/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  MongoDB Translator
 * Purpose:  Implements OGRMongoDBDriver.
 * Author:   Even Rouault, even.rouault at spatialys.com
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2014-2019, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "mongocxxv3_headers.h"
#include "ogrmongodbv3drivercore.h"

#include "cpl_time.h"
#include "gdal_priv.h"
#include "ogrsf_frmts.h"
#include "ogr_p.h"

#include <limits>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <mutex>
#include <vector>

extern "C" void CPL_DLL RegisterOGRMongoDBv3();

// g++ -Wall -Wextra -std=c++11 -fPIC -Iport -Igcore -Iogr -Iogr/ogrsf_frmts
// -I$HOME/install-mongocxx-3.4.0/include/bsoncxx/v_noabi
// -I$HOME/install-mongocxx-3.4.0/include/mongocxx/v_noabi
// ogr/ogrsf_frmts/mongodbv3/ogrmongodbv3driver.cpp -shared -o ogr_MongoDBv3.so
// -L$HOME/install-mongocxx-3.4.0/lib -lmongocxx -lgdal

using bsoncxx::builder::basic::kvp;

static mongocxx::instance *g_pInst = nullptr;
static bool g_bCanInstantiateMongo = true;

namespace
{
typedef struct _IntOrMap IntOrMap;

struct _IntOrMap
{
    // cppcheck-suppress unusedStructMember
    int bIsMap;

    union
    {
        // cppcheck-suppress unusedStructMember
        int nField;
        // cppcheck-suppress unusedStructMember
        std::map<CPLString, IntOrMap *> *poMap;
        // cppcheck-suppress unusedStructMember
    } u;
};
}  // namespace

class OGRMongoDBv3Layer;

class OGRMongoDBv3Dataset final : public GDALDataset
{
    friend class OGRMongoDBv3Layer;

    mongocxx::client m_oConn{};
    CPLString m_osDatabase{};
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OGRMongoDBv3Layer>> m_apoLayers{};
    bool m_bFlattenNestedAttributes = false;
    int m_nBatchSize = 0;
    int m_nFeatureCountToEstablishFeatureDefn = 0;
    bool m_bJSonField = false;
    CPLString m_osFID{};
    bool m_bUseOGRMetadata = true;
    bool m_bBulkInsert = true;

    void CreateLayers(mongocxx::database &db);

  public:
    OGRMongoDBv3Dataset() = default;

    int GetLayerCount() override
    {
        return static_cast<int>(m_apoLayers.size());
    }

    OGRLayer *GetLayer(int) override;
    OGRLayer *GetLayerByName(const char *pszLayerName) override;

    OGRLayer *ExecuteSQL(const char *pszSQLCommand,
                         OGRGeometry *poSpatialFilter,
                         const char *pszDialect) override;
    void ReleaseResultSet(OGRLayer *poLayer) override;

    OGRLayer *ICreateLayer(const char *pszName,
                           const OGRGeomFieldDefn *poGeomFieldDefn,
                           CSLConstList papszOptions) override;
    OGRErr DeleteLayer(int iLayer) override;
    int TestCapability(const char *pszCap) override;

    bool Open(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo);
};

class OGRMongoDBv3Layer final : public OGRLayer
{
    friend class OGRMongoDBv3Dataset;

    OGRMongoDBv3Dataset *m_poDS = nullptr;
    OGRFeatureDefn *m_poFeatureDefn = nullptr;
    bool m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn = false;
    mongocxx::database m_oDb{};
    mongocxx::collection m_oColl{};
    CPLString m_osFID{};
    bsoncxx::document::value m_oQueryAttr{
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::make_document()};
    bsoncxx::document::value m_oQuerySpat{
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::make_document()};
    bool m_bLayerMetadataUpdatable = false;
    bool m_bUpdateLayerMetadata = false;
    bool m_bDotAsNestedField = true;
    bool m_bIgnoreSourceID = false;
    bool m_bCreateSpatialIndex = true;
    GIntBig m_nIndex = 0;
    GIntBig m_nNextFID = 0;
    std::unique_ptr<mongocxx::cursor> m_poCursor{};
    std::unique_ptr<mongocxx::cursor::iterator> m_poIterator{};

    std::vector<std::vector<CPLString>> m_aaosFieldPaths{};

    std::vector<std::vector<CPLString>> m_aaosGeomFieldPaths{};
    std::vector<CPLString> m_aosGeomIndexes{};
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation>> m_apoCT{};

    std::map<CPLString, CPLString> CollectGeomIndices();
    bool ReadOGRMetadata(std::map<CPLString, CPLString> &oMapIndices);
    void EstablishFeatureDefn();
    void WriteOGRMetadata();
    void AddOrUpdateField(const char *pszAttrName,
                          const bsoncxx::document::element &elt,
                          char chNestedAttributeSeparator,
                          std::vector<CPLString> &aosPaths,
                          std::map<CPLString, CPLString> &oMapIndices);
    std::unique_ptr<OGRFeature> Translate(const bsoncxx::document::view &doc);
    bsoncxx::document::value BuildQuery();

    OGRErr PrepareForUpdateOrUpsert(const OGRFeature *poFeature);
    bsoncxx::document::value
    BuildIDMatchFilter(bsoncxx::document::view view,
                       const OGRFeature *poFeature) const;

    void SerializeField(bsoncxx::builder::basic::document &b,
                        OGRFeature *poFeature, int iField,
                        const char *pszJSonField);
    void SerializeGeometry(bsoncxx::builder::basic::document &b,
                           OGRGeometry *poGeom, int iField,
                           const char *pszJSonField);
    void SerializeRecursive(bsoncxx::builder::basic::document &b,
                            OGRFeature *poFeature,
                            std::map<CPLString, IntOrMap *> &aoMap);
    static void InsertInMap(IntOrMap *rootMap,
                            std::map<std::vector<CPLString>, IntOrMap *> &aoMap,
                            const std::vector<CPLString> &aosFieldPathFull,
                            int nField);
    bsoncxx::document::value BuildBSONObjFromFeature(
        OGRFeature *poFeature, bool bUpdate, int nUpdatedFieldsCount,
        const int *panUpdatedFieldsIdx, int nUpdatedGeomFieldsCount,
        const int *panUpdatedGeomFieldsIdx);
    std::vector<bsoncxx::document::value> m_aoDocsToInsert{};

  public:
    OGRMongoDBv3Layer(OGRMongoDBv3Dataset *poDS, const std::string &osDbName,
                      const std::string &osCollection);
    ~OGRMongoDBv3Layer() override;

    void ResetReading() override;
    const char *GetFIDColumn() override;
    OGRFeature *GetNextFeature() override;
    OGRFeature *GetFeature(GIntBig nFID) override;
    OGRErr DeleteFeature(GIntBig nFID) override;
    GIntBig GetFeatureCount(int bForce) override;
    OGRErr SetAttributeFilter(const char *pszFilter) override;

    void SetSpatialFilter(OGRGeometry *poGeom) override
    {
        SetSpatialFilter(0, poGeom);
    }

    void SetSpatialFilter(int iGeomField, OGRGeometry *poGeom) override;
    int TestCapability(const char *pszCap) override;
    OGRFeatureDefn *GetLayerDefn() override;
    OGRErr CreateField(const OGRFieldDefn *poFieldIn, int) override;
    OGRErr CreateGeomField(const OGRGeomFieldDefn *poFieldIn, int) override;
    OGRErr ICreateFeature(OGRFeature *poFeature) override;
    OGRErr ISetFeature(OGRFeature *poFeature) override;
    OGRErr IUpsertFeature(OGRFeature *poFeature) override;
    OGRErr IUpdateFeature(OGRFeature *poFeature, int nUpdatedFieldsCount,
                          const int *panUpdatedFieldsIdx,
                          int nUpdatedGeomFieldsCount,
                          const int *panUpdatedGeomFieldsIdx,
                          bool bUpdateStyleString) override;

    OGRErr SyncToDisk() override;

    GDALDataset *GetDataset() override
    {
        return m_poDS;
    }
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                         OGRMongoDBv3Layer()                          */
/************************************************************************/

OGRMongoDBv3Layer::OGRMongoDBv3Layer(OGRMongoDBv3Dataset *poDS,
                                     const std::string &osDbName,
                                     const std::string &osCollection)
    : m_poDS(poDS)
{
    CPLString osLayerName;
    m_oDb = m_poDS->m_oConn[osDbName];
    m_oColl = m_oDb[osCollection];
    if (m_poDS->m_osDatabase == osDbName)
        osLayerName = osCollection;
    else
        osLayerName = osDbName + "." + osCollection;
    m_poFeatureDefn = new OGRFeatureDefn(osLayerName);
    m_poFeatureDefn->Reference();
    m_poFeatureDefn->SetGeomType(wkbNone);
    SetDescription(m_poFeatureDefn->GetName());

    OGRFieldDefn oFieldDefn("_id", OFTString);
    std::vector<CPLString> aosPath;
    aosPath.push_back("_id");
    m_aaosFieldPaths.push_back(aosPath);
    m_poFeatureDefn->AddFieldDefn(&oFieldDefn);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         ~OGRMongoDBv3Layer()                         */
/************************************************************************/

OGRMongoDBv3Layer::~OGRMongoDBv3Layer()
{
    OGRMongoDBv3Layer::SyncToDisk();

    if (m_poFeatureDefn)
        m_poFeatureDefn->Release();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            WriteOGRMetadata()                        */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Layer::WriteOGRMetadata()
{
    // CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "WriteOGRMetadata(%s)",
    // m_poFeatureDefn->GetName());
    if (!m_bUpdateLayerMetadata)
        return;
    m_bUpdateLayerMetadata = false;

    try
    {
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::document b;

        b.append(kvp("layer", m_oColl.name()));

        if (!m_osFID.empty())
        {
            b.append(kvp("fid", m_osFID));
        }

        bsoncxx::builder::basic::array fields;

