# Follows the Ministry of Culture and Tourism romanization: see http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=A020303
# http://www.unicode.org/cldr/transliteration_guidelines.html#Korean
#- N.B. DO NOT put any filters, NFD, etc. here -- those are aliased in
#- the INDEX file. This transliterator is, by itself, not
#- instantiated. It is used as a part of Latin-Jamo, Latin-Hangul, or
#- inverses thereof.
# Transliteration from Latin characters to Korean script is done in
# two steps: Latin to Jamo, then Jamo to Hangul. The Jamo-Hangul
# transliteration is done algorithmically following Unicode 3.0
# section 3.11. This file implements the Latin to Jamo
# transliteration using rules.
# Jamo occupy the block 1100-11FF. Within this block there are three
# groups of characters: initial consonants or choseong (I), medial
# vowels or jungseong (M), and trailing consonants or jongseong (F).
# Standard Korean syllables are of the form I+M+F*.
# Section 3.11 describes the use of 'filler' jamo to convert
# nonstandard syllables to standard form: the choseong filler 115F and
# the junseong filler 1160. In this transliterator, we will not use
# 115F or 1160.
# We will, however, insert two 'null' jamo to make foreign words
# conform to Korean syllable structure. These are the null initial
# consonant 110B (IEUNG) and the null vowel 1173 (EU). In Latin text,
# we will use the separator in order to disambiguate strings,
# e.g. "kan-ggan" (initial GG) vs. "kanggan" (final NG + initial G).
# We will not use all of the characters in the jamo block. We will
# only use the 19 initials, 21 medials, and 27 finals possessing a
# jamo short name as defined in section 4.4 of the Unicode book.
# Rules of thumb. These guidelines provide the basic framework
# for the rules. They are phrased in terms of Latin-Jamo transliteration.
# The Jamo-Latin rules derive from these, since the Jamo-Latin rules are
# just context-free transliteration of jamo to corresponding short names,
# with the addition of separators to maintain round-trip integrity
# in the context of the Latin-Jamo rules.
# A sequence of vowels:
# - Take the longest sequence you can. If there are too many, or you don't
# have a starting consonant, introduce a 110B necessary.
# A sequence of consonants.
# - First join the double consonants: G + G -→ GG
# - In the remaining list,
# -- If there is no preceding vowel, take the first consonant, and insert EU
# after it. Continue with the rest of the consonants.
# -- If there is one consonant, attach to the following vowel
# -- If there are two consonants and a following vowel, attach one to the
# preceeding vowel, and one to the following vowel.
# -- If there are more than two consonants, join the first two together if you
# can: L + G =→ LG
# -- If you still end up with more than 2 consonants, insert EU after the
# first one, and continue with the rest of the consonants.
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Variables
# Some latin consonants or consonant pairs only occur as initials, and
# some only as finals, but some occur as both. This makes some jamo
# consonants ambiguous when transliterated into latin.
# Initial only: IEUNG BB DD JJ R
# Final only: BS GS L LB LG LH LM LP LS LT NG NH NJ
# Initial and Final: B C D G GG H J K M N P S SS T
$Gi = ᄀ;
$KKi = ᄁ;
$Ni = ᄂ;
$Di = ᄃ;
$TTi = ᄄ;
$Li = ᄅ;
$Mi = ᄆ;
$Bi = ᄇ;
$PPi = ᄈ;
$Si = ᄉ;
$SSi = ᄊ;
$IEUNG = ᄋ; # null initial, inserted during Latin-Jamo
$Ji = ᄌ;
$JJi = ᄍ;
$CHi = ᄎ;
$Ki = ᄏ;
