{
    "term": "restraint",
    "partOfSpeech": "noun",
    "academic": true,
    "ox5000": true,
    "cefr": "c1",
    "definitions": [
        {
            "senseNumber": 1,
            "definition": "a rule, a fact, an idea, etc. that limits or controls what people can do",
            "sensetop": "restraint (on somebody/something)",
            "cefr": "c1",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The government has imposed export restraints on some products."
                },
                {
                    "text": "social restraints on drinking alcohol"
                },
                {
                    "text": "The government imposed restraints on spending."
                },
                {
                    "text": "They balked at the notion of prior restraints on research."
                },
                {
                    "text": "We did the best we could within the limited time restraints."
                },
                {
                    "text": "What happens when the conventional restraints on human cruelty are removed?"
                },
                {
                    "text": "agreements on voluntary export restraints"
                },
                {
                    "text": "There are certain social restraints on drinking alcohol."
                }
            ],
            "collocations": {
                "adjective": ["voluntary", "conventional", "physical"],
                "verb + restraint": ["impose", "use", "remove"],
                "preposition": ["without restraint", "restraint on", "restraint upon"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 2,
            "definition": "the act of controlling or limiting something because it is necessary or sensible to do so",
            "sensetop": "without restraint",
            "cefr": "c1",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The unions are unlikely to accept any sort of wage restraint."
                },
                {
                    "text": "They said that they would fight without restraint *(= completely freely)* for what they wanted.",
                    "contextForm": "without restraint"
                },
                {
                    "text": "talks on voluntary wage restraint"
                },
                {
                    "text": "the government's need to exercise fiscal restraint"
                },
                {
                    "text": "Prices continued to rise without restraint."
                }
            ],
            "collocations": {
                "adjective": ["voluntary", "conventional", "physical"],
                "verb + restraint": ["impose", "use", "remove"],
                "preposition": ["without restraint", "restraint on", "restraint upon"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 3,
            "definition": "the quality of behaving calmly and with control",
            "cefr": "c1",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The police appealed to the crowd for restraint."
                },
                {
                    "text": "He **exercised** considerable **restraint** in ignoring the insults."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Finally he was able to cry properly, without restraint."
                },
                {
                    "text": "He abandoned all restraint and yelled at the top of his lungs."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Journalists have exercised remarkable restraint in not reporting all the sordid details of the case."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Somehow I had the restraint not to tell Peter that."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The government called for restraint by both sides."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The media should have used more restraint in disclosing his private life."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The role requires a certain restraint."
                },
                {
                    "text": "They reacted with restraint."
                },
                {
                    "text": "the mutual restraint shown by police and protesters."
                }
            ],
            "synonyms": "self-control",
            "collocations": {
                "adjective": ["considerable", "great", "remarkable"],
                "verb + restraint": ["have", "exercise", "practise/​practice"],
                "preposition": ["with restraint", "without restraint", "restraint by"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 4,
            "definition": "the use of physical force to control somebody who is behaving in a violent way",
            "labels": "(formal)",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "the physical restraint of prisoners"
                },
                {
                    "text": "Sometimes the care workers need to use physical restraint on the hospital patients."
                },
                {
                    "text": "guilty of the charge of unlawful restraint"
                }
            ],
            "collocations": {
                "adjective": ["voluntary", "conventional", "physical"],
                "verb + restraint": ["impose", "use", "remove"],
                "preposition": ["without restraint", "restraint on", "restraint upon"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 5,
            "definition": "a type of seat belt or safety device",
            "labels": "(formal)",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "Children must use an approved child restraint or adult seat belt."
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "pronunciations": {
        "uk": [
            {
                "pronunciation": "/rɪˈstreɪnt/",
                "audio": "re/restraint/restraint__gb_1.mp3"
            }
        ],
        "us": [
            {
                "pronunciation": "/rɪˈstreɪnt/",
                "audio": "re/restraint/restraint__us_1.mp3"
            }
        ]
    },
    "wordOrigin": "late Middle English: from Old French restreinte, feminine past participle of restreindre ‘hold back’, from Latin restringere, from re- ‘back’ + stringere ‘to tie, pull tight’."
}