        CPLAssert(static_cast<int>(m_aaosFieldPaths.size()) ==
                  m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount());
        for (int i = 1; i < m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount(); i++)
        {
            OGRFieldDefn *poFieldDefn = m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(i);
            const char *pszFieldName = poFieldDefn->GetNameRef();
            if (EQUAL(pszFieldName, "_json"))
                continue;
            bsoncxx::builder::basic::array path;
            for (int j = 0; j < static_cast<int>(m_aaosFieldPaths[i].size());
                 j++)
                path.append(m_aaosFieldPaths[i][j]);
            bsoncxx::builder::basic::document rec;
            rec.append(kvp("name", pszFieldName));
            OGRFieldType eType = poFieldDefn->GetType();
            rec.append(kvp("type", OGR_GetFieldTypeName(eType)));
            if (eType == OFTInteger && poFieldDefn->GetSubType() == OFSTBoolean)
            {
                rec.append(kvp("subtype", "Boolean"));
            }
            rec.append(kvp("path", path.extract()));
            fields.append(rec.extract());
        }
        b.append(kvp("fields", fields.extract()));

        bsoncxx::builder::basic::array geomfields;
        CPLAssert(static_cast<int>(m_aaosGeomFieldPaths.size()) ==
                  m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldCount());
        for (int i = 0; i < m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldCount(); i++)
        {
            OGRGeomFieldDefn *poGeomFieldDefn =
                m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldDefn(i);
            const char *pszFieldName = poGeomFieldDefn->GetNameRef();
            bsoncxx::builder::basic::array path;
            for (int j = 0;
                 j < static_cast<int>(m_aaosGeomFieldPaths[i].size()); j++)
                path.append(m_aaosGeomFieldPaths[i][j]);
            const char *pszGeomType =
                OGRToOGCGeomType(poGeomFieldDefn->GetType());
            bsoncxx::builder::basic::document rec;
            rec.append(kvp("name", pszFieldName));
            rec.append(kvp("type", pszGeomType));
            rec.append(kvp("path", path.extract()));
            geomfields.append(rec.extract());
        }
        b.append(kvp("geomfields", geomfields.extract()));

        {
            bsoncxx::builder::basic::document filter{};
            filter.append(kvp("layer", m_oColl.name()));
            m_oDb["_ogr_metadata"].find_one_and_delete(filter.extract());
        }

        m_oDb["_ogr_metadata"].insert_one(b.extract());
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "WriteOGRMetadata()",
                 ex.what());
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SyncToDisk()                             */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Layer::SyncToDisk()
{
    try
    {
        if (!m_aoDocsToInsert.empty())
        {
            m_oColl.insert_many(m_aoDocsToInsert.begin(),
                                m_aoDocsToInsert.end());
            m_aoDocsToInsert.clear();
        }
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        m_aoDocsToInsert.clear();
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "CreateFeature()",
                 ex.what());
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    WriteOGRMetadata();

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ResetReading()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Layer::ResetReading()
{
    m_poCursor.reset();
    m_poIterator.reset();
    m_nIndex = 0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetLayerDefn()                            */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeatureDefn *OGRMongoDBv3Layer::GetLayerDefn()
{
    if (!m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn)
        EstablishFeatureDefn();

    return m_poFeatureDefn;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    OGRMongoDBv3GetFieldTypeFromBSON()                */
/************************************************************************/

static OGRFieldType
OGRMongoDBv3GetFieldTypeFromBSON(const bsoncxx::document::element &elt,
                                 OGRFieldSubType &eSubType)
{
    eSubType = OFSTNone;

    auto eBSONType = elt.type();
    if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_bool)
    {
        eSubType = OFSTBoolean;
        return OFTInteger;
    }
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_double)
        return OFTReal;
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int32)
        return OFTInteger;
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int64)
        return OFTInteger64;
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8)
        return OFTString;
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_array)
    {
        auto arrayView = elt.get_array().value;
        if (arrayView.empty())
            return OFTStringList; /* we don't know, so let's assume it is a
                                     string list */
        OGRFieldType eType = OFTIntegerList;
        bool bOnlyBoolean = true;
        for (auto &&subElt : arrayView)
        {
            eBSONType = subElt.type();

            bOnlyBoolean &= (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_bool);
            if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_double)
                eType = OFTRealList;
            else if (eType == OFTIntegerList &&
                     eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int64)
                eType = OFTInteger64List;
            else if (eBSONType != bsoncxx::type::k_int32 &&
                     eBSONType != bsoncxx::type::k_int64 &&
                     eBSONType != bsoncxx::type::k_bool)
                return OFTStringList;
        }
        if (bOnlyBoolean)
            eSubType = OFSTBoolean;
        return eType;
    }
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_date)
        return OFTDateTime;
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_binary)
        return OFTBinary;
    else
        return OFTString; /* null, object */
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           get_string()                               */
/************************************************************************/

static std::string get_string(const bsoncxx::document::element &elt)
{
    CPLAssert(elt.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8);
#if BSONCXX_VERSION_MAJOR > 3 || BSONCXX_VERSION_MINOR >= 7
    return std::string(elt.get_string().value);
#else
    return std::string(elt.get_utf8().value);
#endif
}

static std::string get_string(const bsoncxx::array::element &elt)
{
    CPLAssert(elt.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8);
#if BSONCXX_VERSION_MAJOR > 3 || BSONCXX_VERSION_MINOR >= 7
    return std::string(elt.get_string().value);
#else
    return std::string(elt.get_utf8().value);
#endif
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         AddOrUpdateField()                           */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Layer::AddOrUpdateField(
    const char *pszAttrName, const bsoncxx::document::element &elt,
    char chNestedAttributeSeparator, std::vector<CPLString> &aosPaths,
    std::map<CPLString, CPLString> &oMapIndices)
{
    const auto eBSONType = elt.type();
    if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_null ||
        eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_undefined ||
        eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_minkey ||
        eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_maxkey)
        return;

    if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_document)
    {
        bsoncxx::document::view doc{elt.get_document()};
        auto eltType = doc["type"];
        if (eltType && eltType.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8)
        {
            OGRwkbGeometryType eGeomType =
                OGRFromOGCGeomType(get_string(eltType).c_str());
            if (eGeomType != wkbUnknown)
            {
                int nIndex = m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldIndex(pszAttrName);
                if (nIndex < 0)
                {
                    OGRGeomFieldDefn fldDefn(pszAttrName, eGeomType);
                    OGRSpatialReference *poSRS = new OGRSpatialReference();
                    poSRS->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
                    poSRS->SetFromUserInput(SRS_WKT_WGS84_LAT_LONG);
                    fldDefn.SetSpatialRef(poSRS);
                    poSRS->Release();
                    m_poFeatureDefn->AddGeomFieldDefn(&fldDefn);

                    aosPaths.push_back(std::string(elt.key()));
                    m_aaosGeomFieldPaths.push_back(aosPaths);
                    if (oMapIndices.find(pszAttrName) == oMapIndices.end())
                        m_aosGeomIndexes.push_back(oMapIndices[pszAttrName]);
                    else
                        m_aosGeomIndexes.push_back("none");
                    m_apoCT.push_back(nullptr);
                }
                else
                {
                    OGRGeomFieldDefn *poFDefn =
                        m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldDefn(nIndex);
                    if (poFDefn->GetType() != eGeomType)
                        poFDefn->SetType(wkbUnknown);
                }
            }
        }
        else if (m_poDS->m_bFlattenNestedAttributes)
        {
            if (m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldIndex(pszAttrName) >= 0)
                return;
            aosPaths.push_back(std::string(elt.key()));
            for (auto &&subElt : doc)
            {
                char szSeparator[2];
                szSeparator[0] = chNestedAttributeSeparator;
                szSeparator[1] = 0;
                CPLString osAttrName(pszAttrName);
                osAttrName += szSeparator;
                osAttrName += std::string(subElt.key());

                std::vector<CPLString> aosNewPaths(aosPaths);
                AddOrUpdateField(osAttrName, subElt, chNestedAttributeSeparator,
                                 aosNewPaths, oMapIndices);
            }
            return;
        }
    }
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_array)
    {
        if (m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldIndex(pszAttrName) >= 0)
            return;
        if (oMapIndices.find(pszAttrName) != oMapIndices.end() &&
            oMapIndices[pszAttrName] == "2d")
        {
            OGRGeomFieldDefn fldDefn(pszAttrName, wkbPoint);
            OGRSpatialReference *poSRS = new OGRSpatialReference();
            poSRS->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
            poSRS->SetFromUserInput(SRS_WKT_WGS84_LAT_LONG);
            fldDefn.SetSpatialRef(poSRS);
            poSRS->Release();
            m_poFeatureDefn->AddGeomFieldDefn(&fldDefn);

            aosPaths.push_back(std::string(elt.key()));
            m_aaosGeomFieldPaths.push_back(aosPaths);
            m_aosGeomIndexes.push_back("2d");
            m_apoCT.push_back(nullptr);
        }
    }

    if (m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldIndex(pszAttrName) >= 0)
        return;

    OGRFieldSubType eNewSubType;
    OGRFieldType eNewType = OGRMongoDBv3GetFieldTypeFromBSON(elt, eNewSubType);

    int nIndex = m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldIndex(pszAttrName);
    if (nIndex < 0)
    {
        OGRFieldDefn fldDefn(pszAttrName, eNewType);
        fldDefn.SetSubType(eNewSubType);
        if (eNewSubType == OFSTBoolean)
            fldDefn.SetWidth(1);
        m_poFeatureDefn->AddFieldDefn(&fldDefn);

        aosPaths.push_back(std::string(elt.key()));
        m_aaosFieldPaths.push_back(aosPaths);
    }
    else
    {
        OGRFieldDefn *poFDefn = m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(nIndex);
        OGRUpdateFieldType(poFDefn, eNewType, eNewSubType);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         CollectGeomIndices()                         */
/************************************************************************/

std::map<CPLString, CPLString> OGRMongoDBv3Layer::CollectGeomIndices()
{
    std::map<CPLString, CPLString> oMapIndices;
    try
    {
        auto cursor = m_oColl.list_indexes();
        for (auto &&l_index : cursor)
        {
            // std::string s(bsoncxx::to_json(l_index));
            // CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "%s", s.c_str());
            auto key = l_index["key"];
            if (key && key.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_document)
            {
                bsoncxx::document::view keyDoc{key.get_document()};
                for (auto &&field : keyDoc)
                {
                    if (field.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8)
                    {
                        const std::string v(get_string(field));
                        if (v == "2d" || v == "2dsphere")
                        {
                            std::string idxColName(field.key());
                            // CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "Index %s for %s of %s",
                            //          v.c_str(),
                            //          idxColName.c_str(),
                            //          m_poFeatureDefn->GetName());
                            oMapIndices[idxColName] = v;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "Error when listing indices: %s", ex.what());
    }
    return oMapIndices;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          ReadOGRMetadata()                           */
/************************************************************************/

bool OGRMongoDBv3Layer::ReadOGRMetadata(
    std::map<CPLString, CPLString> &oMapIndices)
{
    try
    {
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::document filter{};
        filter.append(kvp("layer", m_oColl.name()));
        auto docOpt = m_oDb["_ogr_metadata"].find_one(filter.extract());
        if (docOpt)
        {
            auto doc = docOpt->view();
            auto fid = doc["fid"];
            if (fid && fid.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8)
                m_osFID = get_string(fid);

            auto fields = doc["fields"];
            if (fields && fields.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_array)
            {
                auto arrayView(fields.get_array().value);
                for (const auto &elt : arrayView)
                {
                    if (elt.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_document)
                    {
                        auto obj2_doc(elt.get_document());
                        auto obj2(obj2_doc.view());
                        auto name = obj2["name"];
                        auto type = obj2["type"];
                        auto subtype = obj2["subtype"];
                        auto path = obj2["path"];
                        if (name && name.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8 &&
                            type && type.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8 &&
                            path && path.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_array)
                        {
                            if (get_string(name) == "_id")
                                continue;
                            OGRFieldType eType(OFTString);
                            for (int j = 0; j <= OFTMaxType; j++)
                            {
                                if (EQUAL(OGR_GetFieldTypeName(
                                              static_cast<OGRFieldType>(j)),
                                          get_string(type).c_str()))
                                {
                                    eType = static_cast<OGRFieldType>(j);
                                    break;
                                }
                            }