$Ti = ᄐ;
$Pi = ᄑ;
$Hi = ᄒ;
$A = ᅡ;
$AE = ᅢ;
$YA = ᅣ;
$YAE = ᅤ;
$EO = ᅥ;
$E = ᅦ;
$YEO = ᅧ;
$YE = ᅨ;
$O = ᅩ;
$WA = ᅪ;
$WAE = ᅫ;
$OE = ᅬ;
$YO = ᅭ;
$U = ᅮ;
$WO = ᅯ;
$WE = ᅰ;
$WI = ᅱ;
$YU = ᅲ;
$EU = ᅳ; # null medial, inserted during Latin-Jamo
$UI = ᅴ;
$I = ᅵ;
$Gf = ᆨ;
$GGf = ᆩ;
$GS = ᆪ;
$Nf = ᆫ;
$NJ = ᆬ;
$NH = ᆭ;
$Df = ᆮ;
$L = ᆯ;
$LG = ᆰ;
$LM = ᆱ;
$LB = ᆲ;
$LS = ᆳ;
$LT = ᆴ;
$LP = ᆵ;
$LH = ᆶ;
$Mf = ᆷ;
$Bf = ᆸ;
$BS = ᆹ;
$Sf = ᆺ;
$SSf = ᆻ;
$NG = ᆼ;
$Jf = ᆽ;
$Cf = ᆾ;
$Kf = ᆿ;
$Tf = ᇀ;
$Pf = ᇁ;
$Hf = ᇂ;
$jamoInitial = [ᄀ-ᄒ];
$jamoMedial = [ᅡ-ᅵ];
$latinInitial = [bcdghjklmnprst];
# Any character in the latin transliteration of a medial
$latinMedial = [aeiouwy];
# The last character of the latin transliteration of a medial
$latinMedialEnd = [aeiou];
# Disambiguation separator
$sep = \-;
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Jamo-Latin
# Jamo to latin is relatively simple, since it is the latin that is
# ambiguous. Most rules are straightforward, and we encode them below
# as simple add-on back rule, e.g.:
# $jamoMedial {bs} → $BS;
# becomes
# $jamoMedial {bs} ↔ $BS;
# Furthermore, we don't care about the ordering for Jamo-Latin because
# we are going from single characters, so we can very easily piggyback
# on the Latin-Jamo.
# The main issue with Jamo-Latin is when to insert separators.
# Separators are inserted to obtain correct round trip behavior. For
# example, the sequence Ki A Gf Gi E, if transliterated to "kagge",
# would then round trip to Ki A GGi E. To prevent this, we insert a
# separator: "kag-ge". IMPORTANT: The need for separators depends
# very specifically on the behavior of the Latin-Jamo rules. A change
# in the Latin-Jamo behavior can completely change the way the
# separator insertion must be done.
# First try to preserve actual separators in the jamo text by doubling
# them. This fixes problems like:
# (Di)(A)(Ji)(U)(NG)-(IEUNG)(YEO)(Nf)(Gi)(YEO)(L) =→ dajung-yeongyeol
# =→ (Di)(A)(Ji)(U)(NG)(IEUNG)(YEO)(Nf)(Gi)(YEO)(L). This is optional
# -- if we don't care about losing separators in the jamo, we can delete
# this rule.
$sep $sep ↔ $sep;
# Triple consonants. For three consonants "axxx" we insert a
# separator between the first and second "x" if XXf, Xf, and Xi all
# exist, and we have A Xf XXi. This prevents the reverse
# transliteration to A XXf Xi.
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd s {} $SSi;
# For vowels the rule is similar. If there is a vowel "ae" such that
# "a" by itself and "e" by itself are vowels, then we want to map A E
# to "a-e" so as not to round trip to AE. However, in the text Ki EO
# IEUNG E we don't need to map to "keo-e". "keoe" suffices. For
# vowels of the form "aei", both "ae" + "i" and "a" + "ei" must be
# tested. NOTE: These rules used to have a left context of
# $latinInitial instead of [^$latinMedial]. The problem with this is
sequences where an initial IEUNG is transliterated away:
# (IEUNG)(A)(IEUNG)(EO) =→ aeo =→ (IEUNG)(AE)(IEUNG)(O)
Also problems in cases like gayeo, which needs to be gaye-o
The hard case is a chain, like aeoeu. Normally interpreted as ae oe u. So for a-eoeu, we have to insert $sep
# But, we don't insert between the o and the e.
# a ae
# e eo eu
# i
# o oe
# u
# ui
# wa wae we wi
# yae ya yeo ye yo yu
#These are simple, since they can't chain. Note that we don't handle extreme cases like [ga][eo][e][o]
$sep ← a {} [$E $EO $EU];
$sep ← [^aow] e {} [$O $OE];
$sep ← [^aowy] e {} [$U $UI];
$sep ← [^ey] o {} [$E $EO $EU];
$sep ← [^y] u {} [$I];
