/**
 * data-structure-typed
 *
 * @author Pablo Zeng
 * @copyright Copyright (c) 2022 Pablo Zeng <zrwusa@gmail.com>
 * @license MIT License
 */
import type { ElementCallback, IterableElementBaseOptions, StackOptions } from '../../types';
import { IterableElementBase } from '../base';
/**
 * LIFO stack with array storage and optional record→element conversion.
 * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
 * @template E
 * @template R
 * 1. Last In, First Out (LIFO): The core characteristic of a stack is its last in, first out nature, meaning the last element added to the stack will be the first to be removed.
 * 2. Uses: Stacks are commonly used for managing a series of tasks or elements that need to be processed in a last in, first out manner. They are widely used in various scenarios, such as in function calls in programming languages, evaluation of arithmetic expressions, and backtracking algorithms.
 * 3. Performance: Stack operations are typically O(1) in time complexity, meaning that regardless of the stack's size, adding, removing, and viewing the top element are very fast operations.
 * 4. Function Calls: In most modern programming languages, the records of function calls are managed through a stack. When a function is called, its record (including parameters, local variables, and return address) is 'pushed' into the stack. When the function returns, its record is 'popped' from the stack.
 * 5. Expression Evaluation: Used for the evaluation of arithmetic or logical expressions, especially when dealing with parenthesis matching and operator precedence.
 * 6. Backtracking Algorithms: In problems where multiple branches need to be explored but only one branch can be explored at a time, stacks can be used to save the state at each branching point.
 * @example
 * // Function Call Stack
 *  const functionStack = new Stack<string>();
 *     functionStack.push('main');
 *     functionStack.push('foo');
 *     functionStack.push('bar');
 *     console.log(functionStack.pop()); // 'bar';
 *     console.log(functionStack.pop()); // 'foo';
 *     console.log(functionStack.pop()); // 'main';
 * @example
 * // Balanced Parentheses or Brackets
 *  type ValidCharacters = ')' | '(' | ']' | '[' | '}' | '{';
 *
 *     const stack = new Stack<string>();
 *     const input: ValidCharacters[] = '[({})]'.split('') as ValidCharacters[];
 *     const matches: { [key in ValidCharacters]?: ValidCharacters } = { ')': '(', ']': '[', '}': '{' };
 *     for (const char of input) {
 *       if ('([{'.includes(char)) {
 *         stack.push(char);
 *       } else if (')]}'.includes(char)) {
 *         if (stack.pop() !== matches[char]) {
 *           fail('Parentheses are not balanced');
 *         }
 *       }
 *     }
 *     console.log(stack.isEmpty()); // true;
 * @example
 * // Expression Evaluation and Conversion
 *  const stack = new Stack<number>();
 *     const expression = [5, 3, '+']; // Equivalent to 5 + 3
 *     expression.forEach(token => {
 *       if (typeof token === 'number') {
 *         stack.push(token);
 *       } else {
 *         const b = stack.pop()!;
 *         const a = stack.pop()!;
 *         stack.push(token === '+' ? a + b : 0); // Only handling '+' here
 *       }
 *     });
 *     console.log(stack.pop()); // 8;
 * @example
 * // Backtracking Algorithms
 *  const stack = new Stack<[number, number]>();
 *     const maze = [
 *       ['S', ' ', 'X'],
 *       ['X', ' ', 'X'],
 *       [' ', ' ', 'E']
 *     ];
 *     const start: [number, number] = [0, 0];
 *     const end = [2, 2];
 *     const directions = [
 *       [0, 1], // To the right
 *       [1, 0], // down
 *       [0, -1], // left
 *       [-1, 0] // up
 *     ];
 *
 *     const visited = new Set<string>(); // Used to record visited nodes
 *     stack.push(start);
 *     const path: number[][] = [];
 *
 *     while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
 *       const [x, y] = stack.pop()!;
 *       if (visited.has(`${x},${y}`)) continue; // Skip already visited nodes
 *       visited.add(`${x},${y}`);
 *
 *       path.push([x, y]);
 *
 *       if (x === end[0] && y === end[1]) {
 *         break; // Find the end point and exit
 *       }
 *
 *       for (const [dx, dy] of directions) {
 *         const nx = x + dx;
 *         const ny = y + dy;
 *         if (
 *           maze[nx]?.[ny] === ' ' || // feasible path
 *           maze[nx]?.[ny] === 'E' // destination
 *         ) {
 *           stack.push([nx, ny]);
 *         }
 *       }
 *     }
 *
 *     console.log(path); // contains end;
 * @example
 * // Stock Span Problem
 *  const stack = new Stack<number>();
 *     const prices = [100, 80, 60, 70, 60, 75, 85];
 *     const spans: number[] = [];
 *     prices.forEach((price, i) => {
 *       while (!stack.isEmpty() && prices[stack.peek()!] <= price) {
 *         stack.pop();
 *       }
 *       spans.push(stack.isEmpty() ? i + 1 : i - stack.peek()!);
 *       stack.push(i);
 *     });
 *     console.log(spans); // [1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 4, 6];