                            std::vector<CPLString> aosPaths;
                            auto oPathArray(path.get_array().value);
                            bool ok = true;
                            for (const auto &eltPath : oPathArray)
                            {
                                if (eltPath.type() != bsoncxx::type::k_utf8)
                                {
                                    ok = false;
                                    break;
                                }
                                aosPaths.push_back(get_string(eltPath));
                            }
                            if (!ok)
                                continue;

                            OGRFieldDefn oFieldDefn(get_string(name).c_str(),
                                                    eType);
                            if (subtype &&
                                subtype.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8 &&
                                get_string(subtype) == "Boolean")
                            {
                                // cppcheck-suppress danglingTemporaryLifetime
                                oFieldDefn.SetSubType(OFSTBoolean);
                            }
                            // cppcheck-suppress danglingTemporaryLifetime
                            m_poFeatureDefn->AddFieldDefn(&oFieldDefn);

                            m_aaosFieldPaths.push_back(aosPaths);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            auto geomfields = doc["geomfields"];
            if (geomfields && geomfields.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_array)
            {
                auto arrayView(geomfields.get_array().value);
                for (const auto &elt : arrayView)
                {
                    if (elt.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_document)
                    {
                        auto obj2_doc(elt.get_document());
                        auto obj2(obj2_doc.view());
                        auto name = obj2["name"];
                        auto type = obj2["type"];
                        auto path = obj2["path"];
                        if (name && name.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8 &&
                            type && type.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8 &&
                            path && path.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_array)
                        {

                            std::vector<CPLString> aosPaths;
                            auto oPathArray(path.get_array().value);
                            bool ok = true;
                            for (const auto &eltPath : oPathArray)
                            {
                                if (eltPath.type() != bsoncxx::type::k_utf8)
                                {
                                    ok = false;
                                    break;
                                }
                                aosPaths.push_back(get_string(eltPath));
                            }
                            if (!ok)
                                continue;

                            OGRwkbGeometryType eType(
                                OGRFromOGCGeomType(get_string(type).c_str()));
                            OGRGeomFieldDefn oFieldDefn(
                                get_string(name).c_str(), eType);
                            OGRSpatialReference *poSRS =
                                new OGRSpatialReference();
                            poSRS->SetAxisMappingStrategy(
                                OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
                            poSRS->SetFromUserInput(SRS_WKT_WGS84_LAT_LONG);
                            // cppcheck-suppress danglingTemporaryLifetime
                            oFieldDefn.SetSpatialRef(poSRS);
                            poSRS->Release();
                            // cppcheck-suppress danglingTemporaryLifetime
                            m_poFeatureDefn->AddGeomFieldDefn(&oFieldDefn);

                            m_aaosGeomFieldPaths.push_back(aosPaths);
                            if (oMapIndices.find(oFieldDefn.GetNameRef()) !=
                                oMapIndices.end())
                                m_aosGeomIndexes.push_back(
                                    oMapIndices[oFieldDefn.GetNameRef()]);
                            else
                                m_aosGeomIndexes.push_back("none");
                            // CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "Layer %s:
                            // m_aosGeomIndexes[%d] = %s",
                            //          m_poFeatureDefn->GetName(),
                            //          m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldCount()-1,
                            //          m_aosGeomIndexes[m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldCount()-1].c_str());
                            m_apoCT.push_back(nullptr);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            m_bLayerMetadataUpdatable = true;
            return true;
        }
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "ReadOGRMetadata()",
                 ex.what());
    }
    return false;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         EstablishFeatureDefn()                       */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Layer::EstablishFeatureDefn()
{
    if (m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn)
        return;

    std::map<CPLString, CPLString> oMapIndices(CollectGeomIndices());

    int nCount = m_poDS->m_nFeatureCountToEstablishFeatureDefn;
    if (m_poDS->m_bUseOGRMetadata)
    {
        if (ReadOGRMetadata(oMapIndices))
            nCount = 0;
    }

    if (nCount != 0)
    {
        try
        {
            mongocxx::options::find options;
            if (nCount > 0)
            {
                options.limit(nCount);
            }
            if (m_poDS->m_nBatchSize > 0)
            {
                options.batch_size(m_poDS->m_nBatchSize);
            }

            auto cursor = m_oColl.find({}, options);
            for (auto &&doc : cursor)
            {
                // std::string s(bsoncxx::to_json(doc));
                // CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "%s", s.c_str());
                for (auto &&field : doc)
                {
                    std::vector<CPLString> aosPaths;
                    std::string osKey(field.key());
                    if (osKey == m_poDS->m_osFID)
                    {
                        m_osFID = osKey;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        AddOrUpdateField(osKey.c_str(), field, '.', aosPaths,
                                         oMapIndices);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        catch (const std::exception &ex)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s",
                     "EstablishFeatureDefn()", ex.what());
        }
    }

    if (m_poDS->m_bJSonField)
    {
        OGRFieldDefn fldDefn("_json", OFTString);
        m_poFeatureDefn->AddFieldDefn(&fldDefn);
        std::vector<CPLString> aosPaths;
        m_aaosFieldPaths.push_back(aosPaths);
    }

    m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn = true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetFIDColumn()                            */
/************************************************************************/

const char *OGRMongoDBv3Layer::GetFIDColumn()
{
    if (!m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn)
        EstablishFeatureDefn();
    return m_osFID.c_str();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            BuildQuery()                              */
/************************************************************************/

bsoncxx::document::value OGRMongoDBv3Layer::BuildQuery()
{
    bsoncxx::builder::basic::document b{};
    auto queryAttrView(m_oQueryAttr.view());
    for (const auto &field : queryAttrView)
    {
        b.append(kvp(field.key(), field.get_value()));
    }
    auto querySpatView(m_oQuerySpat.view());
    for (const auto &field : querySpatView)
    {
        b.append(kvp(field.key(), field.get_value()));
    }
    return b.extract();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetFeatureCount()                          */
/************************************************************************/

GIntBig OGRMongoDBv3Layer::GetFeatureCount(int bForce)
{
    if (m_poAttrQuery != nullptr ||
        (m_poFilterGeom != nullptr && !TestCapability(OLCFastSpatialFilter)))
    {
        return OGRLayer::GetFeatureCount(bForce);
    }

    if (!m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn)
        EstablishFeatureDefn();
    SyncToDisk();

    try
    {
        return static_cast<GIntBig>(m_oColl.count_documents(BuildQuery()));
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "GetFeatureCount()",
                 ex.what());
        return OGRLayer::GetFeatureCount(bForce);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Stringify()                              */
/************************************************************************/

#if BSONCXX_VERSION_MAJOR > 3 || BSONCXX_VERSION_MINOR >= 6
static CPLString Stringify(const bsoncxx::types::bson_value::view &val)
#else
static CPLString Stringify(const bsoncxx::types::value &val)
#endif
{
    const auto eBSONType = val.type();
    if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8)
    {
#if BSONCXX_VERSION_MAJOR > 3 || BSONCXX_VERSION_MINOR >= 7
        return std::string(val.get_string().value);
#else
        return std::string(val.get_utf8().value);
#endif
    }
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int32)
        return CPLSPrintf("%d", val.get_int32().value);
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int64)
        return CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GIB,
                          static_cast<GIntBig>(val.get_int64().value));
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_double)
        return CPLSPrintf("%.16g", val.get_double().value);
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_oid)
        return val.get_oid().value.to_string();
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_bool)
        return CPLSPrintf("%d", val.get_bool().value);
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_date)
    {
        GIntBig secsandmillis = static_cast<GIntBig>(val.get_date().to_int64());
        struct tm tm;
        GIntBig secs = secsandmillis / 1000;
        int millis = static_cast<int>(secsandmillis % 1000);
        if (millis < 0)
        {
            secs--;
            millis += 1000;
        }
        CPLUnixTimeToYMDHMS(secs, &tm);
        return CPLSPrintf("%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d.%03dZ",
                          tm.tm_year + 1900, tm.tm_mon + 1, tm.tm_mday,
                          tm.tm_hour, tm.tm_min, tm.tm_sec, millis);
    }
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_document)
    {
        return CPLString(bsoncxx::to_json(val.get_document().value));
    }
    else
    {
        // This looks like a hack, but to_json() only works on documents
        // so we have to wrap our value as a fake { "v": val } document...
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::document b{};
        b.append(kvp("v", val));
        CPLString ret(bsoncxx::to_json(b.extract()));
        CPLAssert(ret.find("{ \"v\" : ") == 0);
        CPLAssert(ret.substr(ret.size() - 2) == " }");
        ret = ret.substr(strlen("{ \"v\" : "),
                         ret.size() - strlen("{ \"v\" : ") - 2);
        return ret;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                   OGRMongoDBV3ReaderSetField()                       */
/************************************************************************/

static void OGRMongoDBV3ReaderSetField(OGRFeature *poFeature,
                                       const char *pszAttrName,
                                       const bsoncxx::document::element &elt,
                                       bool bFlattenNestedAttributes,
                                       char chNestedAttributeSeparator)
{
    int nGeomFieldIndex;
    auto eBSONType = elt.type();

    if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_document &&
        (nGeomFieldIndex = poFeature->GetGeomFieldIndex(pszAttrName)) >= 0)
    {
        CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
        OGRGeometry *poGeom = OGRGeometry::FromHandle(
            OGR_G_CreateGeometryFromJson(Stringify(elt.get_value())));
        CPLPopErrorHandler();
        if (poGeom != nullptr)
        {
            poGeom->assignSpatialReference(
                poFeature->GetDefnRef()
                    ->GetGeomFieldDefn(nGeomFieldIndex)
                    ->GetSpatialRef());
            poFeature->SetGeomFieldDirectly(nGeomFieldIndex, poGeom);
        }
        return;
    }
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_array &&
             (nGeomFieldIndex = poFeature->GetGeomFieldIndex(pszAttrName)) >= 0)
    {
        auto arrayView = elt.get_array().value;
        const unsigned nSize = static_cast<unsigned>(
            std::distance(arrayView.begin(), arrayView.end()));
        if (nSize == 2)
        {
            auto x = arrayView[0];
            auto y = arrayView[1];
            if (x.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_double &&
                y.type() == bsoncxx::type::k_double)
            {
                OGRGeometry *poGeom =
                    new OGRPoint(x.get_double().value, y.get_double().value);
                poGeom->assignSpatialReference(
                    poFeature->GetDefnRef()
                        ->GetGeomFieldDefn(nGeomFieldIndex)
                        ->GetSpatialRef());
                poFeature->SetGeomFieldDirectly(nGeomFieldIndex, poGeom);
            }
        }
        return;
    }

