{
    "term": "effect",
    "partOfSpeech": "noun",
    "ox3000": true,
    "cefr": "a2",
    "definitions": [
        {
            "senseNumber": 1,
            "definition": "a change that somebody/something causes in somebody/something else; a result",
            "sensetop": "effect on somebody/somethingeffect upon somebody/somethingeffect of doing something",
            "cefr": "a2",
            "ox3000": true,
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "the beneficial effects of exercise"
                },
                {
                    "text": "What are the long-term effects of this treatment?"
                },
                {
                    "text": "The results show a statistically **significant effect**."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Her tears **had no effect** on him.",
                    "contextForm": "effect on somebody/something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "the effect of heat on metal"
                },
                {
                    "text": "Modern farming methods can have an **adverse effect** on the environment."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Farms can have both **positive** and **negative effects** on the community."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Despite her ordeal, she seems to have suffered no **ill effects**."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The study examines architecture and its effect upon people's lives.",
                    "contextForm": "effect upon somebody/something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "to examine/study/investigate the effect of something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "to evaluate/assess the effect of something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "to cause harmful health effects"
                },
                {
                    "text": "I can certainly **feel the effects of** too many late nights."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Her criticisms **had the effect of** discouraging him completely.",
                    "contextForm": "effect of doing something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "to learn to distinguish between **cause and effect**"
                },
                {
                    "text": "I tried to persuade him, but with little or no effect."
                },
                {
                    "text": "‘I'm feeling really depressed.’ ‘The winter here has that effect sometimes.’"
                },
                {
                    "text": "The drug had no effect in curing the illness."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Any delay in delivery of materials will have a knock-on effect throughout the production process."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Walkng can have a magical effect on mental health."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Heavy taxation has a disincentive effect."
                },
                {
                    "text": "It's a policy that will have a chilling effect on free speech."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The drug exerts a powerful effect on the brain."
                },
                {
                    "text": "We had problems with mosquitoes, but this spray had the desired effect."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The plague struck London again with devastating effect."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The project has already had a direct effect on the lives of one million people."
                },
                {
                    "text": "the crippling effect of sanctions on the economy"
                },
                {
                    "text": "The full effects of the new tax have not yet been felt."
                },
                {
                    "text": "His comment was intended to calm the situation but it had the opposite effect."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The deterrent effect of the death penalty has long been questioned."
                },
                {
                    "text": "How soon will the effects of the drug wear off?"
                },
                {
                    "text": "I am interested in documenting the effects of international events on ordinary people."
                },
                {
                    "text": "There was no discernible effect on cell growth."
                },
                {
                    "text": "a face cream designed to combat the effects of ageing"
                },
                {
                    "text": "drugs which mimic the effects of hormones"
                },
                {
                    "text": "I was still feeling the effects of jet lag."
                },
                {
                    "text": "the serious health effects which result from obesity"
                },
                {
                    "text": "to minimize the effects of economic change"
                },
                {
                    "text": "I took the medicine with dramatic effect."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The effect lasted only a short time."
                }
            ],
            "topics": ["Change, cause and effect"],
            "collocations": {
                "adjective": ["decisive", "dramatic", "far-reaching"],
                "verb + effect": ["bring about", "exert", "have"],
                "effect + verb": ["exist", "occur", "spread"],
                "preposition": ["in effect", "to this effect", "to that effect"],
                "phrases": ["cause and effect", "to little effect", "to no effect"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 2,
            "definition": "a particular look, sound or impression that somebody, such as an artist or a writer, wants to create",
            "sensetop": "for an effectfor effect",
            "cefr": "a2",
            "ox3000": true,
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The overall effect of the painting is overwhelming."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The stage lighting **gives the effect** of a moonlit scene."
                },
                {
                    "text": "She uses glass to achieve a variety of visual effects."
                },
                {
                    "text": "to **produce/create an effect**"
                },
                {
                    "text": "Add a scarf for a casual effect.",
                    "contextForm": "for an effect"
                },
                {
                    "text": "He only behaves like that for effect *(= in order to impress people)*.",
                    "contextForm": "for effect"
                },
                {
                    "text": "I found that by adding white I could achieve the desired effect."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The yellow pigment produced the opposite effect to that desired."
                },
                {
                    "text": "That is precisely the effect I was aiming at."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The dramatic effect was heightened by her black dress and dead white face."
                }
            ],
            "collocations": {
                "adjective": ["special", "cinematic", "audio"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 3,
            "definition": "lights, sounds, special scenery, computer images, etc. used in a play or film, especially in order to show things that do not normally exist or happen",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The production relied too much on spectacular effects."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 4,
            "definition": "your personal possessions",
            "labels": "(formal)",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The insurance policy covers all baggage and personal effects."
                }
            ],
            "synonyms": "belongings"
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "to cause something to come into use",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The recommendations will soon be put into effect."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "to come into use; to begin to apply",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "New controls come into effect next month."
                }
            ],
            "topics": ["Change, cause and effect"]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 1,
            "definition": "used when you are stating what the facts of a situation are",
            "cefr": "c1",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "In effect, the two systems are identical."
                },
                {
                    "text": "His refusal to support her had, in effect, forced her resignation."
                },
                {
                    "text": "By asking for these particular qualifications, you are, in effect, excluding a lot of potentially good candidates."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The border closure meant, in effect, that no trade took place between the countries."
                }
            ],
            "topics": ["Opinion and argument"]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 2,
            "definition": "in use",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "These laws are in effect in twenty states."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Some laws from the 18th century are still in effect."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 1,
            "definition": "to start to produce the results that are intended",
            "cefr": "c2",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The aspirins soon take effect."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The medicine started to take effect after a few minutes."
                }
            ],
            "topics": ["Change, cause and effect"]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 2,
            "definition": "to come into use; to begin to apply",
            "cefr": "c2",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The new law takes effect from tomorrow."
                }
            ],
            "topics": ["Change, cause and effect"]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "used to show that you are giving the general meaning of what somebody has said or written rather than the exact words",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "He left a note to the effect that he would not be coming back."
                },
                {
                    "text": "She told me to get out—or **words to that effect**."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "producing a good, successful, dramatic, etc. result or impression",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The air conditioning came on, to little effect."
                },
                {
                    "text": "She uses animal sounds to startling effect in her music."
                }
            ],
            "topics": ["Success"]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "not producing the result you intend or hope for",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "We warned them, but to no effect."
                }
            ],
            "topics": ["Difficulty and failure"]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "starting from…",
            "labels": "(formal)",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The government has cut interest rates with effect from the beginning of next month."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "starting now",
            "labels": "(formal)",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "She has resigned with immediate effect."
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "pronunciations": {
        "uk": [
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ɪˈfekt/",
                "audio": "ef/effect/effect__gb_2.mp3"
            }
        ],
        "us": [
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ɪˈfekt/",
                "audio": "ef/effect/effect__us_1.mp3"
            }
        ]
    },
    "wordOrigin": "late Middle English: from Old French, or from Latin effectus, from efficere ‘accomplish’, from ex- ‘out, thoroughly’ + facere ‘do, make’. Sense (3), ‘personal belongings’, arose from the obsolete sense ‘something acquired on completion of an action’."
}