\chapter{The runtime system (ocamlrun)} \label{c:runtime}
%HEVEA\cutname{runtime.html}

The "ocamlrun" command executes bytecode files produced by the
linking phase of the "ocamlc" command.

\section{s:ocamlrun-overview}{Overview}

The "ocamlrun" command comprises three main parts: the bytecode
interpreter, that actually executes bytecode files; the memory
allocator and garbage collector; and a set of C functions that
implement primitive operations such as input/output.

The usage for "ocamlrun" is:
\begin{alltt}
        ocamlrun \var{options} \var{bytecode-executable} \nth{arg}{1} ... \nth{arg}{n}
\end{alltt}
The first non-option argument is taken to be the name of the file
containing the executable bytecode. (That file is searched in the
executable path as well as in the current directory.) The remaining
arguments are passed to the OCaml program, in the string array
"Sys.argv". Element 0 of this array is the name of the
bytecode executable file; elements 1 to \var{n} are the remaining
arguments \nth{arg}{1} to \nth{arg}{n}.

As mentioned in chapter~\ref{c:camlc}, the bytecode executable files
produced by the "ocamlc" command are self-executable, and manage to
launch the "ocamlrun" command on themselves automatically. That is,
assuming "a.out" is a bytecode executable file,
\begin{alltt}
        a.out \nth{arg}{1} ... \nth{arg}{n}
\end{alltt}
works exactly as
\begin{alltt}
        ocamlrun a.out \nth{arg}{1} ... \nth{arg}{n}
\end{alltt}
Notice that it is not possible to pass options to "ocamlrun" when
invoking "a.out" directly.

\begin{windows}
Under several versions of Windows, bytecode executable files are
self-executable only if their name ends in ".exe".  It is recommended
to always give ".exe" names to bytecode executables, e.g. compile
with "ocamlc -o myprog.exe ..." rather than "ocamlc -o myprog ...".
\end{windows}

\section{s:ocamlrun-options}{Options}
The following command-line options are recognized by "ocamlrun".

\begin{options}

\item["-b"]
When the program aborts due to an uncaught exception, print a detailed
``back trace'' of the execution, showing where the exception was
raised and which function calls were outstanding at this point.  The
back trace is printed only if the bytecode executable contains
debugging information, i.e. was compiled and linked with the "-g"
option to "ocamlc" set.  This is equivalent to setting the "b" flag
in the "OCAMLRUNPARAM" environment variable (see below).
\item["-config"]
Print the version number of "ocamlrun" and a detailed summary of its
configuration, then exit.
\item["-I" \var{dir}]
Search the directory \var{dir} for dynamically-loaded libraries,
in addition to the standard search path (see
section~\ref{s:ocamlrun-dllpath}).
\item["-m"]
Print the magic number of the bytecode executable given as argument
and exit.
\item["-M"]
Print the magic number expected for bytecode executables by this version
of the runtime and exit.
\item["-p"]
Print the names of the primitives known to this version of
"ocamlrun" and exit.
\item["-t"]
Increments the trace level for the debug runtime (ignored otherwise).
\item["-v"]
Direct the memory manager to print some progress messages on
standard error.  This is equivalent to setting "v=61" in the
"OCAMLRUNPARAM" environment variable (see below).
\item["-version"]
Print version string and exit.
\item["-vnum"]
Print short version number and exit.

\end{options}

\noindent
The following environment variables are also consulted:

\begin{options}
\item["CAML_LD_LIBRARY_PATH"]  Additional directories to search for
  dynamically-loaded libraries (see section~\ref{s:ocamlrun-dllpath}).

\item["OCAMLLIB"] The directory containing the OCaml standard
  library.  (If "OCAMLLIB" is not set, "CAMLLIB" will be used instead.)
  Used to locate the "ld.conf" configuration file for
  dynamic loading (see section~\ref{s:ocamlrun-dllpath}).  If not set,
  default to the library directory specified when compiling OCaml.

