# Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA). # # Labialization: # Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa]; # labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w]. # Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic # transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme # set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes # such as /ɲʷ/ or /t͡ʃʼʷ/. # # References: # [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification # for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009; # retrieved on November 4, 2014. # http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf # Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation # with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly) # writes as */y/. # TODO(sascha): Implement these, instead of stripping them away. \u135D → ''; # U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK \u135E → ''; # U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK \u135F → ''; # U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK # Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to # an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence # in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/. ሀ → ha; ሁ → hu; ሂ → hi; ሃ → ha; ሄ → he; ህ → hɨ; ሆ → ho; ሇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ለ → lə; ሉ → lu; ሊ → li; ላ → la; ሌ → le; ል → lɨ; ሎ → lo; ⶀ → lo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ሏ → lwa; # Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative # /ħə/. However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic # makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both # are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/. Also, according # to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it # gets pronounced as /ha/. ሐ → ha; ሑ → hu; ሒ → hi; ሓ → ha; ሔ → he; ሕ → hɨ; ሖ → ho; ሗ → hwa; መ → mə; ሙ → mu; ሚ → mi; ማ → ma; ሜ → me; ም → mɨ; ሞ → mo; ⶁ → mo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ᎀ → mwə; # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎃ → mwu; # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎁ → mwi; # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ሟ → mwa; ᎂ → mwe; # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ፙ → mja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/. ሠ → sə; ሡ → su; ሢ → si; ሣ → sa; ሤ → se; ሥ → sɨ; ሦ → so; ሧ → swa; ረ → rə; ሩ → ru; ሪ → ri; ራ → ra; ሬ → re; ር → rɨ; ሮ → ro; ⶂ → ro; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ሯ → rwa; ፘ → rja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/. # Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B. ሰ → sə; ሱ → su; ሲ → si; ሳ → sa; ሴ → se; ስ → sɨ; ሶ → so; ⶃ → so; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ሷ → swa; ሸ → ʃə; ሹ → ʃu; ሺ → ʃi; ሻ → ʃa; ሼ → ʃe; ሽ → ʃɨ; ሾ → ʃo; ⶄ → ʃo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ሿ → ʃwa; # Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B. ⶠ → ʃə; ⶡ → ʃu; ⶢ → ʃi; ⶣ → ʃa; ⶤ → ʃe; ⶥ → ʃɨ; ⶦ → ʃo; ቀ → kʼə; ቁ → kʼu; ቂ → kʼi; ቃ → kʼa; ቄ → kʼe; ቅ → kʼɨ; ቆ → kʼo; ቇ → kʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ቈ → kʼwə; ቍ → kʼwu; ቊ → kʼwi; ቋ → kʼwa; ቌ → kʼwe; # In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]. # Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme. # When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce # ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/. ቐ → kʼə; ቑ → kʼu; ቒ → kʼi; ቓ → kʼa; ቔ → kʼe; ቕ → kʼɨ; ቖ → kʼo; ቘ → kʼwə; ቝ → kʼwu; ቚ → kʼwi; ቛ → kʼwa; ቜ → kʼwe; # In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H). # In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names. ⷀ → kʼjə; ⷁ → kʼju; ⷂ → kʼji; ⷃ → kʼja; ⷄ → kʼje; ⷅ → kʼjɨ; ⷆ → kʼjo; በ → bə; ቡ → bu; ቢ → bi; ባ → ba; ቤ → be; ብ → bɨ; ቦ → bo; ⶅ → bo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ᎄ → bwə; # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎇ → bwu; # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎅ → bwi; # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ቧ → bwa; # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎆ → bwe; # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ቨ → və; ቩ → vu; ቪ → vi; ቫ → va; ቬ → ve; ቭ → vɨ; ቮ → vo; ቯ → vwa; ተ → tə; ቱ → tu; ቲ → ti; ታ → ta; ቴ → te; ት → tɨ; ቶ → to; ⶆ → to; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ቷ → twa; ቸ → t͡ʃə; ቹ → t͡ʃu; ቺ → t͡ʃi; ቻ → t͡ʃa; ቼ → t͡ʃe; ች → t͡ʃɨ; ቾ → t͡ʃo; ቿ → t͡ʃwa; # Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the # “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t͡ʃ. # For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ. ⶨ → t͡ʃə; ⶩ → t͡ʃu; ⶪ → t͡ʃi; ⶫ → t͡ʃa; ⶬ → t͡ʃe; ⶭ → t͡ʃɨ; ⶮ → t͡ʃo; # In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ. # Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page # 5. Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to # an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic. # Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/. ኀ → ha; ኁ → hu; ኂ → hi; ኃ → ha; ኄ → he; ኅ → hɨ; ኆ → ho; ኇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ኈ → hwə; ኍ → hwu; ኊ → hwi; ኋ → hwa; ኌ → hwe; ነ → nə; ኑ → nu; ኒ → ni; ና → na; ኔ → ne; ን → nɨ; ኖ → no; ⶈ → no; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ኗ → nwa; ኘ → ɲə; ኙ → ɲu; ኚ → ɲi; ኛ → ɲa; ኜ → ɲe; ኝ → ɲɨ; ኞ → ɲo; ⶉ → ɲo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ኟ → ɲwa; አ → ʔə; ኡ → ʔu; ኢ → ʔi; ኣ → ʔa; ኤ → ʔe; እ → ʔɨ; ኦ → ʔo; ⶊ → ʔo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ከ → kə; ኩ → ku; ኪ → ki; ካ → ka; ኬ → ke; ክ → kɨ; ኮ → ko; ኰ → kwə; ኵ → kwu; ኲ → kwi; ኳ → kwa; ኴ → kwe; # In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H). # Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization. ⷈ → kə; ⷉ → ku; ⷊ → ki; ⷋ → ka; ⷌ → ke; ⷍ → kɨ; ⷎ → ko; # In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/ # according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names, # Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization. ⷐ → kə; ⷑ → ku; ⷒ → ki; ⷓ → ka; ⷔ → ke; ⷕ → kɨ; ⷖ → ko; ወ → wə; ዉ → wu; ዊ → wi; ዋ → wa; ዌ → we; ው → wɨ; ዎ → wo; ዏ → wo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ዐ → ʕə; ዑ → ʕu; ዒ → ʕi; ዓ → ʕa; ዔ → ʕe; ዕ → ʕɨ; ዖ → ʕo; ዘ → zə; ዙ → zu; ዚ → zi; ዛ → za; ዜ → ze; ዝ → zɨ; ዞ → zo; ⶋ → zo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ዟ → zwa; ዠ → ʒə; ዡ → ʒu; ዢ → ʒi; ዣ → ʒa; ዤ → ʒe; ዥ → ʒɨ; ዦ → ʒo; ዧ → ʒwa; # Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the # “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ. # For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ. ⶰ → ʒə; ⶱ → ʒu; ⶲ → ʒi; ⶳ → ʒa; ⶴ → ʒe; ⶵ → ʒɨ; ⶶ → ʒo; የ → jə; ዩ → ju; ዪ → ji; ያ → ja; ዬ → je; ይ → jɨ; ዮ → jo; ዯ → jo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ደ → də; ዱ → du; ዲ → di; ዳ → da; ዴ → de; ድ → dɨ; ዶ → do; ⶌ → do; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ዷ → dwa; ጀ → d͡ʒə; ጁ → d͡ʒu; ጂ → d͡ʒi; ጃ → d͡ʒa; ጄ → d͡ʒe; ጅ → d͡ʒɨ; ጆ → d͡ʒo; ጇ → d͡ʒwa; ገ → ɡə; ጉ → ɡu; ጊ → ɡi; ጋ → ɡa; ጌ → ɡe; ግ → ɡɨ; ጎ → ɡo; ጐ → ɡwə; ጕ → ɡwu; ጒ → ɡwi; ጓ → ɡwa; ጔ → ɡwe; # In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal /ŋ/. # Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers # still can pronounce it according to our source. ጘ → ŋə; ጙ → ŋu; ጚ → ŋi; ጛ → ŋa; ጜ → ŋe; ጝ → ŋɨ; ጞ → ŋo; ⶓ → ŋwə; ⶖ → ŋwu; ⶔ → ŋwi; ጟ → ŋwa; ⶕ → ŋwe; # In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H). # Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization. ⷘ → ɡə; ⷙ → ɡu; ⷚ → ɡi; ⷛ → ɡa; ⷜ → ɡe; ⷝ → ɡɨ; ⷞ → ɡo; ጠ → tʼə; ጡ → tʼu; ጢ → tʼi; ጣ → tʼa; ጤ → tʼe; ጥ → tʼɨ; ጦ → tʼo; ጧ → tʼwa; ጨ → t͡ʃʼə; ጩ → t͡ʃʼu; ጪ → t͡ʃʼi; ጫ → t͡ʃʼa; ጬ → t͡ʃʼe; ጭ → t͡ʃʼɨ; ጮ → t͡ʃʼo; ⶐ → t͡ʃʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t͡ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ጯ → t͡ʃʼwa; # According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language # (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ͡ʂʼ/ Retroflex # ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version. # Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t͡ʃʼ/. ⶸ → t͡ʃʼə; ⶹ → t͡ʃʼu; ⶺ → t͡ʃʼi; ⶻ → t͡ʃʼa; ⶼ → t͡ʃʼe; ⶽ → t͡ʃʼɨ; ⶾ → t͡ʃʼo; ጰ → pʼə; ጱ → pʼu; ጲ → pʼi; ጳ → pʼa; ጴ → pʼe; ጵ → pʼɨ; ጶ → pʼo; ⶑ → pʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ጷ → pʼwa; ጸ → sʼə; ጹ → sʼu; ጺ → sʼi; ጻ → sʼa; ጼ → sʼe; ጽ → sʼɨ; ጾ → sʼo; ጿ → sʼwa; # In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ. # Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5. ፀ → sʼə; ፁ → sʼu; ፂ → sʼi; ፃ → sʼa; ፄ → sʼe; ፅ → sʼɨ; ፆ → sʼo; ፇ → sʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ፈ → fə; ፉ → fu; ፊ → fi; ፋ → fa; ፌ → fe; ፍ → fɨ; ፎ → fo; ᎈ → fwə; # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎉ → fwu; # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎋ → fwi; # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ፏ → fwa; ᎊ → fwe; # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ፚ → fja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/. ፐ → pə; ፑ → pu; ፒ → pi; ፓ → pa; ፔ → pe; ፕ → pɨ; ፖ → po; ⶒ → po; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ᎌ → pwə; # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎍ → pwu; # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎏ → pwi; # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ፗ → pwa; ᎎ → pwe; # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ኧ → ə; # Applications will typically split words before calling our rules. # To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA. ፠ → ' '; # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK ፡ → ' '; # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE ። → ' '; # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP ፣ → ' '; # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA ፤ → ' '; # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON ፥ → ' '; # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON ፦ → ' '; # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON ፧ → ' '; # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK ፨ → ' '; # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR # Likewise, Ethiopic numberals cannot be pronounced by these rules, # so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation. # Applications will typically pre-process text before calling # the am → am_FONIPA transform. ፩ → ' '; # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE ፪ → ' '; # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO ፫ → ' '; # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE ፬ → ' '; # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR ፭ → ' '; # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE ፮ → ' '; # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX ፯ → ' '; # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN ፰ → ' '; # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT ፱ → ' '; # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE ፲ → ' '; # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN ፳ → ' '; # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY ፴ → ' '; # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY ፵ → ' '; # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY ፶ → ' '; # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY ፷ → ' '; # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY ፸ → ' '; # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY ፹ → ' '; # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY ፺ → ' '; # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY ፻ → ' '; # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED ፼ → ' '; # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND # Insert syllable markers in a separate pass. ::NULL; {i} [[:L:]] → i \.; {ɨ} [[:L:]] → ɨ \.; {u} [[:L:]] → u \.; {e} [[:L:]] → e \.; {o} [[:L:]] → o \.; {ə} [[:L:]] → ə \.; {a} [[:L:]] → a \.;