{
    "term": "grind",
    "partOfSpeech": "verb",
    "ox5000": true,
    "cefr": "c1",
    "verbForms": {
        "presentSimple": {
            "iYouWeThey": "grind",
            "heSheIt": "grinds"
        },
        "pastSimple": "ground",
        "pastParticiple": "ground",
        "ingForm": "grinding"
    },
    "definitions": [
        {
            "senseNumber": 1,
            "definition": "to break or press something into very small pieces between two hard surfaces or using a special machine",
            "sensetop": "grind something (down/up)grind something (to/into something)",
            "cefr": "c1",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "to grind coffee/corn"
                },
                {
                    "text": "The animal has teeth that grind its food into a pulp."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The cement need not be finely ground."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The coffee is ground to a fine powder."
                },
                {
                    "text": "freshly ground black pepper"
                },
                {
                    "text": "machinery for grinding wheat into flour"
                }
            ],
            "topics": ["Cooking and eating"],
            "collocations": {
                "adverb": ["coarsely", "finely", "down"],
                "preposition": ["into", "to"],
                "phrases": ["freshly ground"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 2,
            "definition": "to produce something such as flour by grinding",
            "sensetop": "grind something",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The flour is ground using traditional methods."
                }
            ],
            "collocations": {
                "adverb": ["coarsely", "finely", "down"],
                "preposition": ["into", "to"],
                "phrases": ["freshly ground"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 3,
            "definition": "to cut food, especially meat, into very small pieces using a special machine (called a mincer)",
            "sensetop": "grind something",
            "labels": "(North American English)British and North American English",
            "examples": [],
            "collocations": {
                "adverb": ["coarsely", "finely", "down"],
                "preposition": ["into", "to"],
                "phrases": ["freshly ground"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 4,
            "definition": "to make something sharp or smooth by rubbing it against a hard surface",
            "sensetop": "grind something",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "a special stone for grinding knives"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 5,
            "definition": "to press or rub something into a surface",
            "sensetop": "grind something into somethinggrind something in",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "He ground his cigarette into the ashtray.",
                    "contextForm": "grind something into something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "The dirt on her hands was ground in.",
                    "contextForm": "grind something in"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 6,
            "definition": "to rub together, or to make hard objects rub together, often producing an unpleasant noise",
            "sensetop": "grind (together)grind something (together)",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "Parts of the machine were grinding together noisily.",
                    "contextForm": "grind (together)"
                },
                {
                    "text": "She **grinds her teeth** when she is asleep.",
                    "contextForm": "grind something (together)"
                },
                {
                    "text": "He ground the gears on the car."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 7,
            "definition": "to turn the handle of a machine that grinds something",
            "sensetop": "grind something",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "to grind a pepper mill"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "to make something gradually go slower until it stops completely",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "Roadworks brought traffic to a grinding halt."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "to go slower gradually and then stop completely",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "Production ground to a halt during the strike."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Her career ground to a halt when the twins were born."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "to have private reasons for being involved in something or for arguing for a particular cause",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "She had no axe to grind and was only acting out of concern for their safety."
                },
                {
                    "text": "These criticisms are commonly voiced by those who have some political axe to grind."
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "pronunciations": {
        "uk": [
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ɡraɪnd/",
                "audio": "gr/grind/grind__gb_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ɡraɪndz/",
                "audio": "gr/grind/grinds__gb_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ɡraʊnd/",
                "audio": "gr/grind/ground__gb_2.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ˈɡraɪndɪŋ/",
                "audio": "gr/grind/grinding__gb_2.mp3"
            }
        ],
        "us": [
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ɡraɪnd/",
                "audio": "gr/grind/grind__us_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ɡraɪndz/",
                "audio": "gr/grind/grinds__us_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ɡraʊnd/",
                "audio": "gr/grind/ground__us_2.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ˈɡraɪndɪŋ/",
                "audio": "gr/grind/grinding__us_2.mp3"
            }
        ]
    },
    "wordOrigin": "Old English grindan, probably of Germanic origin. Although no cognates are known, it may be distantly related to Latin frendere ‘rub away, gnash’."
}