\item["OCAMLRUNPARAM"] Set the runtime system options
  and garbage collection parameters.
  (If "OCAMLRUNPARAM" is not set, "CAMLRUNPARAM" will be used instead.)
  This variable must be a sequence of parameter specifications separated
  by commas.
  For convenience, commas at the beginning of the variable are ignored,
  and multiple runs of commas are interpreted as a single one.
  A parameter specification is an option letter followed by an "="
  sign, a decimal number (or an hexadecimal number prefixed by "0x"),
  and an optional multiplier.  The options are documented below;
  the options "l, m, M, n, o, s, v" correspond to fields of the "control"
  record documented in
\ifouthtml
 \ahref{libref/Gc.html}{Module \texttt{Gc}}.
\else
 section~\ref{Gc}.
\fi
  \begin{options}
  \item[b] (backtrace) Trigger the printing of a stack backtrace
        when an uncaught exception aborts the program. An optional argument can
        be provided: "b=0" turns backtrace printing off; "b=1" is equivalent to
        "b" and turns backtrace printing on; "b=2" turns backtrace printing on
        and forces the runtime system to load debugging information at program
        startup time instead of at backtrace printing time. "b=2" can be used if
        the runtime is unable to load debugging information at backtrace
        printing time, for example if there are no file descriptors available.
  \item[c] ("cleanup_on_exit") Shut the runtime down gracefully on exit (see
        "caml_shutdown" in section~\ref{ss:c-embedded-code}). The option also enables
        pooling (as in "caml_startup_pooled"). This mode can be used to detect
        leaks with a third-party memory debugger.
  \item[d] ("max_domains") Maximum number of domains that can be active
        concurrently. Defaults to 128 on 64-bit platforms and 16 on 32-bit
        platforms.
  \item[e] ("runtime_events_log_wsize") Size of the per-domain runtime events ring
        buffers in log powers of two words. Defaults to 16, giving 64k word or
        512kb buffers on 64-bit systems.
  \item[l] ("stack_limit") The limit (in words) of the stack size. This is
        relevant to both the byte-code runtime and the native code runtime:
        OCaml always uses its own stack and not the operating system's stack.
  \item[m] ("custom_minor_ratio") Bound on floating garbage for
        out-of-heap memory
        held by custom values in the minor heap. A minor GC is triggered
        when this much memory is held by custom values located in the minor
        heap. Expressed as a percentage of minor heap size. Default:
        100. Note: this only applies to values allocated with
        "caml_alloc_custom_mem".
  \item[M] ("custom_major_ratio") Target ratio of floating garbage to
        major heap size for out-of-heap memory held by custom values
        (e.g. bigarrays) located in the major heap. The GC speed is adjusted
        to try to use this much memory for dead values that are not yet
        collected. Expressed as a percentage of major heap size. Default:
        44. Note: this only applies to values allocated with
        "caml_alloc_custom_mem".
  \item[n] ("custom_minor_max_size") Maximum amount of out-of-heap
        memory for each custom value allocated in the minor heap. When a custom
        value is allocated on the minor heap and holds more than this many
        bytes, only this value is counted against "custom_minor_ratio" and
        the rest is directly counted against "custom_major_ratio".
        Default: 8192 bytes. Note:
        this only applies to values allocated with "caml_alloc_custom_mem".
        \end{options}
        The multiplier is "k", "M", or "G", for multiplication by $2^{10}$,
        $2^{20}$, and $2^{30}$ respectively.
  \item[o] ("space_overhead")  The major GC speed setting.
        See the Gc module documentation for details.
  \item[p] (parser trace) Turn on debugging support for
        "ocamlyacc"-generated parsers.  When this option is on,
        the pushdown automaton that executes the parsers prints a
        trace of its actions.  This option takes no argument.
  \item[R] (randomize) Turn on randomization of all hash tables by default
        (see
\ifouthtml
  \ahref{libref/Hashtbl.html}{Module \texttt{Hashtbl}}).
\else
  section~\ref{Hashtbl}).
\fi
        This option takes no argument.
  \item[s] ("minor_heap_size")  Size of the minor heap. (in words)
  \item[t] Set the trace level for the debug runtime (ignored by the standard runtime).
  \item[v] ("verbose")  What GC messages to print to stderr.  This
  is a sum of values selected from the following:
  \begin{options}
        \item[1   (= 0x001)] Start and end of major GC cycle.
        \item[2   (= 0x002)] Minor collection and major GC slice.
        \item[4   (= 0x004)] Growing and shrinking of the heap.
        \item[8   (= 0x008)] Resizing of stacks and memory manager tables.
        \item[16  (= 0x010)] Heap compaction.
        \item[32  (= 0x020)] Change of GC parameters.
        \item[64  (= 0x040)] Computation of major GC slice size.
        \item[128 (= 0x080)] Calling of finalization functions
        \item[256 (= 0x100)] Startup messages (loading the bytecode
           executable file, resolving shared libraries).
        \item[512 (= 0x200)] Computation of compaction-triggering condition.
        \item[1024 (= 0x400)] Output GC statistics at program exit.
        \item[2048 (= 0x800)] GC debugging messages.
        \item[4096 (= 0x1000)] Address space reservation changes.
  \end{options}
  \item[V] ("verify_heap") runs an integrity check on the heap just after
    the completion of a major GC cycle
  \item[W] Print runtime warnings to stderr (such as Channel opened on file
    dies without being closed, unflushed data, etc.)

  If the option letter is not recognized, the whole parameter is ignored;
  if the equal sign or the number is missing, the value is taken as 1;
  if the multiplier is not recognized, it is ignored.

