# Copyright (C) 2010 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved. # Author: mjansche@google.com (Martin Jansche) # # Conversion between IPA and X-SAMPA phonetic transcription. # # See http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm for a description of # X-SAMPA, an ASCII encoding of the International Phonetic Alphabet. # # The following obsolete or extended IPA symbols have no X-SAMPA equivalents # and remain unaffected by this transform: # # ʞ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K # ʩ LATIN SMALL LETTER FENG DIGRAPH # ʪ LATIN SMALL LETTER LS DIGRAPH # ʫ LATIN SMALL LETTER LZ DIGRAPH # ʬ LATIN LETTER BILABIAL PERCUSSIVE # ʭ LATIN LETTER BIDENTAL PERCUSSIVE # # An IPA tie bar is transformed to an X-SAMPA underscore, per the official # X-SAMPA guidelines. This can result in certain ambiguities: For example, the # labial-velar nasal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial-velar_nasal) can be # either written as [ŋ͡m] or [m͡ŋ] in IPA. However, neither version can be # represented unambiguously in X-SAMPA: IPA [ŋ͡m] becomes X-SAMPA [N_m], which # is also used to represent a hypothetical laminal (_m) velar nasal, IPA [ŋ̻]; # and IPA [m͡ŋ] becomes X-SAMPA [m_N], which can also represent a linguolabial # (_N) nasal, IPA [m̼], which is more appropriately written [n̼]. To avoid # unintended ambiguities, it may therefore be advisable to write affricates # without tie bars. # $t = '_'; # X-SAMPA representation of IPA tie bar. # ::NFD; # # 5-character X-SAMPA representations # ʯ ↔ 'z`_w='; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H WITH FISHHOOK AND TAIL # # 4-character X-SAMPA representations # ǁ ↔ '|\|\'; # LATIN LETTER LATERAL CLICK ʄ ↔ 'J\_<'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J WITH STROKE AND HOOK ʛ ↔ 'G\_<'; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G WITH HOOK ʮ ↔ 'z_w='; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H WITH FISHHOOK ᷄ ↔ '_H_T'; # COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE ᷅ ↔ '_B_L'; # COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON ᷈ ↔ '_R_F'; # COMBINING GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE # # 3-character X-SAMPA representations # ɓ ↔ 'b_<'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK ɗ ↔ 'd_<'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK ɠ ↔ 'g_<'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK ɻ ↔ 'r\`'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH HOOK ↗ ↔ '<R>'; # NORTH EAST ARROW ↘ ↔ '<F>'; # SOUTH EAST ARROW # # 2-character X-SAMPA representations # ħ ↔ 'X\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE ǀ ↔ '|\'; # LATIN LETTER DENTAL CLICK ǂ ↔ '=\'; # LATIN LETTER ALVEOLAR CLICK ǃ ↔ '!\'; # LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK ɕ ↔ 's\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CURL ɖ ↔ 'd`'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL ɘ ↔ '@\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E ɚ ↔ '@`'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH HOOK ɝ ↔ '3`'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E WITH HOOK ɞ ↔ '3\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E ɟ ↔ 'J\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J WITH STROKE ɢ ↔ 'G\'; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G ɦ ↔ 'h\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH HOOK ɧ ↔ 'x\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER HENG WITH HOOK ɭ ↔ 'l`'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK ɮ ↔ 'K\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH ɰ ↔ 'M\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M WITH LONG LEG ɳ ↔ 'n`'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH RETROFLEX HOOK ɴ ↔ 'N\'; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N ɸ ↔ 'p\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER PHI ɹ ↔ 'r\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R ɺ ↔ 'l\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH LONG LEG ɽ ↔ 'r`'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH TAIL ʀ ↔ 'R\'; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R ʂ ↔ 's`'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH HOOK ʈ ↔ 't`'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH RETROFLEX HOOK ʐ ↔ 'z`'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH RETROFLEX HOOK ʑ ↔ 'z\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CURL ʕ ↔ '?\'; # LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE ʘ ↔ 'O\'; # LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK ʙ ↔ 'B\'; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B ʜ ↔ 'H\'; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL H ʝ ↔ 'j\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CROSSED-TAIL ʟ ↔ 'L\'; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L ʡ ↔ '>\'; # LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE ʢ ↔ '<\'; # LATIN LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE ʰ ↔ '_h'; # MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H ʷ ↔ '_w'; # MODIFIER LETTER SMALL W ʼ ↔ '_>'; # MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE ˆ ↔ '_\'; # MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT ˇ ↔ '_/'; # CARON ˑ ↔ ':\'; # MODIFIER LETTER HALF TRIANGULAR COLON ˠ ↔ '_G'; # MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GAMMA ˡ ↔ '_l'; # MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L ˤ ↔ '_?