# Similar to the above, but with an intervening $IEUNG.
$sep ← [^$latinMedial] [y] e {} $IEUNG [$O $OE];
$sep ← [^$latinMedial] e {} $IEUNG [$O $OE $U];
$sep ← [^$latinMedial] [o a] {} $IEUNG [$E $EO $EU];
$sep ← [^$latinMedial] [w y] a {} $IEUNG [$E $EO $EU];
# Single finals followed by IEUNG. The jamo sequence A Xf IEUNG E,
# where Xi also exists, must be transliterated as "ax-e" to prevent
# the round trip conversion to A Xi E.
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd b {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd d {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd h {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd j {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd k {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd m {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd n {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd p {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd t {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
# Double finals followed by IEUNG. Similar to the single finals
# followed by IEUNG. Any latin consonant pair X Y, between medials,
# that we would split by Latin-Jamo, we must handle when it occurs as
# part of A XYf IEUNG E, to prevent round trip conversion to A Xf Yi E
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd b s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd k k {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd g s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l b {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l h {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l m {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l p {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l t {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd n g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd n h {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd n j {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd s s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd ch {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
# Split doubles. Text of the form A Xi Xf E, where XXi also occurs,
# we transliterate as "ax-xe" to prevent round trip transliteration as
# A XXi E.
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd j {} $Ji $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd k {} $Ki $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd s {} $Si $jamoMedial;
# XYY. This corresponds to the XYY rule in Latin-Jamo. By default
# Latin-Jamo maps "xyy" to Xf YYi, to keep YY together. As a result,
# "xyy" forms that correspond to XYf Yi must be transliterated as
# "xy-y".
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd b s {} [$Si $SSi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd g s {} [$Si $SSi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l b {} [$Bi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l g {} [$Gi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l s {} [$Si $SSi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd n g {} [$Gi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd n j {} [$Ji $JJi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l p {} [$Pi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l t {} [$Ti];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd k {} [$KKi $Ki];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd p {} $Pi;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd t {} $Ti;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd c {} [$Hi];
# Deletion of IEUNG is handled below.
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Latin-Jamo
# [Basic, context-free Jamo-Latin rules are embedded here too. See
# above.]
# Split digraphs: Text of the form 'axye', where 'xy' is a final
# digraph, 'x' is a final (by itself), 'y' is an initial, and 'a' and
# 'e' are medials, we want to transliterate this as A Xf Yi E rather
# than A XYf IEUNG E. We do NOT include text of the form "axxe",
# since that is handled differently below. These rules are generated
# programmatically from the jamo data.
$jamoMedial {b s} $latinMedial → $Bf $Si;
$jamoMedial {g s} $latinMedial → $Gf $Si;
$jamoMedial {l b} $latinMedial → $L $Bi;
$jamoMedial {l g} $latinMedial → $L $Gi;
$jamoMedial {l h} $latinMedial → $L $Hi;
$jamoMedial {l m} $latinMedial → $L $Mi;
$jamoMedial {l p} $latinMedial → $L $Pi;
$jamoMedial {l s} $latinMedial → $L $Si;
$jamoMedial {l t} $latinMedial → $L $Ti;
$jamoMedial {n g} $latinMedial → $Nf $Gi;
$jamoMedial {n h} $latinMedial → $Nf $Hi;
$jamoMedial {n j} $latinMedial → $Nf $Ji;
# Single consonants are initials: Text of the form 'axe', where 'x'
# can be an initial or a final, and 'a' and 'e' are medials, we want
# to transliterate as A Xi E rather than A Xf IEUNG E.
$jamoMedial {b} $latinMedial → $Bi;
$jamoMedial {ch} $latinMedial → $CHi;
$jamoMedial {d} $latinMedial → $Di;
$jamoMedial {g} $latinMedial → $Gi;
$jamoMedial {h} $latinMedial → $Hi;
$jamoMedial {j} $latinMedial → $Ji;
$jamoMedial {k} $latinMedial → $Ki;
$jamoMedial {m} $latinMedial → $Mi;
$jamoMedial {n} $latinMedial → $Ni;
$jamoMedial {p} $latinMedial → $Pi;
$jamoMedial {s} $latinMedial → $Si;
$jamoMedial {t} $latinMedial → $Ti;
$jamoMedial {l} $latinMedial → $Li;