  For example, on a 32-bit machine, under "bash" the command
\begin{verbatim}
        export OCAMLRUNPARAM='b,s=256k,v=0x015'
\end{verbatim}
  tells a subsequent "ocamlrun" to print backtraces for uncaught exceptions,
  set its initial minor heap size to 1~megabyte and
  print a message at the start of each major GC cycle, when the heap
  size changes, and when compaction is triggered.

\item["CAMLRUNPARAM"]  If "OCAMLRUNPARAM" is not found in the
  environment, then "CAMLRUNPARAM" will be used instead.  If
  "CAMLRUNPARAM" is also not found, then the default values will be used.

\item["PATH"] List of directories searched to find the bytecode
executable file.
\end{options}

\section{s:ocamlrun-dllpath}{Dynamic loading of shared libraries}

On platforms that support dynamic loading, "ocamlrun" can link
dynamically with C shared libraries (DLLs) providing additional C primitives
beyond those provided by the standard runtime system.  The names for
these libraries are provided at link time as described in
section~\ref{ss:dynlink-c-code}), and recorded in the bytecode executable
file;  "ocamlrun", then, locates these libraries and resolves references
to their primitives when the bytecode executable program starts.

The "ocamlrun" command searches shared libraries in the following
directories, in the order indicated:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Directories specified on the "ocamlrun" command line with the
"-I" option.
\item Directories specified in the "CAML_LD_LIBRARY_PATH" environment
variable.
\item Directories specified at link-time via the "-dllpath" option to
"ocamlc".  (These directories are recorded in the bytecode executable
file.)
\item Directories specified in the file "ld.conf".  This file resides
in the OCaml standard library directory, and lists directory
names (one per line) to be searched.  Typically, it contains only one
line naming the "stublibs" subdirectory of the OCaml standard
library directory.  Users can add there the names of other directories
containing frequently-used shared libraries; however, for consistency
of installation, we recommend that shared libraries are installed
directly in the system "stublibs" directory, rather than adding lines
to the "ld.conf" file.
\item Default directories searched by the system dynamic loader.
Under Unix, these generally include "/lib" and "/usr/lib", plus the
directories listed in the file "/etc/ld.so.conf" and the environment
variable "LD_LIBRARY_PATH".  Under Windows, these include the Windows
system directories, plus the directories listed in the "PATH"
environment variable.
\end{enumerate}

\section{s:ocamlrun-common-errors}{Common errors}

This section describes and explains the most frequently encountered
error messages.

\begin{options}

\item[{\it filename}": no such file or directory"]
If {\it filename} is the name of a self-executable bytecode file, this
means that either that file does not exist, or that it failed to run
the "ocamlrun" bytecode interpreter on itself. The second possibility
indicates that OCaml has not been properly installed on your
system.

\item["Cannot exec ocamlrun"]
(When launching a self-executable bytecode file.) The "ocamlrun"
 could not be found in the executable path. Check that OCaml
 has been properly installed on your system.

\item["Cannot find the bytecode file"]
The file that "ocamlrun" is trying to execute (e.g. the file given as
first non-option argument to "ocamlrun") either does not exist, or is
not a valid executable bytecode file.

\item["Truncated bytecode file"]
The file that "ocamlrun" is trying to execute is not a valid executable
bytecode file. Probably it has been truncated or mangled since
created. Erase and rebuild it.

\item["Uncaught exception"]
The program being executed contains a ``stray'' exception. That is,
it raises an exception at some point, and this exception is never
caught. This causes immediate termination of the program. The name of
the exception is printed, along with its string, byte sequence, and
integer arguments
(arguments of more complex types are not correctly printed).
To locate the context of the uncaught exception, compile the program
with the "-g" option and either run it again under the "ocamldebug"
debugger (see chapter~\ref{c:debugger}), or run it with "ocamlrun -b"
or with the "OCAMLRUNPARAM" environment variable set to "b=1".

\item["Out of memory"]
The program being executed requires more memory than available. Either
the program builds excessively large data structures; or the program
contains too many nested function calls, and the stack overflows.  In
some cases, your program is perfectly correct, it just requires more
memory than your machine provides. In other cases, the ``out of
memory'' message reveals an error in your program: non-terminating
recursive function, allocation of an excessively large array,
string or byte sequence, attempts to build an infinite list or other
data structure, \ldots

To help you diagnose this error, run your program with the "-v" option
to "ocamlrun", or with the "OCAMLRUNPARAM" environment variable set to
"v=63". If it displays lots of ``"Growing stack"\ldots''
messages, this is probably a looping recursive function. If it
displays lots of ``"Growing heap"\ldots'' messages, with the heap size
growing slowly, this is probably an attempt to construct a data
structure with too many (infinitely many?) cells. If it displays few
``"Growing heap"\ldots'' messages, but with a huge increment in the
heap size, this is probably an attempt to build an excessively large
array, string or byte sequence.

\end{options}