 * @example
 * // Simplify File Paths
 *  const stack = new Stack<string>();
 *     const path = '/a/./b/../../c';
 *     path.split('/').forEach(segment => {
 *       if (segment === '..') stack.pop();
 *       else if (segment && segment !== '.') stack.push(segment);
 *     });
 *     console.log(stack.elements.join('/')); // 'c';
 * @example
 * // Convert stack to array
 *  const stack = new Stack<number>([1, 2, 3]);
 *     console.log(stack.toArray()); // [1, 2, 3];
 */
export declare class Stack<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R> {
    protected _equals: (a: E, b: E) => boolean;
    /**
     * Create a Stack and optionally bulk-push elements.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
     * @param [elements] - Iterable of elements (or raw records if toElementFn is set).
     * @param [options] - Options such as toElementFn and equality function.
     * @returns New Stack instance.
     */
    constructor(elements?: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R>, options?: StackOptions<E, R>);
    protected _elements: E[];
    /**
     * Get the backing array of elements.
     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
     * @returns Internal elements array.
     */
    get elements(): E[];
    /**
     * Get the number of stored elements.
     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
     * @returns Current size.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
      * @example
   * // Get number of elements
   *  const stack = new Stack<number>([1, 2, 3]);
   *     console.log(stack.size); // 3;
     */
    get size(): number;
    /**
     * Create a stack from an array of elements.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
     * @template E
     * @template R
     * @param this - The constructor (subclass) to instantiate.
     * @param elements - Array of elements to push in order.
     * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
     * @returns A new Stack populated from the array.
     */
    static fromArray<E, R = any>(this: new (elements?: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R>, options?: StackOptions<E, R>) => any, elements: E[], options?: StackOptions<E, R>): any;
    /**
     * Check whether the stack is empty.
     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
     * @returns True if size is 0.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
      * @example
   * // Check if stack has elements
   *  const stack = new Stack<number>();
   *     console.log(stack.isEmpty()); // true;
   *     stack.push(1);
   *     console.log(stack.isEmpty()); // false;
     */
    isEmpty(): boolean;
    /**
     * Get the top element without removing it.
     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
     * @returns Top element or undefined.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
      * @example
   * // View the top element without removing it
   *  const stack = new Stack<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
   *     console.log(stack.peek()); // 'c';
   *     console.log(stack.size); // 3;
     */
    peek(): E | undefined;
    /**
     * Push one element onto the top.
     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
     * @param element - Element to push.
     * @returns True when pushed.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
      * @example
   * // basic Stack creation and push operation
   *  // Create a simple Stack with initial values
   *     const stack = new Stack([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
   *
   *     // Verify the stack maintains insertion order (LIFO will be shown in pop)
   *     console.log([...stack]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
   *
   *     // Check length
   *     console.log(stack.size); // 5;
   *
   *     // Push a new element to the top
   *     stack.push(6);
   *     console.log(stack.size); // 6;
     */
    push(element: E): boolean;
    /**
     * Pop and return the top element.
     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
     * @returns Removed element or undefined.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
      * @example
   * // Stack pop operation (LIFO - Last In First Out)
   *  const stack = new Stack<number>([10, 20, 30, 40, 50]);
   *
   *     // Peek at the top element without removing
   *     const top = stack.peek();
   *     console.log(top); // 50;
   *
   *     // Pop removes from the top (LIFO order)
   *     const popped = stack.pop();
   *     console.log(popped); // 50;
   *
   *     // Next pop gets the previous element
   *     const next = stack.pop();
   *     console.log(next); // 40;
   *
   *     // Verify length decreased
   *     console.log(stack.size); // 3;
     */
    pop(): E | undefined;
    /**
     * Push many elements from an iterable.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
     * @param elements - Iterable of elements (or raw records if toElementFn is set).