    if (bFlattenNestedAttributes && eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_document)
    {
        auto doc(elt.get_document().value);
        for (auto &&field : doc)
        {
            CPLString osAttrName(pszAttrName);
            osAttrName += chNestedAttributeSeparator;
            std::string keyName(field.key());
            osAttrName += keyName;
            OGRMongoDBV3ReaderSetField(poFeature, osAttrName, field,
                                       bFlattenNestedAttributes,
                                       chNestedAttributeSeparator);
        }
        return;
    }

    int nField = poFeature->GetFieldIndex(pszAttrName);
    if (nField < 0)
        return;
    OGRFieldDefn *poFieldDefn = poFeature->GetFieldDefnRef(nField);
    CPLAssert(nullptr != poFieldDefn);
    OGRFieldType eType = poFieldDefn->GetType();
    if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_null)
        poFeature->SetFieldNull(nField);
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int32)
        poFeature->SetField(nField, elt.get_int32().value);
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int64)
        poFeature->SetField(nField,
                            static_cast<GIntBig>(elt.get_int64().value));
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_double)
        poFeature->SetField(nField, elt.get_double().value);
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_minkey && eType == OFTReal)
        poFeature->SetField(nField, -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_maxkey && eType == OFTReal)
        poFeature->SetField(nField, std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_minkey && eType == OFTInteger)
        poFeature->SetField(nField, INT_MIN);
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_maxkey && eType == OFTInteger)
        poFeature->SetField(nField, INT_MAX);
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_minkey && eType == OFTInteger64)
        poFeature->SetField(nField, std::numeric_limits<GIntBig>::min());
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_maxkey && eType == OFTInteger64)
        poFeature->SetField(nField, std::numeric_limits<GIntBig>::max());
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_array)
    {
        auto arrayView = elt.get_array().value;
        const unsigned nSize = static_cast<unsigned>(
            std::distance(arrayView.begin(), arrayView.end()));
        if (eType == OFTStringList)
        {
            char **papszValues =
                static_cast<char **>(CPLCalloc(nSize + 1, sizeof(char *)));
            unsigned int i = 0;
            for (auto &&subElt : arrayView)
            {
                papszValues[i] = CPLStrdup(Stringify(subElt.get_value()));
                ++i;
            }
            poFeature->SetField(nField, papszValues);
            CSLDestroy(papszValues);
        }
        else if (eType == OFTRealList)
        {
            double *padfValues =
                static_cast<double *>(CPLMalloc(nSize * sizeof(double)));
            unsigned int i = 0;
            for (auto &&subElt : arrayView)
            {
                eBSONType = subElt.type();
                if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int32)
                    padfValues[i] = subElt.get_int32().value;
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int64)
                    padfValues[i] =
                        static_cast<double>(subElt.get_int64().value);
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_double)
                    padfValues[i] = subElt.get_double().value;
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_minkey)
                    padfValues[i] = -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_maxkey)
                    padfValues[i] = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
                else
                    padfValues[i] = CPLAtof(Stringify(subElt.get_value()));
                ++i;
            }
            poFeature->SetField(nField, nSize, padfValues);
            CPLFree(padfValues);
        }
        else if (eType == OFTIntegerList)
        {
            int *panValues = static_cast<int *>(CPLMalloc(nSize * sizeof(int)));
            unsigned int i = 0;
            for (auto &&subElt : arrayView)
            {
                eBSONType = subElt.type();
                if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int32)
                    panValues[i] = subElt.get_int32().value;
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int64)
                {
                    GIntBig nVal = subElt.get_int64().value;
                    if (nVal < INT_MIN)
                        panValues[i] = INT_MIN;
                    else if (nVal > INT_MAX)
                        panValues[i] = INT_MAX;
                    else
                        panValues[i] = static_cast<int>(nVal);
                }
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_double)
                {
                    double dfVal = subElt.get_double().value;
                    if (dfVal < INT_MIN)
                        panValues[i] = INT_MIN;
                    else if (dfVal > INT_MAX)
                        panValues[i] = INT_MAX;
                    else
                        panValues[i] = static_cast<int>(dfVal);
                }
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_minkey)
                    panValues[i] = INT_MIN;
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_maxkey)
                    panValues[i] = INT_MAX;
                else
                    panValues[i] = atoi(Stringify(subElt.get_value()));
                ++i;
            }
            poFeature->SetField(nField, nSize, panValues);
            CPLFree(panValues);
        }
        else if (eType == OFTInteger64List)
        {
            GIntBig *panValues =
                static_cast<GIntBig *>(CPLMalloc(nSize * sizeof(GIntBig)));
            unsigned int i = 0;
            for (auto &&subElt : arrayView)
            {
                eBSONType = subElt.type();
                if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int32)
                    panValues[i] = subElt.get_int32().value;
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int64)
                    panValues[i] = subElt.get_int64().value;
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_double)
                {
                    double dfVal = subElt.get_double().value;
                    if (dfVal < std::numeric_limits<GIntBig>::min())
                        panValues[i] = std::numeric_limits<GIntBig>::min();
                    else if (dfVal > static_cast<double>(
                                         std::numeric_limits<GIntBig>::max()))
                        panValues[i] = std::numeric_limits<GIntBig>::max();
                    else
                        panValues[i] = static_cast<GIntBig>(dfVal);
                }
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_minkey)
                    panValues[i] = std::numeric_limits<GIntBig>::min();
                else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_maxkey)
                    panValues[i] = std::numeric_limits<GIntBig>::max();
                else
                    panValues[i] = CPLAtoGIntBig(Stringify(subElt.get_value()));
                ++i;
            }
            poFeature->SetField(nField, nSize, panValues);
            CPLFree(panValues);
        }
    }
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_utf8)
    {
        poFeature->SetField(nField, get_string(elt).c_str());
    }
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_oid)
        poFeature->SetField(nField, elt.get_oid().value.to_string().c_str());
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_bool)
        poFeature->SetField(nField, elt.get_bool().value);
    else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_binary)
    {
        const auto v(elt.get_binary());
        int len = static_cast<int>(v.size);
        const GByte *pabyData = v.bytes;
        poFeature->SetField(nField, len, pabyData);
    }
    else
        poFeature->SetField(nField, Stringify(elt.get_value()));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            Translate()                               */
/************************************************************************/

std::unique_ptr<OGRFeature>
OGRMongoDBv3Layer::Translate(const bsoncxx::document::view &doc)
{
    auto poFeature = std::make_unique<OGRFeature>(m_poFeatureDefn);
    for (auto &&field : doc)
    {
        std::string fieldName(field.key());
        if (!m_poDS->m_osFID.empty() && EQUAL(m_osFID, fieldName.c_str()))
        {
            const auto eBSONType = field.type();
            if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int32)
            {
                poFeature->SetFID(field.get_int32().value);
            }
            else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_int64)
            {
                poFeature->SetFID(field.get_int64().value);
            }
            else if (eBSONType == bsoncxx::type::k_double)
            {
                double dfV = field.get_double().value;
                if (dfV >= static_cast<double>(
                               std::numeric_limits<GIntBig>::min()) &&
                    dfV <= static_cast<double>(
                               std::numeric_limits<GIntBig>::max()))
                {
                    auto nV = static_cast<GIntBig>(dfV);
                    if (static_cast<double>(nV) == dfV)
                    {
                        poFeature->SetFID(nV);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            OGRMongoDBV3ReaderSetField(poFeature.get(), fieldName.c_str(),
                                       field,
                                       m_poDS->m_bFlattenNestedAttributes, '.');
        }

        if (m_poDS->m_bJSonField)
        {
            poFeature->SetField("_json", bsoncxx::to_json(doc).c_str());
        }
    }
    return poFeature;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetNextFeature()                           */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeature *OGRMongoDBv3Layer::GetNextFeature()
{
    if (!m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn)
        EstablishFeatureDefn();
    if (!m_aoDocsToInsert.empty())
        SyncToDisk();

    try
    {
        if (!m_poCursor)
        {
            mongocxx::options::find options;
            if (m_poDS->m_nBatchSize > 0)
            {
                options.batch_size(m_poDS->m_nBatchSize);
            }
            m_poCursor.reset(
                new mongocxx::cursor(m_oColl.find(BuildQuery(), options)));
            m_poIterator.reset(
                new mongocxx::cursor::iterator(m_poCursor->begin()));
        }
        if (!m_poCursor || !m_poIterator)
            return nullptr;

        while (*m_poIterator != m_poCursor->end())
        {
            auto poFeature(Translate(**m_poIterator));
            if (poFeature->GetFID() < 0)
                poFeature->SetFID(++m_nIndex);

            (*m_poIterator)++;

            if ((m_poFilterGeom == nullptr ||
                 FilterGeometry(poFeature->GetGeometryRef())) &&
                (m_poAttrQuery == nullptr ||
                 m_poAttrQuery->Evaluate(poFeature.get())))
            {
                return poFeature.release();
            }
        }
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "GetNextFeature()",
                 ex.what());
    }
    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetFeature()                             */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeature *OGRMongoDBv3Layer::GetFeature(GIntBig nFID)
{
    if (!m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn)
        EstablishFeatureDefn();
    if (!m_aoDocsToInsert.empty())
        SyncToDisk();

    if (m_osFID.empty())
    {
        auto oQueryAttrBak = m_oQueryAttr;
        auto oQuerySpatBak = m_oQuerySpat;
        m_oQueryAttr = bsoncxx::builder::basic::make_document();
        m_oQuerySpat = bsoncxx::builder::basic::make_document();
        OGRFeature *poFeature = OGRLayer::GetFeature(nFID);
        m_oQueryAttr = oQueryAttrBak;
        m_oQuerySpat = oQuerySpatBak;
        return poFeature;
    }

    try
    {
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::document b{};
        b.append(kvp(std::string(m_osFID), static_cast<int64_t>(nFID)));
        auto obj = m_oColl.find_one(b.extract());
        if (!obj)
            return nullptr;

        auto poFeature = Translate(obj->view());
        poFeature->SetFID(nFID);
        return poFeature.release();
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "GetFeature()",
                 ex.what());
        return nullptr;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             DeleteFeature()                          */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Layer::DeleteFeature(GIntBig nFID)
{
    if (m_poDS->GetAccess() != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Dataset opened in read-only mode");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    if (!m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn)
        EstablishFeatureDefn();
    if (!m_aoDocsToInsert.empty())
        SyncToDisk();
    if (m_osFID.empty())
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;

    try
    {
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::document b{};
        b.append(kvp(std::string(m_osFID), static_cast<int64_t>(nFID)));
        auto obj = m_oColl.find_one_and_delete(b.extract());
        // if( obj )
        //{
        //     std::string s(bsoncxx::to_json(obj->view()));
        //     CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "%s", s.c_str());
        // }
        return obj ? OGRERR_NONE : OGRERR_NON_EXISTING_FEATURE;
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "DeleteFeature()",
                 ex.what());
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CreateField()                             */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Layer::CreateField(const OGRFieldDefn *poFieldIn, int)

