########################################################################
# BGN/PCGN 1962 System
#
# This system is a simplified version of the system devised by the PCGN
# in 1941 and later adopted by the BGN. In 1962 the two organizations
# agreed to joint adoption of certain changes in the original system,
# specifically the omission of special rules for the treatment of Greek
# geographic names of Albanian, Bulgarian, Italian, Macedonian, and
# Turkish origin. That revision eliminated the need to consider the
# origin of names and removed ambiguity from the romanization of Greek
# expressions of possible non-Greek origin. This system is based on
# the pronunciation of modern Greek and is not intended for use in
# the romanization of classical Greek.
#
# The Greek Alphabet as defined by the BGN (Pages 29-31):
#
# ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩ
# αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρσςτυφχψω
#
# Originally prepared by Michael Everson <everson@evertype.com>
########################################################################
#
# MINIMAL FILTER: Greek-Latin
#
:: [ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫάέήίΰαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψωϊϋόύώἀἁἂἃἄἅἆἇἈἉἊἋἌἍἎἏἐἑἒἓἔἕἘἙἚἛἜἝἠἡἢἣἤἥἦἧἨἩἪἫἬἭἮἯἰἱἲἳἴἵἶἷἸἹἺἻἼἽἾἿὀὁὂὃὄὅὈὉὊὋὌὍὐὑὒὓὔὕὖὗὙὛὝὟὠὡὢὣὤὥὦὧὨὩὫὬὭὮὯὰάὲέὴήὶίὸόὺύὼώᾀᾁᾂᾃᾄᾅᾆᾇᾈᾉᾊᾋᾌᾍᾎᾏᾐᾑᾒᾓᾔᾕᾖᾗᾘᾙᾚᾛᾜᾝᾞᾟᾠᾡᾢᾣᾤᾥᾦᾧᾨᾩᾪᾫᾬᾭᾮᾯᾲᾳᾴᾶᾷᾺΆᾼῂῃῄῆῇῈΈῊΉῌῖῚΊῤῥῦῪΎῲῳῴῶῷῸΌῺΏῼ῾] ;
:: NFD (NFC) ;
#
########################################################################
########################################################################
#
# Define All Transformation Variables
#
########################################################################
#
$upperConsonants = [ΒΓΔΖΘΚΛΜΝΞΠΡΣΤΦΧΨ] ;
$lowerConsonants = [βγδζθκλμνξπρσςτφχψ] ;
$consonants = [$upperConsonants $lowerConsonants] ;
$upperVowels = [ΑΕΗΙΟΥΩ] ;
$lowerVowels = [αεηιουω] ;
$vowels = [$upperVowels $lowerVowels] ;
$lower = [$lowerConsonants $lowerVowels] ;
#
# Use this $wordBoundary until bug 2034 is fixed in ICU:
# http://bugs.icu-project.org/cgi-bin/icu-bugs/transliterate?id=2034;expression=boundary;user=guest
#
$wordBoundary = [^[:L:][:M:][:N:]] ;
