OGCAPIMaps);
    RegisterMinidriver(OGCAPICoverage);

    GDALDriver *poDriver = new GDALDriver();
    WMSDriverSetCommonMetadata(poDriver);

    poDriver->pfnOpen = GDALWMSDataset::Open;
    poDriver->pfnUnloadDriver = WMSDeregister;
    poDriver->pfnCreateCopy = GDALWMSDataset::CreateCopy;

    GetGDALDriverManager()->RegisterDriver(poDriver);
}