{
    if (m_poDS->GetAccess() != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Dataset opened in read-only mode");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    const char *pszFieldName = poFieldIn->GetNameRef();
    if (m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldIndex(pszFieldName) >= 0)
    {
        if (!EQUAL(pszFieldName, "_id") && !EQUAL(pszFieldName, "_json"))
        {
            CPLError(
                CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                "CreateField() called with an already existing field name: %s",
                pszFieldName);
        }
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    m_poFeatureDefn->AddFieldDefn(poFieldIn);

    std::vector<CPLString> aosPaths;
    if (m_bDotAsNestedField)
    {
        char **papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString2(pszFieldName, ".", 0);
        for (int i = 0; papszTokens[i]; i++)
            aosPaths.push_back(papszTokens[i]);
        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
    }
    else
        aosPaths.push_back(pszFieldName);
    m_aaosFieldPaths.push_back(aosPaths);

    m_bUpdateLayerMetadata = m_bLayerMetadataUpdatable;

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           CreateGeomField()                          */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Layer::CreateGeomField(const OGRGeomFieldDefn *poFieldIn,
                                          int)

{
    if (m_poDS->GetAccess() != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Dataset opened in read-only mode");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    if (m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldIndex(poFieldIn->GetNameRef()) >= 0)
    {
        CPLError(
            CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
            "CreateGeomField() called with an already existing field name: %s",
            poFieldIn->GetNameRef());
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    OGRGeomFieldDefn oFieldDefn(poFieldIn);
    if (EQUAL(oFieldDefn.GetNameRef(), ""))
        oFieldDefn.SetName("geometry");

    m_poFeatureDefn->AddGeomFieldDefn(&oFieldDefn);

    std::vector<CPLString> aosPaths;
    if (m_bDotAsNestedField)
    {
        char **papszTokens =
            CSLTokenizeString2(oFieldDefn.GetNameRef(), ".", 0);
        for (int i = 0; papszTokens[i]; i++)
            aosPaths.push_back(papszTokens[i]);
        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
    }
    else
        aosPaths.push_back(oFieldDefn.GetNameRef());
    m_aaosGeomFieldPaths.push_back(aosPaths);
    m_aosGeomIndexes.push_back("none");

    std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation> poCT;
    if (oFieldDefn.GetSpatialRef() != nullptr)
    {
        OGRSpatialReference oSRS_WGS84;
        oSRS_WGS84.SetFromUserInput(SRS_WKT_WGS84_LAT_LONG);
        oSRS_WGS84.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
        if (!oSRS_WGS84.IsSame(oFieldDefn.GetSpatialRef()))
        {
            poCT.reset(OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(
                oFieldDefn.GetSpatialRef(), &oSRS_WGS84));
            if (poCT.get() == nullptr)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "On-the-fly reprojection to WGS84 long/lat would be "
                         "needed, but instantiation of transformer failed");
            }
        }
    }
    m_apoCT.push_back(std::move(poCT));

    if (m_bCreateSpatialIndex)
    {
        // CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "Create spatial index for %s of %s",
        //          poFieldIn->GetNameRef(), m_poFeatureDefn->GetName());
        try
        {
            const char *pszIndexType;
            if (wkbFlatten(poFieldIn->GetType()) != wkbPoint)
                pszIndexType = "2dsphere";
            else
                pszIndexType = CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_MONGODB_SPAT_INDEX_TYPE",
                                                  "2dsphere");

            bsoncxx::builder::basic::document b{};
            b.append(kvp(std::string(oFieldDefn.GetNameRef()),
                         std::string(pszIndexType)));
            m_oColl.create_index(b.extract());

            m_aosGeomIndexes.back() = pszIndexType;
        }
        catch (const std::exception &ex)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "Index creation",
                     ex.what());
        }
    }

    m_bUpdateLayerMetadata = m_bLayerMetadataUpdatable;

    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SerializeField()                           */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Layer::SerializeField(bsoncxx::builder::basic::document &b,
                                       OGRFeature *poFeature, int iField,
                                       const char *pszJSonField)
{
    OGRFieldType eType = m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(iField)->GetType();
    std::string osFieldName(pszJSonField);
    if (poFeature->IsFieldNull(iField))
    {
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName, bsoncxx::types::b_null{}));
    }
    else if (eType == OFTInteger)
    {
        if (m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(iField)->GetSubType() == OFSTBoolean)
            b.append(kvp(osFieldName,
                         CPL_TO_BOOL(poFeature->GetFieldAsInteger(iField))));
        else
            b.append(kvp(osFieldName, poFeature->GetFieldAsInteger(iField)));
    }
    else if (eType == OFTInteger64)
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName, static_cast<int64_t>(
                                      poFeature->GetFieldAsInteger64(iField))));
    else if (eType == OFTReal)
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName, poFeature->GetFieldAsDouble(iField)));
    else if (eType == OFTString)
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName, poFeature->GetFieldAsString(iField)));
    else if (eType == OFTStringList)
    {
        char **papszValues = poFeature->GetFieldAsStringList(iField);
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::array arrayBuilder;
        for (int i = 0; papszValues[i]; i++)
            arrayBuilder.append(papszValues[i]);
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName, arrayBuilder.extract()));
    }
    else if (eType == OFTIntegerList)
    {
        int nSize;
        const int *panValues = poFeature->GetFieldAsIntegerList(iField, &nSize);
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::array arrayBuilder;
        for (int i = 0; i < nSize; i++)
            arrayBuilder.append(panValues[i]);
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName, arrayBuilder.extract()));
    }
    else if (eType == OFTInteger64List)
    {
        int nSize;
        const GIntBig *panValues =
            poFeature->GetFieldAsInteger64List(iField, &nSize);
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::array arrayBuilder;
        for (int i = 0; i < nSize; i++)
            arrayBuilder.append(static_cast<int64_t>(panValues[i]));
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName, arrayBuilder.extract()));
    }
    else if (eType == OFTRealList)
    {
        int nSize;
        const double *padfValues =
            poFeature->GetFieldAsDoubleList(iField, &nSize);
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::array arrayBuilder;
        for (int i = 0; i < nSize; i++)
            arrayBuilder.append(padfValues[i]);
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName, arrayBuilder.extract()));
    }
    else if (eType == OFTBinary)
    {
        int nSize;
        const GByte *pabyData = poFeature->GetFieldAsBinary(iField, &nSize);
        bsoncxx::types::b_binary bin;
        bin.sub_type = bsoncxx::binary_sub_type::k_binary;
        bin.size = nSize;
        bin.bytes = pabyData;
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName, bin));
    }
    else if (eType == OFTDate || eType == OFTDateTime || eType == OFTTime)
    {
        struct tm tm;
        int nYear, nMonth, nDay, nHour, nMinute, nTZ;
        float fSecond;
        poFeature->GetFieldAsDateTime(iField, &nYear, &nMonth, &nDay, &nHour,
                                      &nMinute, &fSecond, &nTZ);
        tm.tm_year = nYear - 1900;
        tm.tm_mon = nMonth - 1;
        tm.tm_mday = nDay;
        tm.tm_hour = nHour;
        tm.tm_min = nMinute;
        tm.tm_sec = static_cast<int>(fSecond);
        GIntBig millis = 1000 * CPLYMDHMSToUnixTime(&tm) +
                         static_cast<GIntBig>(1000 * fmod(fSecond, 1));
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName,
                     bsoncxx::types::b_date(
                         static_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(millis))));
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        SerializeGeometry()                           */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Layer::SerializeGeometry(bsoncxx::builder::basic::document &b,
                                          OGRGeometry *poGeom, int iField,
                                          const char *pszJSonField)
{
    std::string osFieldName(pszJSonField);
    if (m_aosGeomIndexes[iField] == "2d" &&
        wkbFlatten(poGeom->getGeometryType()) == wkbPoint)
    {
        bsoncxx::builder::basic::array arrayBuilder;
        OGRPoint *poPoint = poGeom->toPoint();
        arrayBuilder.append(poPoint->getX());
        arrayBuilder.append(poPoint->getY());
        b.append(kvp(osFieldName, arrayBuilder.extract()));
    }
    else
    {
        char *pszJSon = OGR_G_ExportToJson(OGRGeometry::ToHandle(poGeom));
        if (pszJSon)
        {
            // CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "%s", pszJSon);
            auto obj(bsoncxx::from_json(pszJSon));
            b.append(kvp(osFieldName, obj));
        }
        CPLFree(pszJSon);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       SerializeRecursive()                           */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Layer::SerializeRecursive(
    bsoncxx::builder::basic::document &b, OGRFeature *poFeature,
    std::map<CPLString, IntOrMap *> &aoMap)
{
    std::map<CPLString, IntOrMap *>::iterator oIter = aoMap.begin();
    for (; oIter != aoMap.end(); ++oIter)
    {
        IntOrMap *intOrMap = oIter->second;
        if (intOrMap->bIsMap)
        {
            bsoncxx::builder::basic::document subB;
            SerializeRecursive(subB, poFeature, *(intOrMap->u.poMap));
            b.append(kvp(std::string(oIter->first), subB.extract()));
            delete intOrMap->u.poMap;
        }
        else
        {
            int i = intOrMap->u.nField;
            if (i >= 0)
            {
                SerializeField(b, poFeature, i, oIter->first.c_str());
            }
            else
            {
                i = -i - 1;
                OGRGeometry *poGeom = poFeature->GetGeomFieldRef(i);
                SerializeGeometry(b, poGeom, i, oIter->first.c_str());
            }
        }
        delete intOrMap;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           InsertInMap()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Layer::InsertInMap(
    IntOrMap *rootMap, std::map<std::vector<CPLString>, IntOrMap *> &aoMap,
    const std::vector<CPLString> &aosFieldPathFull, int nField)
{
    std::vector<CPLString> aosFieldPath;
    std::vector<CPLString> aosFieldPathPrev;
    for (int j = 0; j < static_cast<int>(aosFieldPathFull.size()) - 1; j++)
    {
        aosFieldPath.push_back(aosFieldPathFull[j]);
        if (aoMap.find(aosFieldPath) == aoMap.end())
        {
            IntOrMap *intOrMap = new IntOrMap;
            intOrMap->bIsMap = TRUE;
            intOrMap->u.poMap = new std::map<CPLString, IntOrMap *>;
            aoMap[aosFieldPath] = intOrMap;
        }
        if (j > 0)
        {
            std::map<CPLString, IntOrMap *> *poPrevMap =
                aoMap[aosFieldPathPrev]->u.poMap;
            (*poPrevMap)[aosFieldPathFull[j]] = aoMap[aosFieldPath];
        }
        else
            (*(rootMap->u.poMap))[aosFieldPathFull[j]] = aoMap[aosFieldPath];
        aosFieldPathPrev.push_back(aosFieldPathFull[j]);
    }
    IntOrMap *intOrMap = new IntOrMap;
    intOrMap->bIsMap = FALSE;
    intOrMap->u.nField = nField;
    std::map<CPLString, IntOrMap *> *poPrevMap =
        aoMap[aosFieldPathPrev]->u.poMap;
    const CPLString &osLastComponent(aosFieldPathFull.back());
    CPLAssert((*poPrevMap).find(osLastComponent) == (*poPrevMap).end());
    (*(poPrevMap))[osLastComponent] = intOrMap;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               IsInList()                             */
/************************************************************************/