#
########################################################################
########################################################################
#
# Rules moved to front to avoid masking
#
########################################################################
########################################################################
#
# BGN Page 32 Rule 1:
#
# The apostrophe and reversed apostrophe, on or the other of which is
# written in Greek in front of all initial uppercase vowel characters,
# above all initial lowercase vowel characters, and above the second
# character of all initial two-vowel character sequences, should not
# be romanized, e.g., Ἀθῆναι → Athínai, Ἠράκλειον → Iráklion,
# Οἰνόφυτα → Oinófita. These apostrophes must be distinguished from
# accent marks hen they occur together, e.g. Ἄβατον → Ávaton,
# Ἤλια → Ília, Οἴτη → Oíti. The reversed apostrophe is sometimes found
# also with ρ and should, likewise, not be romanized: ῥέμα → réma.
#
# BGN Page 32 Rule 2a:
#
# Stress is shown in Greek by the use of the tilde or circumflex,
# the acute accent, or the grave accent; all of those marks should
# be represented in romanization by an acute accent, e.g.,
# Ἀθῆναι → Athínai, Νδία → Día, Ζεμενὸν → Zemenón.
#
# BGN Page 32 Rule 4:
#
# The character ι (ióta) is sometimes found written under, or,
# in uppercase, to the right of the vowel characters α, η, and ω.
# This "subscript iota" should not be romanized, e.g.,
# Μυρτῷον Πέλαγος or ΜΥΡΤῼΟΝ ΠΕΛΑΓΟΣ [but not ΜΥΡΤΩΙΟΝ ΠΕΛΑΓΟΣ]
# → Mirtóön Pélagos.
#
########################################################################
#
[ἈἉᾼᾈᾉ] → Α ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA
[ἀἁᾳᾀᾁ] → α ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA
[ἊἋἌἍἎἏᾊᾋᾌᾍᾎᾏᾺΆ] → Ά ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS
[ἂἃἄἅἆἇὰάᾂᾃᾄᾅᾆᾇᾲᾴᾶᾷ] → ά ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS
[ἘἙ] → Ε ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON
[ἐἑὲέ] → ε ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON
[ἚἛἜἝῈΈ] → Έ ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS
[ἒἓἔἕ] → έ ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS
[ἨἩᾘᾙῌ] → Η ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA
[ἠἡᾐᾑῃ] → η ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA
[ἪἫἬἭἮἯᾚᾛᾜᾝᾞᾟῊΉ] → Ή ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS
[ἢἣἤἥἦἧὴήᾒᾓᾔᾕᾖᾗῂῄῆῇ] → ή ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS
[ἸἹ] → Ι ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA
[ἰἱ] → ι ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA
[ἺἻἼἽἾἿῚΊ] → Ί ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS
[ἲἳἴἵἶἷὶίῖ] → ί ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS
[ὈὉ] → Ο ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON
[ὀὁ] → ο ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON
[ὊὋὌὍῸΌ] → Ό ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS
[ὂὃὄὅὸό] → ό ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS
Ὑ → Υ ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON
[ὐὑ] → υ ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON
[ὛὝὟῪΎ] → Ύ ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS
[ὒὓὔὕὖὗὺύῦ] → ύ ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS
[ὨὩᾨᾩῼ] → Ω ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
[ὠὡᾠᾡῳ] → ω ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA
[ὬὫὬὭὮὯᾪᾫᾬᾭᾮᾯῺΏ] → Ώ ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS
[ὢὣὤὥὦὧὼώᾢᾣᾤᾥᾦᾧῲῴῶῷ] → ώ ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS
Ῥ → Ρ ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO
[ῤῥ] → ρ ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO
#
########################################################################
#
# End of Rules 1, 2a, and 4
#
########################################################################
########################################################################
#
# BGN Page 32 Rules 2b and 2c:
#
# If the stressed vowel is written as a sequence of two vowel characters
# in Greek, the # second vowel character should carry the accent;
# similarly, in Romanization the acute accent should be placed over the
# second vowel letter, e.g., Οἰνοῦσαι → Oinoúsai, Οἴτη → Oíti,
# Θεσπιαὶ → Thespiaí.
#
# Where a syllable containing on the combinations αυ, ευ, or ηυ
# carries the stress, this is marked in Greek on the character υ.
# In romanization it should be shown on the preceding vowel
# letter, e.g., Πειραιεύς → Piraiévs, Αὔρα → Ávra.
#
Αί → Aí ;
αί → aí ;
Οί → Oí ;
οί → Oí ;
Ού → Oú ;
ού → oú ;
Αύ → Άυ ;
αύ → άυ ;
Εύ → Έυ ;
εύ → έυ ;
Ηύ → Ήυ ;
ηύ → ήυ ;
#
########################################################################
#
# End of Rules 2b and 2c
#
########################################################################
########################################################################
#
# BGN Page 32 Rule 3:
#
# The dieresis should be shown in romanization where it occurs in Greek,
# e.g., Μαρινέϊκα → Marinéïka, Ἀχαΐα → Akhaḯa; and over the second vowel
# etter in romanization of the following combinations fo Greek vowel
# characters: αε, e.g., Ἀετὸς → Aëtos; αη, e.g., Ἀηδὼν → Aïdhon; οη,
# e.g. Οἰνόη → Oinóï; ωο, e.g., Ἠρῶον → Iróön.
#
[ΪΫ] → Ï ;
[ϊϋ] → ï ;
[ΐΰ] → ḯ ;
Αε → Aë ;
αε → aë ;
Αη → Aï ;
αη → aï ;
Οη → Oï ;
οη → oï ;
Ωο → Oö ;
ωο → oö ;
Άε → Áë ;
άε → áë ;
Άη → Áï ;
άη → áï ;
Όη → Óï ;
όη → óï ;
Ώο → Óö ;
ώο → óö ;
#
########################################################################
#
# End of Rule 3
#
########################################################################
########################################################################
#
# Start of Alphabetic Transformations
#
########################################################################
#
ΑΙ → AI ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA + CAPITAL IOTA
Αι → Ai ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA + SMALL IOTA
αι → ai ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA + SMALL IOTA
ΑΥ → AV ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA + CAPITAL UPSILON
Αυ → Av ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA + SMALL UPSILON
αυ → av ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA + SMALL UPSILON
Α → A ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA
α → a ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA
Ά → Á ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS
ά → á ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS
Β → V ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA
β → v ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
ΓΓ → NG ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA + CAPITAL GAMMA
Γγ → Ng ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA + SMALL GAMMA
γγ → ng ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA + SMALL GAMMA
$wordBoundary{ΓΚ → G ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA + CAPITAL KAPPA
$wordBoundary{Γκ → G ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA + SMALL KAPPA
$wordBoundary{γκ → g ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA + SMALL KAPPA
