{
    "term": "rub",
    "partOfSpeech": "verb",
    "ox3000": true,
    "cefr": "b2",
    "verbForms": {
        "presentSimple": {
            "iYouWeThey": "rub",
            "heSheIt": "rubs"
        },
        "pastSimple": "rubbed",
        "pastParticiple": "rubbed",
        "ingForm": "rubbing"
    },
    "definitions": [
        {
            "senseNumber": 1,
            "definition": "to move your hand, a cloth, etc., backwards and forwards over a surface while pressing it",
            "sensetop": "rub somethingrub something + adv./prep.rub something/yourself with somethingrub something/yourself against somethingrub at somethingrub against somethingrub something/yourself + adj.rub + noun",
            "cefr": "b2",
            "ox3000": true,
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "He sat up on the hard bunk and rubbed his eyes.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "She rubbed her chin thoughtfully."
                },
                {
                    "text": "He rubbed a hand wearily over his eyes.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something + adv./prep."
                },
                {
                    "text": "Rub the surface with sandpaper before painting.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something/yourself with something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "The cat rubbed itself against my legs.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something/yourself against something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "I rubbed at the stain on the cloth.",
                    "contextForm": "rub at something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "Animals had been rubbing against the trees.",
                    "contextForm": "rub against something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "Rub the surface smooth.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something/yourself + adj."
                },
                {
                    "text": "She rubbed her hair dry quickly with a towel."
                },
                {
                    "text": "I rubbed a clear patch on the window with my fingers.",
                    "contextForm": "rub + noun"
                },
                {
                    "text": "He gently rubbed his swollen nose."
                },
                {
                    "text": "I rubbed my glasses with my handkerchief."
                },
                {
                    "text": "She rubbed her hands on her apron."
                },
                {
                    "text": "She stood up, rubbing at her back."
                }
            ],
            "collocations": {
                "adverb": ["hard", "vigorously", "well"],
                "verb + rub": ["begin to"],
                "preposition": ["against", "at", "into"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 2,
            "definition": "to press two surfaces against each other and move them backwards and forwards; to be pressed together and move in this way",
            "sensetop": "rub something rub something togetherrub together",
            "cefr": "b2",
            "ox3000": true,
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "She rubbed her hands in delight.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "In some cultures, people traditionally greet each other by rubbing noses."
                },
                {
                    "text": "She rubbed her hands together in effort to warm them.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something together"
                },
                {
                    "text": "He made a fire by rubbing sticks together."
                },
                {
                    "text": "It sounded like two pieces of wood rubbing together.",
                    "contextForm": "rub together"
                }
            ],
            "collocations": {
                "adverb": ["hard", "vigorously", "well"],
                "verb + rub": ["begin to"],
                "preposition": ["against", "at", "into"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 3,
            "definition": "to move backwards and forwards many times against something while pressing it, especially causing pain or damage",
            "sensetop": "rub on/against somethingrub something (+ adj.)",
            "cefr": "b2",
            "ox3000": true,
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "The back of my shoe is rubbing."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The wheel is rubbing on the mudguard.",
                    "contextForm": "rub on/against something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "Their perpetually wet clothes rubbed against their skin."
                },
                {
                    "text": "The horse's neck was **rubbed raw** *(= until the skin came off)* where the rope had been.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something (+ adj.)"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": 4,
            "definition": "to spread a liquid or other substance over a surface while pressing it",
            "sensetop": "rub something into/onto somethingrub something on/over somethingrub something in",
            "cefr": "b2",
            "ox3000": true,
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "She rubbed the lotion into her skin.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something into/onto something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "Rub salt over the fish before cooking.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something on/over something"
                },
                {
                    "text": "Put a little cream onto each hand and rub it in well.",
                    "contextForm": "rub something in"
                }
            ],
            "collocations": {
                "adverb": ["hard", "vigorously", "well"],
                "verb + rub": ["begin to"],
                "preposition": ["against", "at", "into"]
            }
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "to be very poor, stupid, etc.",
            "labels": "(informal)",
            "examples": []
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "to keep reminding somebody in an unkind way of their past mistakes",
            "labels": "(informal)",
            "examples": []
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "to make a difficult experience even more difficult for somebody",
            "examples": []
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "to meet and spend time with a famous person, socially or as part of your job",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "He’s rubbing shoulders with stars all the time."
                },
                {
                    "text": "She had been rubbing elbows with celebrities."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "senseNumber": null,
            "definition": "to make somebody annoyed or angry, often without intending to, by doing or saying something that offends them",
            "labels": "(informal)",
            "examples": [
                {
                    "text": "She tends to rub people up the wrong way."
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "pronunciations": {
        "uk": [
            {
                "pronunciation": "/rʌb/",
                "audio": "ru/rub/rub__gb_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/rʌbz/",
                "audio": "ru/rub/rubs__gb_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/rʌbd/",
                "audio": "ru/rub/rubbed__gb_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ˈrʌbɪŋ/",
                "audio": "ru/rub/rubbing__gb_2.mp3"
            }
        ],
        "us": [
            {
                "pronunciation": "/rʌb/",
                "audio": "ru/rub/rub__us_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/rʌbz/",
                "audio": "ru/rub/rubs__us_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/rʌbd/",
                "audio": "ru/rub/rubbed__us_1.mp3"
            },
            {
                "pronunciation": "/ˈrʌbɪŋ/",
                "audio": "ru/rub/rubbing__us_2.mp3"
            }
        ]
    },
    "wordOrigin": "Middle English (as a verb): perhaps from Low German rubben, of unknown ultimate origin. The noun dates from the late 16th cent."
}