static bool IsInList(int nVal, int nCount, const int *panList)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < nCount; ++i)
    {
        if (panList[i] == nVal)
            return true;
    }
    return false;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       BuildBSONObjFromFeature()                      */
/************************************************************************/

bsoncxx::document::value OGRMongoDBv3Layer::BuildBSONObjFromFeature(
    OGRFeature *poFeature, bool bUpdate, int nUpdatedFieldsCount,
    const int *panUpdatedFieldsIdx, int nUpdatedGeomFieldsCount,
    const int *panUpdatedGeomFieldsIdx)
{
    bsoncxx::builder::basic::document b{};

    int nJSonFieldIndex = m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldIndex("_json");
    if (nJSonFieldIndex >= 0 &&
        poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(nJSonFieldIndex) &&
        (nUpdatedFieldsCount < 0 ||
         IsInList(nJSonFieldIndex, nUpdatedFieldsCount, panUpdatedFieldsIdx)))
    {
        CPLString osJSon(poFeature->GetFieldAsString(nJSonFieldIndex));

        auto obj(bsoncxx::from_json(osJSon));
        auto obj_view(obj.view());
        if ((m_bIgnoreSourceID || !obj_view["_id"]) && !bUpdate)
        {
            bsoncxx::oid generated;
            b.append(kvp("_id", generated));
            poFeature->SetField(0, generated.to_string().c_str());
        }
        for (const auto &field : obj_view)
        {
            b.append(kvp(field.key(), field.get_value()));
        }
        return b.extract();
    }

    if (poFeature->GetFID() >= 0 && !m_osFID.empty())
    {
        b.append(kvp(std::string(m_osFID),
                     static_cast<int64_t>(poFeature->GetFID())));
    }

    CPLAssert(static_cast<int>(m_aaosFieldPaths.size()) ==
              m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount());

    if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(0) || (!bUpdate && m_bIgnoreSourceID))
    {
        bsoncxx::oid generated;
        b.append(kvp("_id", generated));
        poFeature->SetField(0, generated.to_string().c_str());
    }
    else
        b.append(kvp("_id", bsoncxx::oid(poFeature->GetFieldAsString(0))));

    IntOrMap *rootMap = new IntOrMap;
    rootMap->bIsMap = TRUE;
    rootMap->u.poMap = new std::map<CPLString, IntOrMap *>;
    std::map<std::vector<CPLString>, IntOrMap *> aoMap;

    {
        const int nStart = nUpdatedFieldsCount >= 0 ? 0 : 1;
        const int nStop = nUpdatedFieldsCount >= 0
                              ? nUpdatedFieldsCount
                              : m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldCount();
        for (int i = nStart; i < nStop; i++)
        {
            const int iField =
                nUpdatedFieldsCount >= 0 ? panUpdatedFieldsIdx[i] : i;
            if (iField == 0)
                continue;
            if (!poFeature->IsFieldSet(iField))
                continue;

            if (m_aaosFieldPaths[iField].size() > 1)
            {
                InsertInMap(rootMap, aoMap, m_aaosFieldPaths[iField], iField);
            }
            else
            {
                const char *pszFieldName =
                    m_poFeatureDefn->GetFieldDefn(iField)->GetNameRef();
                SerializeField(b, poFeature, iField, pszFieldName);
            }
        }
    }

    CPLAssert(static_cast<int>(m_aaosGeomFieldPaths.size()) ==
              m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldCount());
    CPLAssert(static_cast<int>(m_apoCT.size()) ==
              m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldCount());
    const int nStop = nUpdatedGeomFieldsCount >= 0
                          ? nUpdatedGeomFieldsCount
                          : m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldCount();
    for (int i = 0; i < nStop; i++)
    {
        const int iField =
            nUpdatedGeomFieldsCount >= 0 ? panUpdatedGeomFieldsIdx[i] : i;
        OGRGeometry *poGeom = poFeature->GetGeomFieldRef(iField);
        if (poGeom == nullptr)
            continue;
        if (!bUpdate && m_apoCT[iField] != nullptr)
            poGeom->transform(m_apoCT[i].get());

        if (m_aaosGeomFieldPaths[iField].size() > 1)
        {
            InsertInMap(rootMap, aoMap, m_aaosGeomFieldPaths[i], -iField - 1);
        }
        else
        {
            const char *pszFieldName =
                m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldDefn(iField)->GetNameRef();
            SerializeGeometry(b, poGeom, iField, pszFieldName);
        }
    }

    SerializeRecursive(b, poFeature, *(rootMap->u.poMap));
    delete rootMap->u.poMap;
    delete rootMap;

    return b.extract();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ICreateFeature()                           */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Layer::ICreateFeature(OGRFeature *poFeature)
{
    if (m_poDS->GetAccess() != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Dataset opened in read-only mode");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    if (!m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn)
        EstablishFeatureDefn();

    try
    {
        if (poFeature->GetFID() < 0)
        {
            if (m_nNextFID == 0)
                m_nNextFID = GetFeatureCount(false);
            poFeature->SetFID(++m_nNextFID);
        }

        auto bsonObj(BuildBSONObjFromFeature(poFeature, false, -1, nullptr, -1,
                                             nullptr));

        if (m_poDS->m_bBulkInsert)
        {
            constexpr size_t knMAX_DOCS_IN_BULK = 1000;
            if (m_aoDocsToInsert.size() == knMAX_DOCS_IN_BULK)
                SyncToDisk();
            m_aoDocsToInsert.emplace_back(std::move(bsonObj));
        }
        else
        {
            // std::string s(bsoncxx::to_json(bsonObj));
            // CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "%s", s.c_str());
            m_oColl.insert_one(std::move(bsonObj));
        }

        return OGRERR_NONE;
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "CreateFeature()",
                 ex.what());
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ISetFeature()                             */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Layer::ISetFeature(OGRFeature *poFeature)
{
    const OGRErr err = PrepareForUpdateOrUpsert(poFeature);
    if (err != OGRERR_NONE)
    {
        return err;
    }

    try
    {
        auto bsonObj(
            BuildBSONObjFromFeature(poFeature, true, -1, nullptr, -1, nullptr));
        auto view(bsonObj.view());
        auto filter(BuildIDMatchFilter(view, poFeature));
        auto ret =
            m_oColl.find_one_and_replace(std::move(filter), std::move(bsonObj));
        return ret ? OGRERR_NONE : OGRERR_NON_EXISTING_FEATURE;
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "SetFeature()",
                 ex.what());
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      PrepareForUpdateOrUpsert()                      */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Layer::PrepareForUpdateOrUpsert(const OGRFeature *poFeature)
{
    if (m_poDS->GetAccess() != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Dataset opened in read-only mode");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    if (!m_bHasEstablishedFeatureDefn)
        EstablishFeatureDefn();
    if (!m_aoDocsToInsert.empty())
        SyncToDisk();

    if (!poFeature->IsFieldSetAndNotNull(0))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "_id field not set");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }
    return OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         BuildIDMatchFilter()                         */
/************************************************************************/

bsoncxx::document::value
OGRMongoDBv3Layer::BuildIDMatchFilter(bsoncxx::document::view view,
                                      const OGRFeature *poFeature) const
{
    bsoncxx::builder::basic::document filterBuilder{};
    filterBuilder.append(kvp("_id", view["_id"].get_oid().value));
    if (!m_osFID.empty())
        filterBuilder.append(kvp(std::string(m_osFID),
                                 static_cast<int64_t>(poFeature->GetFID())));

    return filterBuilder.extract();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           IUpsertFeature()                           */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Layer::IUpsertFeature(OGRFeature *poFeature)
{
    if (!TestCapability(OLCUpsertFeature))
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;

    const OGRErr err = PrepareForUpdateOrUpsert(poFeature);
    if (err != OGRERR_NONE)
    {
        return err;
    }

    try
    {
        auto bsonObj(
            BuildBSONObjFromFeature(poFeature, true, -1, nullptr, -1, nullptr));
        auto view(bsonObj.view());
        auto filter(BuildIDMatchFilter(view, poFeature));
        m_oColl.find_one_and_update(
            std::move(filter), std::move(bsonObj),
            mongocxx::options::find_one_and_update().upsert(true));
        return OGRERR_NONE;
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "UpsertFeature()",
                 ex.what());
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           IUpdateFeature()                           */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Layer::IUpdateFeature(OGRFeature *poFeature,
                                         int nUpdatedFieldsCount,
                                         const int *panUpdatedFieldsIdx,
                                         int nUpdatedGeomFieldsCount,
                                         const int *panUpdatedGeomFieldsIdx,
                                         bool /* bUpdateStyleString */)
{
    if (!TestCapability(OLCUpdateFeature))
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;

    const OGRErr err = PrepareForUpdateOrUpsert(poFeature);
    if (err != OGRERR_NONE)
    {
        return err;
    }

    try
    {
        auto bsonObj(BuildBSONObjFromFeature(
            poFeature, true, nUpdatedFieldsCount, panUpdatedFieldsIdx,
            nUpdatedGeomFieldsCount, panUpdatedGeomFieldsIdx));
        auto view(bsonObj.view());
        auto filter(BuildIDMatchFilter(view, poFeature));
        auto ret =
            m_oColl.find_one_and_update(std::move(filter), std::move(bsonObj));
        return ret ? OGRERR_NONE : OGRERR_NON_EXISTING_FEATURE;
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "UpdateFeature()",
                 ex.what());
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            TestCapability()                          */
/************************************************************************/

int OGRMongoDBv3Layer::TestCapability(const char *pszCap)
{
    if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCStringsAsUTF8))
    {
        return true;
    }
    if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCRandomRead))
    {
        EstablishFeatureDefn();
        return !m_osFID.empty();
    }
    if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCFastSpatialFilter))
    {
        EstablishFeatureDefn();
        for (int i = 0; i < m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldCount(); i++)
        {
            if (m_aosGeomIndexes[i] == "none")
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCCreateField) || EQUAL(pszCap, OLCCreateGeomField) ||
        EQUAL(pszCap, OLCUpsertFeature) || EQUAL(pszCap, OLCSequentialWrite) ||
        EQUAL(pszCap, OLCRandomWrite) || EQUAL(pszCap, OLCUpdateFeature))
    {
        return m_poDS->GetAccess() == GA_Update;
    }
    else if (EQUAL(pszCap, OLCDeleteFeature))
    {
        EstablishFeatureDefn();
        return m_poDS->GetAccess() == GA_Update && !m_osFID.empty();
    }

    return false;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetAttributeFilter()                        */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Layer::SetAttributeFilter(const char *pszFilter)
{
    m_oQueryAttr = bsoncxx::builder::basic::make_document();

    if (pszFilter != nullptr && pszFilter[0] == '{')
    {
        OGRLayer::SetAttributeFilter(nullptr);
        try
        {
            m_oQueryAttr = bsoncxx::from_json(pszFilter);
            return OGRERR_NONE;
        }
        catch (const std::exception &ex)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s",
                     "SetAttributeFilter()", ex.what());
            return OGRERR_FAILURE;
        }
    }
    return OGRLayer::SetAttributeFilter(pszFilter);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetSpatialFilter()                          */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Layer::SetSpatialFilter(int iGeomField, OGRGeometry *poGeomIn)