     * @returns Array of per-element success flags.
     */
    pushMany(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R>): boolean[];
    /**
     * Delete the first occurrence of a specific element.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
     * @param element - Element to remove (using the configured equality).
     * @returns True if an element was removed.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
      * @example
   * // Remove element
   *  const stack = new Stack<number>([1, 2, 3]);
   *     stack.delete(2);
   *     console.log(stack.toArray()); // [1, 3];
     */
    delete(element: E): boolean;
    /**
     * Delete the element at an index.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
     * @param index - Zero-based index from the bottom.
     * @returns The removed element, or undefined if the index is out of range.
     */
    deleteAt(index: number): E | undefined;
    /**
     * Delete the first element that satisfies a predicate.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
     * @param predicate - Function (value, index, stack) → boolean to decide deletion.
     * @returns True if a match was removed.
     */
    deleteWhere(predicate: (value: E, index: number, stack: this) => boolean): boolean;
    /**
     * Remove all elements and reset storage.
     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
     * @returns void
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
      * @example
   * // Remove all elements
   *  const stack = new Stack<number>([1, 2, 3]);
   *     stack.clear();
   *     console.log(stack.isEmpty()); // true;
     */
    clear(): void;
    /**
     * Deep clone this stack.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
     * @returns A new stack with the same content.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
      * @example
   * // Create independent copy
   *  const stack = new Stack<number>([1, 2, 3]);
   *     const copy = stack.clone();
   *     copy.pop();
   *     console.log(stack.size); // 3;
   *     console.log(copy.size); // 2;
     */
    clone(): this;
    /**
     * Filter elements into a new stack of the same class.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
     * @param predicate - Predicate (value, index, stack) → boolean to keep value.
     * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.
     * @returns A new stack with kept values.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
      * @example
   * // Filter elements
   *  const stack = new Stack<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
   *     const evens = stack.filter(x => x % 2 === 0);
   *     console.log(evens.toArray()); // [2, 4];
     */
    filter(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, boolean>, thisArg?: unknown): this;
    /**
     * Map values into a new stack of the same element type.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
     * @param callback - Mapping function (value, index, stack) → newValue.
     * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
     * @returns A new stack with mapped values.
     */
    mapSame(callback: ElementCallback<E, R, E>, thisArg?: unknown): this;
    /**
     * Map values into a new stack (possibly different element type).
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
     * @template EM
     * @template RM
     * @param callback - Mapping function (value, index, stack) → newElement.
     * @param [options] - Options for the output stack (e.g., toElementFn).
     * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
     * @returns A new Stack with mapped elements.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
      * @example
   * // Transform elements
   *  const stack = new Stack<number>([1, 2, 3]);
   *     const doubled = stack.map(x => x * 2);
   *     console.log(doubled.toArray()); // [2, 4, 6];
     */
    map<EM, RM>(callback: ElementCallback<E, R, EM>, options?: IterableElementBaseOptions<EM, RM>, thisArg?: unknown): Stack<EM, RM>;
    /**
     * Set the equality comparator used by delete/search operations.
     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
     * @param equals - Equality predicate (a, b) → boolean.
     * @returns This stack.
     */
    setEquality(equals: (a: E, b: E) => boolean): this;
    /**
     * (Protected) Find the index of a target element using the equality function.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
     * @param target - Element to search for.
     * @returns Index or -1 if not found.
     */
    protected _indexOfByEquals(target: E): number;
    /**
     * (Protected) Create an empty instance of the same concrete class.
     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
     * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
     * @returns An empty like-kind stack instance.
     */
    protected _createInstance(options?: StackOptions<E, R>): this;
    /**
     * (Protected) Create a like-kind stack and seed it from an iterable.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
     * @template T
     * @template RR
     * @param [elements] - Iterable used to seed the new stack.
     * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
     * @returns A like-kind Stack instance.
     */
    protected _createLike<T = E, RR = R>(elements?: Iterable<T> | Iterable<RR>, options?: StackOptions<T, RR>): Stack<T, RR>;
    /**
     * (Protected) Iterate elements from bottom to top.
     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
     * @returns Iterator of elements.
     */
    protected _getIterator(): IterableIterator<E>;
}