{
    "term": "presume",
    "partOfSpeech": "verb",
    "academic": true,
    "ox5000": true,
    "cefr": "c1",
    "verbForms": {
        "presentSimple": {
            "iYouWeThey": "presume",
            "heSheIt": "presumes"
        },
        "pastSimple": "presumed",
        "pastParticiple": "presumed",
        "ingForm": "presuming"
    },
    "definitions": [
        {
            "senseNumber": 1,
            "definition": "to suppose that something is true, although you do not have actual proof",
            "sensetop": "presume (that)…it is presumed that…presume somebody/something to be/have something",
            "cefr": "c1",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "They are very expensive, I presume?"
                },
                {
                    "text": "‘Is he still abroad?’ ‘**I presume so**.’"
                },
                {
                    "text": "I presumed (that) he understood the rules.",
                    "contextForm": "presume (that)…"
                },
                {
                    "text": "Little is known of the youngest son; it is presumed that he died young.",
                    "contextForm": "it is presumed that…"
                },
                {
                    "text": "I presumed him to be her husband.",
                    "contextForm": "presume somebody/something to be/have something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "I had presumed wrongly that Jenny would be there."
                },
                {
                    "text": "I presumed that he understood the rules."
                },
                {
                    "text": "They presumed that she wouldn't be interested in the job because of the low salary."
                }
            ],
            "synonyms": "assume",
            "collocations": {
                "adverb": ["correctly", "wrongly", "reasonably"],
                "phrases": [
                    "be presumed dead",
                    "be presumed guilty",
                    "be presumed innocent"
                ]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 2,
            "definition": "to accept that something is true until it is shown not to be true, especially in court",
            "sensetop": "presume somebody/something + adj.presume somethingpresume somebody/something to be/have something",
            "cefr": "c1",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "Twelve passengers are missing, **presumed dead**.",
                    "contextForm": "presume somebody/something + adj."
                },
                {
                    "text": "In English law, a person is **presumed innocent** until proved guilty."
                },
                {
                    "text": "We must presume innocence until we have proof of guilt.",
                    "contextForm": "presume something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "We must presume them to be innocent until we have proof of guilt.",
                    "contextForm": "presume somebody/something to be/have something"
                }
            ],
            "collocations": {
                "adverb": ["correctly", "wrongly", "reasonably"],
                "phrases": [
                    "be presumed dead",
                    "be presumed guilty",
                    "be presumed innocent"
                ]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 3,
            "definition": "to accept something as true or existing and to act on that basis",
            "sensetop": "presume something",
            "labels": "(formal)",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The course seems to presume some previous knowledge of the subject."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 4,
            "definition": "to behave in a way that shows a lack of respect by doing something that you have no right to do",
            "sensetop": "presume to do something",
            "labels": "(formal)",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "I wouldn't presume to tell you how to run your own business."
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "pronunciations": {
        "uk": [
            {
                "pronunciation": "/prɪˈzjuːm/",
                "audio": "pr/presume/presume__gb_2.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/prɪˈzjuːmz/",
                "audio": "pr/presume/presumes__gb_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/prɪˈzjuːmd/",
                "audio": "pr/presume/presumed__gb_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/prɪˈzjuːmɪŋ/",
                "audio": "pr/presume/presuming__gb_1.mp3"
            }
        ],
        "us": [
            {
                "pronunciation": "/prɪˈzuːm/",
                "audio": "pr/presume/presume__us_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/prɪˈzuːmz/",
                "audio": "pr/presume/presumes__us_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/prɪˈzuːmd/",
                "audio": "pr/presume/presumed__us_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/prɪˈzuːmɪŋ/",
                "audio": "pr/presume/presuming__us_2.mp3"
            }
        ]
    },
    "wordOrigin": "late Middle English: from Old French presumer, from Latin praesumere ‘anticipate’ (in late Latin ‘take for granted’), from prae ‘before’ + sumere ‘take’."
}