\'; # MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP ̀ ↔ '_L'; # COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT ́ ↔ '_H'; # COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT ̂ ↔ '_F'; # COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT ̄ ↔ '_M'; # COMBINING MACRON ̆ ↔ '_X'; # COMBINING BREVE ̈ ↔ '_"'; # COMBINING DIAERESIS ̋ ↔ '_T'; # COMBINING DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT ̌ ↔ '_R'; # COMBINING CARON ̏ ↔ '_B'; # COMBINING DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT ̘ ↔ '_A'; # COMBINING LEFT TACK BELOW ̙ ↔ '_q'; # COMBINING RIGHT TACK BELOW ̚ ↔ '_}'; # COMBINING LEFT ANGLE ABOVE ̜ ↔ '_c'; # COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW ̝ ↔ '_r'; # COMBINING UP TACK BELOW ̞ ↔ '_o'; # COMBINING DOWN TACK BELOW ̟ ↔ '_+'; # COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW ̠ ↔ '_-'; # COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW ̤ ↔ '_t'; # COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW ̥ ↔ '_0'; # COMBINING RING BELOW ̪ ↔ '_d'; # COMBINING BRIDGE BELOW ̬ ↔ '_v'; # COMBINING CARON BELOW ̯ ↔ '_^'; # COMBINING INVERTED BREVE BELOW ̰ ↔ '_k'; # COMBINING TILDE BELOW ̴ ↔ '_e'; # COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY ̹ ↔ '_O'; # COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW ̺ ↔ '_a'; # COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW ̻ ↔ '_m'; # COMBINING SQUARE BELOW ̼ ↔ '_N'; # COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW ̽ ↔ '_x'; # COMBINING X ABOVE ᵻ ↔ 'I\'; # LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER I WITH STROKE ᵿ ↔ 'U\'; # LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER U WITH STROKE ⁿ ↔ '_n'; # MODIFIER LETTER LATIN SMALL LETTER N # # Alternative 2-character X-SAMPA representations # ʋ ← 'v\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK ʲ ← '_j'; # MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H ̃ ← '_~'; # COMBINING TILDE ̩ ← '_='; # COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW # # 1-character X-SAMPA representations # ç ↔ C; # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA (decomposed) æ ↔ '{'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER AE ð ↔ D; # LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH ø ↔ 2; # LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE ŋ ↔ N; # LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG œ ↔ 9; # LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE ɐ ↔ 6; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED A ɑ ↔ A; # LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA ɒ ↔ Q; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED ALPHA ɔ ↔ O; # LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O ə ↔ '@'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA ɛ ↔ E; # LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E ɜ ↔ 3; # LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E ɡ ↔ g; # LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G ɣ ↔ G; # LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA ɤ ↔ 7; # LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN ɥ ↔ H; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H ɨ ↔ 1; # LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE ɪ ↔ I; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I ɫ ↔ 5; # LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE ɬ ↔ K; # LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT ɯ ↔ M; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M ɱ ↔ F; # LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH HOOK ɲ ↔ J; # LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK ɵ ↔ 8; # LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED O ɶ ↔ '&'; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OE ɾ ↔ 4; # LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK ʁ ↔ R; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R ʃ ↔ S; # LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH ʉ ↔ '}'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR ʊ ↔ U; # LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON ʋ ↔ P; # LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK ʌ ↔ V; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED V ʍ ↔ W; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W ʎ ↔ L; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y ʏ ↔ Y; # LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL Y ʒ ↔ Z; # LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH ʔ ↔ '?'; # LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP ʲ ↔ \'; # MODIFIER LETTER SMALL J ˈ ↔ '"'; # MODIFIER LETTER VERTICAL LINE ˌ ↔ '%'; # MODIFIER LETTER LOW VERTICAL LINE ː ↔ ':'; # MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON ˞ ↔ '`'; # MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK ̃ ↔ '~'; # COMBINING TILDE ̩ ↔ '='; # COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW ͡ ↔ $t; # COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE β ↔ B; # GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA θ ↔ T; # GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA χ ↔ X; # GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI ↑ ↔ '^'; # UPWARDS ARROW ↓ ↔ '!'; # DOWNWARDS ARROW # # Compatibility rules for variant or obsolete IPA symbols # φ → 'p\'; # GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI ɩ → I; # LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA ɷ → U; # LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OMEGA ɼ → 'r_r'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH LONG LEG ɿ → 'z='; # LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED R WITH FISHHOOK ʅ → 'z`='; # LATIN SMALL LETTER SQUAT REVERSED ESH ʆ → S\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH CURL ʇ → '|\' ; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T ʓ → Z\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH CURL ʖ → '|\|\'; # LATIN LETTER INVERTED GLOTTAL STOP ʗ → '!\'; # LATIN LETTER STRETCHED C ʚ → '3\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E ʠ → 'G\_<_0'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER Q WITH HOOK ʣ → d $t z; # LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH ʤ → d $t Z; # LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH ʥ → d $t 'z\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH WITH CURL ʦ → t $t s; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TS DIGRAPH ʧ → t $t S; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH ʨ → t $t 's\'; # LATIN SMALL LETTER TC DIGRAPH WITH CURL # ::NFC;