{
    if (iGeomField < 0 || iGeomField >= GetLayerDefn()->GetGeomFieldCount() ||
        GetLayerDefn()->GetGeomFieldDefn(iGeomField)->GetType() == wkbNone)
    {
        if (iGeomField != 0)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Invalid geometry field index : %d", iGeomField);
        }
        return;
    }
    m_iGeomFieldFilter = iGeomField;

    m_oQuerySpat = bsoncxx::builder::basic::make_document();
    if (InstallFilter(poGeomIn) && poGeomIn)
    {
        OGREnvelope sEnvelope;
        poGeomIn->getEnvelope(&sEnvelope);
        if (sEnvelope.MaxX == sEnvelope.MinX)
            sEnvelope.MaxX += 1e-10;
        if (sEnvelope.MaxY == sEnvelope.MinY)
            sEnvelope.MaxY += 1e-10;

        if (sEnvelope.MinX < -180)
            sEnvelope.MinX = -180;
        if (sEnvelope.MinY < -90)
            sEnvelope.MinY = -90;
        if (sEnvelope.MaxX > 180)
            sEnvelope.MaxX = 180;
        if (sEnvelope.MaxY > 90)
            sEnvelope.MaxY = 90;
        if (sEnvelope.MinX == -180 && sEnvelope.MinY == -90 &&
            sEnvelope.MaxX == 180 && sEnvelope.MaxY == 90)
        {
            return;
        }

        try
        {
            if (m_aosGeomIndexes[m_iGeomFieldFilter] == "2dsphere")
            {
                m_oQuerySpat = bsoncxx::from_json(CPLSPrintf(
                    "{ \"%s\" : { \"$geoIntersects\" : "
                    "{ \"$geometry\" : { \"type\" : \"Polygon\" , "
                    "\"coordinates\" : [["
                    "[%.16g,%.16g],[%.16g,%.16g],[%.16g,%.16g],[%.16g,%.16g],[%"
                    ".16g,%.16g]]] } } } }",
                    m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldDefn(iGeomField)->GetNameRef(),
                    sEnvelope.MinX, sEnvelope.MinY, sEnvelope.MaxX,
                    sEnvelope.MinY, sEnvelope.MaxX, sEnvelope.MaxY,
                    sEnvelope.MinX, sEnvelope.MaxY, sEnvelope.MinX,
                    sEnvelope.MinY));
            }
            else if (m_aosGeomIndexes[m_iGeomFieldFilter] == "2d")
            {
                m_oQuerySpat = bsoncxx::from_json(CPLSPrintf(
                    "{ \"%s\" : { \"$geoWithin\" : "
                    "{ \"$box\" : [ [ %.16g , %.16g ] , [ %.16g , %.16g ] ] } "
                    "} }",
                    m_poFeatureDefn->GetGeomFieldDefn(iGeomField)->GetNameRef(),
                    sEnvelope.MinX, sEnvelope.MinY, sEnvelope.MaxX,
                    sEnvelope.MaxY));
            }
        }
        catch (const std::exception &ex)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s",
                     "SetSpatialFilter()", ex.what());
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetLayer()                              */
/************************************************************************/

OGRLayer *OGRMongoDBv3Dataset::GetLayer(int nIndex)
{
    if (nIndex < 0 || nIndex >= GetLayerCount())
        return nullptr;
    return m_apoLayers[nIndex].get();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetLayerByName()                             */
/************************************************************************/

OGRLayer *OGRMongoDBv3Dataset::GetLayerByName(const char *pszLayerName)
{
    OGRLayer *poLayer = GDALDataset::GetLayerByName(pszLayerName);
    if (poLayer != nullptr)
        return poLayer;

    for (const auto &l_poLayer : m_apoLayers)
    {
        l_poLayer->SyncToDisk();
    }

    CPLString osDatabase;
    if (m_osDatabase.empty())
    {
        const char *pszDot = strchr(pszLayerName, '.');
        if (pszDot == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        osDatabase = pszLayerName;
        osDatabase.resize(pszDot - pszLayerName);
        pszLayerName = pszDot + 1;
    }
    else
        osDatabase = m_osDatabase;

    for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
    {
        try
        {
            auto db = m_oConn.database(osDatabase);
            auto aosCollections = db.list_collection_names();
            for (const auto &osCollection : aosCollections)
            {
                if (EQUAL(osCollection.c_str(), pszLayerName))
                {
                    m_apoLayers.emplace_back(new OGRMongoDBv3Layer(
                        this, osDatabase, osCollection.c_str()));
                    return m_apoLayers.back().get();
                }
            }
        }
        catch (const std::exception &ex)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Command failed: %s",
                     ex.what());
        }
        if (i == 0)
        {
            if (m_osDatabase.empty())
                break;
            const char *pszDot = strchr(pszLayerName, '.');
            if (pszDot == nullptr)
                break;
            osDatabase = pszLayerName;
            osDatabase.resize(pszDot - pszLayerName);
            pszLayerName = pszDot + 1;
        }
    }

    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           CreateLayers()                             */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Dataset::CreateLayers(mongocxx::database &db)
{
    std::string dbName(db.name());
    auto aosCollections = db.list_collection_names();
    for (const auto &osCollection : aosCollections)
    {
        if (osCollection != "_ogr_metadata")
        {
            m_apoLayers.emplace_back(
                new OGRMongoDBv3Layer(this, dbName.c_str(), osCollection));
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               Open()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

bool OGRMongoDBv3Dataset::Open(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)
{
    eAccess = poOpenInfo->eAccess;

    const char *pszHost =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "HOST", "localhost");
    const char *pszPort =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "PORT", "27017");
    const char *pszURI = CSLFetchNameValue(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "URI");
    if (pszURI == nullptr)
    {
        if (STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "mongodbv3:"))
            pszURI = poOpenInfo->pszFilename + strlen("mongodbv3:");
        else if (STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "mongodb:") ||
                 STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "mongodb+srv:"))
            pszURI = poOpenInfo->pszFilename;
    }
    const char *pszUser =
        CSLFetchNameValue(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "USER");
    const char *pszPassword =
        CSLFetchNameValue(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "PASSWORD");
    if ((pszUser != nullptr && pszPassword == nullptr) ||
        (pszUser == nullptr && pszPassword != nullptr))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "USER and PASSWORD open options must be both specified.");
        return false;
    }

    try
    {
        mongocxx::uri uri;
        if (pszURI && pszURI[0])
        {
            uri = mongocxx::uri(pszURI);
        }
        else
        {
            CPLString osURI("mongodb://");
            if (pszUser && pszPassword)
            {
                osURI += pszUser;
                osURI += ':';
                osURI += pszPassword;
                osURI += '@';
            }
            osURI += pszHost;
            osURI += ':';
            osURI += pszPort;
            uri = mongocxx::uri(osURI);
        }
        m_osDatabase = uri.database();
        if (m_osDatabase.empty())
        {
            m_osDatabase = CSLFetchNameValueDef(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions,
                                                "DBNAME", "");
        }

        CPLString osPEMKeyFile = CSLFetchNameValueDef(
            poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "SSL_PEM_KEY_FILE", "");
        CPLString osPEMKeyPassword = CSLFetchNameValueDef(
            poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "SSL_PEM_KEY_PASSWORD", "");
        CPLString osCAFile = CSLFetchNameValueDef(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions,
                                                  "SSL_CA_FILE", "");
        CPLString osCRLFile = CSLFetchNameValueDef(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions,
                                                   "SSL_CRL_FILE", "");
        bool bAllowInvalidCertificates =
            CPLFetchBool(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions,
                         "SSL_ALLOW_INVALID_CERTIFICATES", false);

        mongocxx::options::client client_options;
        if (!osPEMKeyFile.empty() || !osPEMKeyPassword.empty() ||
            !osCAFile.empty() || !osCRLFile.empty() ||
            bAllowInvalidCertificates)
        {
#if BSONCXX_VERSION_MAJOR > 3 || BSONCXX_VERSION_MINOR >= 6
            mongocxx::options::tls tls_options;
#else
            mongocxx::options::ssl tls_options;
#endif
            if (!osPEMKeyFile.empty())
                tls_options.pem_file(osPEMKeyFile);
            if (!osPEMKeyPassword.empty())
                tls_options.pem_password(osPEMKeyPassword);
            if (!osCAFile.empty())
                tls_options.ca_file(osCAFile);
            if (!osCRLFile.empty())
                tls_options.crl_file(osCRLFile);
            tls_options.allow_invalid_certificates(bAllowInvalidCertificates);
#if BSONCXX_VERSION_MAJOR > 3 || BSONCXX_VERSION_MINOR >= 6
            client_options.tls_opts(tls_options);
#else
            client_options.ssl_opts(tls_options);
#endif
        }

        m_oConn = mongocxx::client(uri, client_options);

        try
        {
            auto db =
                m_oConn[m_osDatabase.empty() ? "admin" : m_osDatabase.c_str()];
            auto ret =
                db.run_command(bsoncxx::from_json("{ \"buildInfo\" : 1 }"));
            std::string s(bsoncxx::to_json(ret.view()));
            CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "%s", s.c_str());
        }
        catch (const std::exception &ex)
        {
            CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "buildInfo(): %s", ex.what());
        }

        if (m_osDatabase.empty())
        {
            auto dbs = m_oConn.list_databases();
            for (const auto &dbBson : dbs)
            {
                std::string dbName(get_string(dbBson["name"]));
                if (dbName == "admin" || dbName == "config" ||
                    dbName == "local")
                {
                    continue;
                }
                CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "Iterating over database %s",
                         dbName.c_str());
                auto db = m_oConn.database(dbName);
                CreateLayers(db);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            auto db = m_oConn.database(m_osDatabase);
            CreateLayers(db);
        }
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s", ex.what());
        return false;
    }

    m_nBatchSize = atoi(
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "BATCH_SIZE", "0"));
    m_nFeatureCountToEstablishFeatureDefn = atoi(
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions,
                             "FEATURE_COUNT_TO_ESTABLISH_FEATURE_DEFN", "100"));
    m_bJSonField =
        CPLFetchBool(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "JSON_FIELD", false);
    m_bFlattenNestedAttributes = CPLFetchBool(
        poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "FLATTEN_NESTED_ATTRIBUTES", true);
    m_osFID =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "FID", "ogc_fid");
    m_bUseOGRMetadata =
        CPLFetchBool(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "USE_OGR_METADATA", true);
    m_bBulkInsert =
        CPLFetchBool(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "BULK_INSERT", true);