# Doubled initials. The sequence "axxe", where XX exists as an initial
# (XXi), and also Xi and Xf exist (true of all digraphs XX), we want
# to transliterate as A XXi E, rather than split to A Xf Xi E.
$jamoMedial {p p} $latinMedial → $PPi;
$jamoMedial {t t} $latinMedial → $TTi;
$jamoMedial {j j} $latinMedial → $JJi;
$jamoMedial {k k} $latinMedial → $KKi;
$jamoMedial {s s} $latinMedial → $SSi;
# XYY. Because doubled consonants bind more strongly than XY
# consonants, we must handle the sequence "axyy" specially. Here XYf
# and YYi must exist. In these cases, we map to Xf YYi rather than
# XYf.
# However, there are two special cases.
$jamoMedial {lp} p p → $LP;
$jamoMedial {lt} t t → $LT;
# End special cases
$jamoMedial {b} s s → $Bf;
$jamoMedial {g} s s → $Gf;
$jamoMedial {l} b b → $L;
$jamoMedial {l} g g → $L;
$jamoMedial {l} s s → $L;
$jamoMedial {l} t t → $L;
$jamoMedial {l} p p → $L;
$jamoMedial {n} g g → $Nf;
$jamoMedial {n} j j → $Nf;
# Finals: Attach consonant with preceding medial to preceding medial.
# Do this BEFORE mapping consonants to initials. Longer keys must
# precede shorter keys that they start with, e.g., the rule for 'bs'
# must precede 'b'.
# [BASIC Jamo-Latin FINALS handled here. Order irrelevant within this
# block for Jamo-Latin.]
$jamoMedial {bs} ↔ $BS;
$jamoMedial {b} ↔ $Bf;
$jamoMedial {ch} ↔ $Cf;
$jamoMedial {c} → $Cf;
$jamoMedial {d} ↔ $Df;
$jamoMedial {kk} ↔ $GGf;
$jamoMedial {gs} ↔ $GS;
$jamoMedial {g} ↔ $Gf;
$jamoMedial {h} ↔ $Hf;
$jamoMedial {j} ↔ $Jf;
$jamoMedial {k} ↔ $Kf;
$jamoMedial {lb} ↔ $LB; $jamoMedial {lg} ↔ $LG;
$jamoMedial {lh} ↔ $LH;
$jamoMedial {lm} ↔ $LM;
$jamoMedial {lp} ↔ $LP;
$jamoMedial {ls} ↔ $LS;
$jamoMedial {lt} ↔ $LT;
$jamoMedial {l} ↔ $L;
$jamoMedial {m} ↔ $Mf;
$jamoMedial {ng} ↔ $NG;
$jamoMedial {nh} ↔ $NH;
$jamoMedial {nj} ↔ $NJ;
$jamoMedial {n} ↔ $Nf;
$jamoMedial {p} ↔ $Pf;
$jamoMedial {ss} ↔ $SSf;
$jamoMedial {s} ↔ $Sf;
$jamoMedial {t} ↔ $Tf;
# Initials: Attach single consonant to following medial. Do this
# AFTER mapping finals. Longer keys must precede shorter keys that
# they start with, e.g., the rule for 'gg' must precede 'g'.
# [BASIC Jamo-Latin INITIALS handled here. Order irrelevant within
# this block for Jamo-Latin.]
{kk} $latinMedial ↔ $KKi;
{g} $latinMedial ↔ $Gi;
{n} $latinMedial ↔ $Ni;
{tt} $latinMedial ↔ $TTi;
{d} $latinMedial ↔ $Di;
{l} $latinMedial ↔ $Li;
{m} $latinMedial ↔ $Mi;
{pp} $latinMedial ↔ $PPi;
{b} $latinMedial ↔ $Bi;
{ss} $latinMedial ↔ $SSi;
{s} $latinMedial ↔ $Si;
{jj} $latinMedial ↔ $JJi;
{j} $latinMedial ↔ $Ji;
{ch} $latinMedial ↔ $CHi;
{c} $latinMedial → $CHi;
{k} $latinMedial ↔ $Ki;
{t} $latinMedial ↔ $Ti;
{p} $latinMedial ↔ $Pi;
{h} $latinMedial ↔ $Hi;