ΓΚ → NG ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA + CAPITAL KAPPA
Γκ → Ng ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA + SMALL KAPPA
γκ → ng ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA + SMALL KAPPA
#
########################################################################
#
# BGN Page 29 Rule 3a:
#
# The character γ should be romanized g before α, ο, ου, ω, and
# consonants other than γ, ξ, and χ.
#
########################################################################
#
Γ}[ΑΟΩ [$upperConsonants - [ΓΞΧ]]] → G ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
Γ}[αοω [$lowerConsonants - [γξχ]]] → G ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
Γ}ΟΥ → G ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
Γ}ου → G ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
γ}[αοω [$lowerConsonants - [γξχ]]] → g ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA
γ}ου → g ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA
#
########################################################################
#
# End of Rule 3a
#
########################################################################
########################################################################
#
# BGN Page 29 Rule 3b:
#
# The character γ should be romanized y before αι, ε, ει, η, ι, οι, υ,
# and υι.
#
########################################################################
#
Γ}[ΑΕΟΥ]Ι → Y ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
Γ}[ΕΗΙΥ] → Y ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
Γ}[αεου]ι → Y ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
Γ}[εηιυ] → Y ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
γ}[αεου]ι → y ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA
γ}[εηιυ] → y ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA
#
########################################################################
#
# End of Rule 3b
#
########################################################################
########################################################################
#
# BGN Page 29 Rule 3c:
#
# The character γ should be romanized n before ξ and χ.
#
########################################################################
#
Γ}[ΞΧ] → N ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
Γ}[ξχ] → N ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
γ}[ξχ] → n ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA
#
########################################################################
#
# End of Rule 3c
#
########################################################################
#
Γ → G ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
γ → g ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA
#
########################################################################
#
# BGN Page 29 Rule 4a:
#
# The character δ should be romanized d when between ν and ρ.
#
########################################################################
#
Ν{Δ}Ρ → D ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA
ν{δ}ρ → d ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA
#
########################################################################
#
# End of Rule 4a
#
########################################################################
#
Δ} $lower → Dh ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI
Δ → DH ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA
δ → dh ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA
ΕΙ → I ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON + CAPITAL IOTA
Ει → I ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON + SMALL IOTA
ει → i ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON + SMALL IOTA
ΕΪ → EÏ ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON + CAPITAL IOTA DIAERESIS
Εϊ → Eï ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON + SMALL IOTA DIAERESIS
εϊ → eï ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON + SMALL IOTA DIAERESIS
ΕΥ → EV ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON + CAPITAL UPSILON
Ευ → Ev ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON + SMALL UPSILON
ευ → ev ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON + SMALL UPSILON
Ε → E ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON
ε → e ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON
Έ → É ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS
έ → é ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS
Ζ → Z ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA
ζ → z ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA
ΗΥ → IV ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA + CAPITAL UPSILON
Ηυ → Iv ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA + SMALL UPSILON
ηυ → iv ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA + SMALL UPSILON
Η → I ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA
η → i ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA
Ή → Í ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS
ή → í ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS
Θ} $lower → Th ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA
Θ → TH ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA
θ → th ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA
Ι → I ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA
ι → i ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA
Ί → Í ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS
ί → í ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS
Κ → K ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA
κ → k ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA
Λ → L ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA
λ → l ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA
$wordBoundary{ΜΠ → B ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU + CAPITAL PI
$wordBoundary{Μπ → B ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU + SMALL PI
$wordBoundary{μπ → b ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER MU + SMALL PI
ΜΠ → MB ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU + CAPITAL PI
Μπ → Mb ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU + SMALL PI
μπ → mb ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER MU + SMALL PI
Μ → M ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU
μ → m ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER MU
$wordBoundary{ΝΤ → D ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU + CAPITAL TAU
$wordBoundary{Ντ → D ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU + SMALL TAU
$wordBoundary{ντ → d ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER NU + SMALL TAU
ΝΤ → ND ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU + CAPITAL TAU
Ντ → Nd ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU + SMALL TAU
ντ → nd ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER NU + SMALL TAU
Ν → N ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU
ν → n ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER NU
Ξ → X ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KSI
ξ → x ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER KSI
ΟΙ → OI ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON + CAPITAL IOTA
Οι → Oi ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON + SMALL IOTA
οι → oi ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON + SMALL IOTA
ΟΥ → OU ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON + CAPITAL UPSILON
Ου → Ou ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON + SMALL UPSILON
ου → ou ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON + SMALL UPSILON
Ο → O ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON
ο → o ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON
Ό → Ó ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS
ό → ó ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS
Π → P ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI
π → p ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER PI
Ρ → R ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO
ρ → r ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO
Σ → S ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA
σ → s ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA
ς → s ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA
Τ → T ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU
τ → t ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU
#
########################################################################
#
# End Rule 3.5
#
########################################################################
#
Υ → I ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON
υ → i ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON
Ύ → Í ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS
ύ → í ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS
Φ → F ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI
φ → f ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI
Χ} $lower → Kh ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI
Χ → KH ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI
χ → kh ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
Ψ} $lower → Ps ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI
Ψ → PS ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI
ψ → ps ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI
Ω → O ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
ω → o ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA
Ώ → Ó ; # GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS
ώ → ó ; # GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS
#
########################################################################