    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ICreateLayer()                            */
/************************************************************************/

OGRLayer *
OGRMongoDBv3Dataset::ICreateLayer(const char *pszName,
                                  const OGRGeomFieldDefn *poGeomFieldDefn,
                                  CSLConstList papszOptions)
{
    if (m_osDatabase.empty())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot create layer/collection when dataset opened without "
                 "explicit database");
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (eAccess != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Dataset opened in read-only mode");
        return nullptr;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(m_apoLayers.size()); i++)
    {
        if (EQUAL(m_apoLayers[i]->GetName(), pszName))
        {
            if (CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "OVERWRITE") != nullptr &&
                !EQUAL(CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "OVERWRITE"), "NO"))
            {
                DeleteLayer(i);
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Layer %s already exists, CreateLayer failed.\n"
                         "Use the layer creation option OVERWRITE=YES to "
                         "replace it.",
                         pszName);
                return nullptr;
            }
        }
    }

    try
    {
        m_oConn[m_osDatabase].create_collection(std::string(pszName));
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s", ex.what());
        return nullptr;
    }

    m_apoLayers.emplace_back(
        new OGRMongoDBv3Layer(this, m_osDatabase, pszName));
    auto poLayer = m_apoLayers.back().get();

    poLayer->m_osFID = CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "FID", "ogc_fid");
    poLayer->m_bLayerMetadataUpdatable =
        CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "WRITE_OGR_METADATA", true);
    poLayer->m_bUpdateLayerMetadata = poLayer->m_bLayerMetadataUpdatable;
    poLayer->m_bDotAsNestedField =
        CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "DOT_AS_NESTED_FIELD", true);
    poLayer->m_bIgnoreSourceID =
        CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "IGNORE_SOURCE_ID", false);
    poLayer->m_bCreateSpatialIndex =
        CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "SPATIAL_INDEX", true);

    if (poGeomFieldDefn && poGeomFieldDefn->GetType() != wkbNone)
    {
        const char *pszGeometryName =
            CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "GEOMETRY_NAME", "geometry");
        OGRGeomFieldDefn oFieldDefn(poGeomFieldDefn);
        oFieldDefn.SetName(pszGeometryName);
        poLayer->CreateGeomField(&oFieldDefn, FALSE);
    }

    return poLayer;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            DeleteLayer()                             */
/************************************************************************/

OGRErr OGRMongoDBv3Dataset::DeleteLayer(int iLayer)

{
    if (eAccess != GA_Update)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Dataset opened in read-only mode");
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }

    if (iLayer < 0 || iLayer >= static_cast<int>(m_apoLayers.size()))
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Blow away our OGR structures related to the layer.  This is     */
    /*      pretty dangerous if anything has a reference to this layer!     */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLString osLayerName = m_apoLayers[iLayer]->GetName();
    CPLDebug("MongoDB", "DeleteLayer(%s)", osLayerName.c_str());

    try
    {
        {
            bsoncxx::builder::basic::document b{};
            std::string colName(m_apoLayers[iLayer]->m_oColl.name());
            b.append(kvp("layer", colName));
            m_apoLayers[iLayer]->m_oDb["_ogr_metadata"].find_one_and_delete(
                b.extract());
        }

        m_apoLayers[iLayer]->m_oColl.drop();

        m_apoLayers.erase(m_apoLayers.begin() + iLayer);

        return OGRERR_NONE;
    }
    catch (const std::exception &ex)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s: %s", "DeleteLayer()",
                 ex.what());
        return OGRERR_FAILURE;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           TestCapability()                           */
/************************************************************************/

int OGRMongoDBv3Dataset::TestCapability(const char *pszCap)

{
    if (EQUAL(pszCap, ODsCCreateLayer) || EQUAL(pszCap, ODsCDeleteLayer) ||
        EQUAL(pszCap, ODsCCreateGeomFieldAfterCreateLayer))
        return eAccess == GA_Update;
    else
        return FALSE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    OGRMongoDBv3SingleFeatureLayer                    */
/************************************************************************/

class OGRMongoDBv3SingleFeatureLayer final : public OGRLayer
{
    OGRFeatureDefn *m_poFeatureDefn;
    CPLString osVal;
    int iNextShapeId;

  public:
    explicit OGRMongoDBv3SingleFeatureLayer(const char *pszVal);

    ~OGRMongoDBv3SingleFeatureLayer()
    {
        m_poFeatureDefn->Release();
    }

    void ResetReading() override
    {
        iNextShapeId = 0;
    }

    OGRFeature *GetNextFeature() override;

    OGRFeatureDefn *GetLayerDefn() override
    {
        return m_poFeatureDefn;
    }

    int TestCapability(const char *) override
    {
        return FALSE;
    }
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                   OGRMongoDBv3SingleFeatureLayer()                   */
/************************************************************************/

OGRMongoDBv3SingleFeatureLayer::OGRMongoDBv3SingleFeatureLayer(
    const char *pszVal)
{
    m_poFeatureDefn = new OGRFeatureDefn("RESULT");
    m_poFeatureDefn->Reference();
    OGRFieldDefn oField("_json", OFTString);
    m_poFeatureDefn->AddFieldDefn(&oField);

    iNextShapeId = 0;
    osVal = pszVal;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetNextFeature()                           */
/************************************************************************/

OGRFeature *OGRMongoDBv3SingleFeatureLayer::GetNextFeature()
{
    if (iNextShapeId != 0)
        return nullptr;

    OGRFeature *poFeature = new OGRFeature(m_poFeatureDefn);
    poFeature->SetField(0, osVal);
    poFeature->SetFID(iNextShapeId++);
    return poFeature;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             ExecuteSQL()                             */
/************************************************************************/

OGRLayer *OGRMongoDBv3Dataset::ExecuteSQL(const char *pszSQLCommand,
                                          OGRGeometry *poSpatialFilter,
                                          const char *pszDialect)
{
    for (const auto &poLayer : m_apoLayers)
    {
        poLayer->SyncToDisk();
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Special case DELLAYER: command.                                 */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszSQLCommand, "DELLAYER:"))
    {
        const char *pszLayerName = pszSQLCommand + 9;

        while (*pszLayerName == ' ')
            pszLayerName++;

        for (int iLayer = 0; iLayer < static_cast<int>(m_apoLayers.size());
             iLayer++)
        {
            if (EQUAL(m_apoLayers[iLayer]->GetName(), pszLayerName))
            {
                DeleteLayer(iLayer);
                break;
            }
        }
        return nullptr;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Special case WRITE_OGR_METADATA command.                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszSQLCommand, "WRITE_OGR_METADATA "))
    {
        if (eAccess != GA_Update)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Dataset opened in read-only mode");
            return nullptr;
        }
        const char *pszLayerName =
            pszSQLCommand + strlen("WRITE_OGR_METADATA ");
        auto poLayer =
            static_cast<OGRMongoDBv3Layer *>(GetLayerByName(pszLayerName));
        if (poLayer == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Layer %s not found",
                     pszLayerName);
            return nullptr;
        }
        poLayer->GetLayerDefn();  // force schema discovery
        poLayer->m_bLayerMetadataUpdatable = true;
        poLayer->m_bUpdateLayerMetadata = true;
        poLayer->SyncToDisk();

        return nullptr;
    }

    if (pszDialect != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDialect, "MONGODB"))
    {
        if (m_osDatabase.empty())
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Cannot run ExecuteSQL() when dataset opened without "
                     "explicit database");
            return nullptr;
        }
        try
        {
            auto ret = m_oConn[m_osDatabase].run_command(
                bsoncxx::from_json(pszSQLCommand));
            return new OGRMongoDBv3SingleFeatureLayer(
                bsoncxx::to_json(ret).c_str());
        }
        catch (const std::exception &ex)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Command failed: %s",
                     ex.what());
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        return GDALDataset::ExecuteSQL(pszSQLCommand, poSpatialFilter,
                                       pszDialect);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          ReleaseResultSet()                          */
/************************************************************************/

void OGRMongoDBv3Dataset::ReleaseResultSet(OGRLayer *poLayer)
{
    delete poLayer;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     OGRMongoDBv3DriverOpen()                         */
/************************************************************************/

static GDALDataset *OGRMongoDBv3DriverOpen(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)

{
    if (!OGRMongoDBv3DriverIdentify(poOpenInfo))
        return nullptr;

    {
        static std::mutex oMutex;
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oLock(oMutex);
        if (g_pInst == nullptr)
        {
            if (!g_bCanInstantiateMongo)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "MongoDB client has been previously shut down and "
                         "can no longer be reinitialized");
                return nullptr;
            }

#ifdef use_logger
            class logger final : public mongocxx::logger
            {
              public:
                explicit logger()
                {
                }

                void
                operator()(mongocxx::log_level level,
                           bsoncxx::stdx::string_view /*domain*/,
                           bsoncxx::stdx::string_view message) noexcept override
                {
                    if (level >= mongocxx::log_level::k_trace)
                        return;
                    std::string tmp(message);
                    CPLDebug("MongoDBv3", "%s", tmp.c_str());
                }
            };
#endif
            g_pInst = new mongocxx::instance(
#ifdef use_logger
                bsoncxx::stdx::make_unique<logger>()
#endif
            );
        }
    }

    auto poDS = new OGRMongoDBv3Dataset();
    if (!poDS->Open(poOpenInfo))
    {
        delete poDS;
        poDS = nullptr;
    }

    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        OGRMongoDBv3DriverUnload()                    */
/************************************************************************/

static void OGRMongoDBv3DriverUnload(GDALDriver *)
{
    if (g_pInst != nullptr)
    {
        delete g_pInst;
        g_pInst = nullptr;
        g_bCanInstantiateMongo = false;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       RegisterOGRMongoDBv3()                         */
/************************************************************************/

void RegisterOGRMongoDBv3()
{
    if (GDALGetDriverByName(DRIVER_NAME) != nullptr)
        return;

    GDALDriver *poDriver = new GDALDriver();
    OGRMongoDBv3DriverSetCommonMetadata(poDriver);

    poDriver->pfnOpen = OGRMongoDBv3DriverOpen;
    poDriver->pfnUnloadDriver = OGRMongoDBv3DriverUnload;

    GetGDALDriverManager()->RegisterDriver(poDriver);
}