# 'r' in final position. Because of the equivalency of the 'l' and
# 'r' jamo (the glyphs are the same), we try to provide the same
# equivalency in Latin-Jamo. The 'l' to 'r' conversion is handled
# below. If we see an 'r' in an apparent final position, treat it
# like 'l'. For example, "karka" =→ Ki A R EU Ki A without this rule.
# Instead, we want Ki A L Ki A.
# Initial + Final: If we match the next rule, we have initial then
# final consonant with no intervening medial. We insert the null
# vowel BEFORE it to create a well-formed syllable. (In the next rule
# we insert a null vowel AFTER an anomalous initial.)
# Initial + X: This block matches an initial consonant not followed by
# a medial. We insert the null vowel after it. We handle double
# initials explicitly here; for single initial consonants we insert EU
# (as Latin) after them and let standard rules do the rest.
# BREAKS ROUND TRIP INTEGRITY
kk → $KKi $EU;
tt → $TTi $EU;
pp → $PPi $EU;
ss → $SSi $EU;
jj → $JJi $EU;
ch → $CHi $EU;
([lbdghjkmnpst]) → | $1 eu;
# X + Final: Finally we have to deal with a consonant that can only be
# interpreted as a final (not an initial) and which is preceded
# neither by an initial nor a medial. It is the start of the
# syllable, but cannot be. Most of these will already be handled by
# the above rules. 'bs' splits into Bi EU Sf. Similar for 'gs' 'ng'
# 'nh' 'nj'. The only problem is 'l' and digraphs starting with 'l'.
# For this isolated case, we could add a null initial and medial,
# which would give "la" =→ IEUNG EU L IEUNG A, for example. A more
# economical solution is to transliterate isolated "l" (that is,
# initial "l") to "r". (Other similar conversions of consonants that
# occur neither as initials nor as finals are handled below.)
l → | r;
# Medials. If a medial is preceded by an initial, then we proceed
# normally. As usual, longer keys must precede shorter ones.
# [BASIC Jamo-Latin MEDIALS handled here. Order irrelevant within
# this block for Jamo-Latin.]
a e i o u
ae
eo eu
oe
ui
wa we wi
wae
yae ya yeo ye yo yu
$jamoInitial {ae} ↔ $AE;
$jamoInitial {a} ↔ $A;
$jamoInitial {eo} ↔ $EO;
$jamoInitial {eu} ↔ $EU;
$jamoInitial {e} ↔ $E;
$jamoInitial {i} ↔ $I;
$jamoInitial {oe} ↔ $OE;
$jamoInitial {o} ↔ $O;
$jamoInitial {ui} ↔ $UI;
$jamoInitial {u} ↔ $U;
$jamoInitial {wae} ↔ $WAE;
$jamoInitial {wa} ↔ $WA;
$jamoInitial {wo} ↔ $WO;
$jamoInitial {we} ↔ $WE;
$jamoInitial {wi} ↔ $WI;
$jamoInitial {yae} ↔ $YAE;
$jamoInitial {ya} ↔ $YA;
$jamoInitial {yeo} ↔ $YEO;
$jamoInitial {ye} ↔ $YE;
$jamoInitial {yo} ↔ $YO;
$jamoInitial {yu} ↔ $YU;
# We may see an anomalous isolated 'w' or 'y'. In that case, we
# interpret it as 'wi' and 'yu', respectively.
# BREAKS ROUND TRIP INTEGRITY
$jamoInitial {w} → | wi;
$jamoInitial {y} → | yu;
# Otherwise, insert a null consonant IEUNG before the medial (which is
# still an untransliterated latin vowel).
($latinMedial) → $IEUNG | $1;
# Convert non-jamo latin consonants to equivalents. These occur as
# neither initials nor finals in jamo. 'l' occurs as a final, but not
# an initial; it is handled above. The following letters (left hand
# side) will never be output by Jamo-Latin.
f → | p;
q → | k;
v → | b;
x → | ks;
z → | s;
r → | l;
c → | k;
# Delete separators (Latin-Jamo).
$sep → ;
# Delete null consonants (Jamo-Latin). Do NOT delete null EU vowels,
# since these may also occur in text.
← $IEUNG;
#- N.B. DO NOT put any filters, NFD, etc. here -- those are aliased in
#- the INDEX file. This transliterator is, by itself, not
#- instantiated. It is used as a part of Latin-Jamo, Latin-Hangul, or
#- inverses thereof.
# eof